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Mushki

January 11, 2024

The Mushki (sometimes transliterated as Muški) were an Iron Age people of Anatolia who appear in sources from Assyria but not from the Hittites.[1] Several authors have connected them with the Moschoi (Μόσχοι) of Greek sources and the Georgian tribe of the Meskhi.[2] Josephus Flavius identified the Moschoi with the Biblical Meshech. Two different groups are called Muški in Assyrian sources (Diakonoff 1984:115), one from the 12th to the 9th centuries BC near the confluence of the Arsanias and the Euphrates ("Eastern Mushki") and the other from the 8th to the 7th centuries BC in Cappadocia and Cilicia ("Western Mushki"). Assyrian sources clearly identify the Western Mushki with the Phrygians, but later Greek sources then distinguish between the Phrygians and the Moschoi.

Identification of the Eastern Mushki with the Western Mushki is uncertain, but it is possible that at least some of the Eastern Mushki migrated to Cilicia in the 10th to the 8th centuries BC. Although almost nothing is known about what language (or languages) the Eastern or Western Mushki spoke, they have been variously identified as being speakers of a Phrygian, Armenian, Anatolian, or Georgian language.

Eastern Mushki edit

The Eastern Mushki appear to have moved into Hatti in the 12th century BC, completing the downfall of the collapsing Hittite state (already largely annexed by Assyria), along with various Sea Peoples.

Together with the Urumu and Kaskas (Apishlu), they attempted to invade the Middle Assyrian Empire's Anatolian provinces of Alzi (Alshe) and Puruhuzzi in about 1160 BC, but they were pushed back and subjugated by Ashur-Dan I.[3] In 1115 BC, the Mushki advanced further, penetrating into Kadmuhi, along the Upper Tigris. After being turned away by Tiglath-pileser I, the Mushki apparently settled in Alzi.[4]

Whether the Mushki initially moved into the core Hittite areas from the east or west has been a matter of some discussion by historians. It has been speculated that the Mushki were connected to the spread of the so-called Transcaucasian ceramic ware, which appeared as far west as modern Elazığ, Turkey in the late second millennium BC.[5] This ceramic ware is believed to have been developed in the South Caucasus region, possibly by the Trialeti-Vanadzor culture originally, which suggests an eastern homeland for the Mushki.[6][7][8]

Western Mushki edit

In the 8th century BC, Tabal became the most influential of the Neo-Hittite polities, and the Mushki under Mita entered an anti-Assyrian alliance with Tabal and Carchemish. The alliance was soon defeated by Sargon of Assyria, who captured Carchemish and drove back Mita to his own province. Ambaris of Tabal was diplomatically married to an Assyrian princess, and received the province of Hilakku under Assyrian dominion, but in 713 BC, Ambaris was deposed and Tabal became a fully fledged Assyrian province.

In 709 BC, the Mushki re-emerged as allies of Assyria, Sargon naming Mita as his friend. It appears that Mita had captured and handed over to the Assyrians emissaries of Urikki, king of Que, who were sent to negotiate an anti-Assyrian contract with Urartu, as they passed through his territory.

According to Assyrian military intelligence reports to Sargon recorded on clay tablets found in the Royal Archives of Nineveh by Sir Henry Layard, the Cimmerians invaded Urartu from Mannai[9][10] in 714 BC. From there they turned west along the coast of the Black Sea as far as Sinope, and then headed south towards Tabal, in 705 BC campaigning against an Assyrian army in central Anatolia, resulting in the death of Sargon II, although they were cleared from Assyrian ruled territory. Macqueen (1986:157) and others have speculated that the Mushki under Mita may have participated in the Assyrian campaign and were forced to flee to western Anatolia, disappearing from Assyrian accounts, but entering the periphery of Greek historiography as king Midas of Phrygia.

Rusas II of Urartu in the 7th century BC fought the Mushki-ni to his west, before he entered an alliance with them against Assyria.

Some scholars have speculated that the Western Mushki were not Phrygians, but they conquered the Phrygians, or were conquered by the Phrygians, and the two became conflated with one another.[11]

Hypothesized relations with modern Transcaucasian peoples edit

Mushki and Armenians edit

According to Igor Diakonoff, the Mushki were a Thraco-Phrygian group who carried their Proto-Armenian language from the Balkans across Asia Minor, mixing with Hurrians (and Urartians) and Luwians along the way.[12] Diakonoff theorized that the root of the name Mushki was "Mush" (or perhaps "Mus," "Mos," or "Mosh") with the addition of the Armenian plural suffix -k'.[13] Armen Petrosyan clarifies this, suggesting that -ki was a Proto-Armenian form of the Classical Armenian -k' (compare to Ancient Greek -κοί) and etymologizes "Mush" as meaning "worker" or "agriculturalist."[14]

Some have placed (at least the Eastern) Mushki homeland in the Armenian Highlands and South Caucasus region. It is possible that at least some of the Mushki were Armenian-speakers or speakers of a closely related language.[15][16]

Pliny in the 1st century AD mentions the Moscheni in southern Armenia ("Armenia" at the time stretching south and west to the Mediterranean, bordering on Cappadocia). In Byzantine historiography, Moschoi was a name equivalent to or considered as the ancestors of "Cappadocians" (Eusebius) with their capital at Mazaca (later Caesarea Mazaca, modern Develi, Kayseri). According to Armenian tradition, the city of Mazaca was founded by and named after Mishak (Misak, Moshok), a cousin and general of the legendary patriarch Aram.[17] Scholars have proposed a connection between the name Mishak and Mushki.[18][19]

The Armenian region of Mokk' and the city of Mush (Muş) may derive their names from the Mushki.[20][21]

According to Professor James R. Russell of Harvard University, the Georgian designation for Armenians, "Somekhi", refers to the Mushki.[22]

However, the connection between the Mushki and Armenian languages is quite unclear and many modern scholars have rejected a direct linguistic relationship if the Mushki were Phrygian speakers.[23][24][25][26] Additionally, genetic research does not support significant admixture into the Armenian nation after 1200 BC, making the Mushki, if they indeed migrated from a Balkan or western Anatolian homeland during or after the Bronze Age Collapse, unlikely candidates for the Proto-Armenians.[27][28]

Mushki and Georgians edit

Some Georgian historians have proposed that the Mushki, together with other ancient tribes of Asia Minor mentioned in Assyrian sources (such as the Tibal and others), were "proto-Georgian" tribes, which contributed to the formation of the eastern Georgian Kingdom of Iberia.[29]

According to Donald Rayfield, Mushki, Moschoi, and Meskhi are floating names.[30] He argues the Mushki may have worshiped the Hittite moon god Arma and the Luwian god Santush (Santa/Sandan), comparing these names to the phonetically similar pagan Iberian gods Armazi and Zaden, whose idols were overthrown by Christian missionaries in the 4th century AD in Iberia.[31] Rayfield's theories are speculative, however, and nothing is actually known of the Mushki's religious convictions.

Moschoi edit

 
On this map, based on ancient Greek literary sources, the Moschi are located in the southern approaches of Colchis. London, c 1770
Main article: Moschia

Hecataeus of Miletus (c. 550 – 476 BC) speaks of the Moschi as "Colchians", situated next to the Matieni.[32]

According to Herodotus, the equipment of the Moschoi was similar to that of the Tibareni, Macrones, Mossynoeci and Mardae, with wooden caps upon their heads, and shields and small spears, on which long points were set. All these tribes formed the 19th satrapy of the Achaemenid empire, extending along the southeast of the Euxine, or the Black Sea, and bounded on the south by the lofty chain of the Armenian mountains.

Strabo locates the Moschoi in two places. The first location is somewhere in modern Abkhazia on the eastern shore of the Black Sea, in agreement with Stephan of Byzantium quoting Hellanicus. The second location Moschice (Moschikê) – in which was a temple of Leucothea, once famous for its wealth, but plundered by Pharnaces and Mithridates – was divided between the Colchians, Armenians, and Iberians (cf. Mela, III. 5.4; Pliny VI.4.). These latter Moschoi were obviously Meskhi or Mesx’i (where Greek χ, chi, is Georgian ხ, x), located in southern Georgia. Procopius calls them Meschoi and says that they were subject to the Iberians (i.e., Georgians), and had embraced Christianity, the religion of their masters.

Biblical Meshech edit

Main article: Meshech
 
"The World as known to the Hebrews", a map from the Historical Textbook and Atlas of Biblical Geography by Coleman (1854) locates the Mesech together with Gog and Magog in the southern Caucasus.

Josephus Flavius identified the Cappadocian Moschoi with the Biblical Japhetic tribe descended from Meshech in his writings on the Genealogy of the Nations in Genesis 10, while Hippolytus of Rome connected Meshech with Illyrians. Meshech is named with Tubal as a principality of the prince of Gog and Magog in Ezekiel 38:2 and 39:1.

Notes edit

  1. ^ Identification with the Kaskas was tentatively suggested by Goetze (Diakonoff 1984:116)
  2. ^ Toumanoff, Cyril (1963). Studies in Christian Caucasian History. Georgetown University Press. pp. 56–57.
  3. ^ Diakonoff, Igor M. The Pre-history of the Armenian People [1] Delmar, New York (1968, translated 1984) ch.3.2.4.
  4. ^ Diakonoff, Igor M. The Pre-history of the Armenian People [2] Delmar, New York (1968, translated 1984) ch.3.2.4.
  5. ^ Kossian, Aram V. (1997), The Mushki Problem Reconsidered pp. 260-261
  6. ^ Sevin, Veli (1991), "The Early Iron Age in the Elazıǧ Region and the Problem of the Mushkians", Anatolian Studies, 41: 87–97, doi:10.2307/3642931, JSTOR 3642931, S2CID 164050075 pp. 96-97
  7. ^ Kopanias, Konstantinos (2015), The Mushki/Phrygian Problem from the Near Eastern Point of View pp. 220-222
  8. ^ Kossian, Aram V. (1997), The Mushki Problem Reconsidered pp. 260-261
  9. ^ Cozzoli, Umberto (1968). I Cimmeri. Rome Italy: Arti Grafiche Citta di Castello (Roma).
  10. ^ Salvini, Mirjo (1984). Tra lo Zagros e l'Urmia: richerche storiche ed archeologiche nell'Azerbaigian iraniano. Rome Italy: Ed. Dell'Ateneo (Roma).
  11. ^ Kopanias, Konstantinos (2015), The Mushki/Phrygian Problem from the Near Eastern Point of View. pp. 218. [3]
  12. ^ Lang, David M. (1983). "Iran, Armenia and Georgia". The Cambridge History of Iran. pp. 505–536. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521200929.016. ISBN 9781139054942.
  13. ^ Igor M. Diakonoff. The Pre-history of the Armenian People. 1968. p 120. (http://www.attalus.org/armenian/diakph11.htm)
  14. ^ Petrosyan, Armen (2002), The Indo-European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic. pp.140, 146
  15. ^ Kossian, Aram V. (1997), The Mushki Problem Reconsidered pp.262
  16. ^ Иванов Вяч. Вс. (1983). "Выделение разных хронологических слоев в древнеармянском и проблема первоначальной структуры текста гимна Вахагну" (PDF) (4) (Историко-филологический журнал ed.). Ереван. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  17. ^ Ainsworth, William Francis. Travels and Research in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Chaldea, and Armenia. pp. 222-223. (https://www.google.com/books/edition/Travels_and_Researches_in_Asia_Minor_Mes/-IVxAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover).
  18. ^ Petrosyan, Armen (2002), The Indo-European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic. pp.140
  19. ^ Olmstead, A.T. (1929), Two Stone Idols from Asia Minor at the University of Illinois. pp. 313. (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4236961?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior%3Aeb2f654f8d09b7b6fd30f32d7d1679fa&seq=4#page_scan_tab_contents)
  20. ^ Kossian, Aram V. (1997), The Mushki Problem Reconsidered pp.255
  21. ^ Petrosyan, Armen (2002), The Indo-European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic pp.140
  22. ^ James R. Russell. "Poets, Mystics, and Philosophers; or The Near East in the Mind of Armenia. Lecture One." 27 Aug. 2006.
  23. ^ Vavroušek P. (2010). "Frýžština". Jazyky starého Orientu. Praha: Univerzita Karlova v Praze. p. 129. ISBN 978-80-7308-312-0.
  24. ^ J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture. London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. p. 419. ISBN 9781884964985.
  25. ^ Brixhe C. (2008). "Phrygian". The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 72.
  26. ^ Kim Ronald I. Greco-Armenian. The persistence of a myth // Indogermanische Forschungen. — 2018. — 123. Band. — S. 247–271.
  27. ^ Haber, Marc; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Xue, Yali; Comas, David; Gasparini, Paolo; Zalloua, Pierre; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2015). "Genetic evidence for an origin of the Armenians from Bronze Age mixing of multiple populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 24 (6): 931–6. bioRxiv 10.1101/015396. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2015.206. PMC 4820045. PMID 26486470.
  28. ^ Wade, Nicholas (2015-03-10). "Date of Armenia's Birth, Given in 5th Century, Gains Credence". The New York Times.
  29. ^ Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994). The Making of the Georgian Nation (2nd ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-20915-3.
  30. ^ Rayfield, Donald (2012). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. p. 12.
  31. ^ Rayfield, Donald (2012). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. p. 18.
  32. ^ Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Müller, Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum I, fragm. 228.

See also edit

References edit

External links edit

  • A History of Armenia by Vahan M. Kurkjian (1958)
  • Midas and the Mushki by Miltiades E. Bolaris (2010)

January 11, 2024
mushki, sometimes, transliterated, muški, were, iron, people, anatolia, appear, sources, from, assyria, from, hittites, several, authors, have, connected, them, with, moschoi, Μόσχοι, greek, sources, georgian, tribe, meskhi, josephus, flavius, identified, mosc. The Mushki sometimes transliterated as Muski were an Iron Age people of Anatolia who appear in sources from Assyria but not from the Hittites 1 Several authors have connected them with the Moschoi Mosxoi of Greek sources and the Georgian tribe of the Meskhi 2 Josephus Flavius identified the Moschoi with the Biblical Meshech Two different groups are called Muski in Assyrian sources Diakonoff 1984 115 one from the 12th to the 9th centuries BC near the confluence of the Arsanias and the Euphrates Eastern Mushki and the other from the 8th to the 7th centuries BC in Cappadocia and Cilicia Western Mushki Assyrian sources clearly identify the Western Mushki with the Phrygians but later Greek sources then distinguish between the Phrygians and the Moschoi Identification of the Eastern Mushki with the Western Mushki is uncertain but it is possible that at least some of the Eastern Mushki migrated to Cilicia in the 10th to the 8th centuries BC Although almost nothing is known about what language or languages the Eastern or Western Mushki spoke they have been variously identified as being speakers of a Phrygian Armenian Anatolian or Georgian language Contents 1 Eastern Mushki 2 Western Mushki 3 Hypothesized relations with modern Transcaucasian peoples 3 1 Mushki and Armenians 3 2 Mushki and Georgians 4 Moschoi 5 Biblical Meshech 6 Notes 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksEastern Mushki editThe Eastern Mushki appear to have moved into Hatti in the 12th century BC completing the downfall of the collapsing Hittite state already largely annexed by Assyria along with various Sea Peoples Together with the Urumu and Kaskas Apishlu they attempted to invade the Middle Assyrian Empire s Anatolian provinces of Alzi Alshe and Puruhuzzi in about 1160 BC but they were pushed back and subjugated by Ashur Dan I 3 In 1115 BC the Mushki advanced further penetrating into Kadmuhi along the Upper Tigris After being turned away by Tiglath pileser I the Mushki apparently settled in Alzi 4 Whether the Mushki initially moved into the core Hittite areas from the east or west has been a matter of some discussion by historians It has been speculated that the Mushki were connected to the spread of the so called Transcaucasian ceramic ware which appeared as far west as modern Elazig Turkey in the late second millennium BC 5 This ceramic ware is believed to have been developed in the South Caucasus region possibly by the Trialeti Vanadzor culture originally which suggests an eastern homeland for the Mushki 6 7 8 Western Mushki editIn the 8th century BC Tabal became the most influential of the Neo Hittite polities and the Mushki under Mita entered an anti Assyrian alliance with Tabal and Carchemish The alliance was soon defeated by Sargon of Assyria who captured Carchemish and drove back Mita to his own province Ambaris of Tabal was diplomatically married to an Assyrian princess and received the province of Hilakku under Assyrian dominion but in 713 BC Ambaris was deposed and Tabal became a fully fledged Assyrian province In 709 BC the Mushki re emerged as allies of Assyria Sargon naming Mita as his friend It appears that Mita had captured and handed over to the Assyrians emissaries of Urikki king of Que who were sent to negotiate an anti Assyrian contract with Urartu as they passed through his territory According to Assyrian military intelligence reports to Sargon recorded on clay tablets found in the Royal Archives of Nineveh by Sir Henry Layard the Cimmerians invaded Urartu from Mannai 9 10 in 714 BC From there they turned west along the coast of the Black Sea as far as Sinope and then headed south towards Tabal in 705 BC campaigning against an Assyrian army in central Anatolia resulting in the death of Sargon II although they were cleared from Assyrian ruled territory Macqueen 1986 157 and others have speculated that the Mushki under Mita may have participated in the Assyrian campaign and were forced to flee to western Anatolia disappearing from Assyrian accounts but entering the periphery of Greek historiography as king Midas of Phrygia Rusas II of Urartu in the 7th century BC fought the Mushki ni to his west before he entered an alliance with them against Assyria Some scholars have speculated that the Western Mushki were not Phrygians but they conquered the Phrygians or were conquered by the Phrygians and the two became conflated with one another 11 Hypothesized relations with modern Transcaucasian peoples editMushki and Armenians edit According to Igor Diakonoff the Mushki were a Thraco Phrygian group who carried their Proto Armenian language from the Balkans across Asia Minor mixing with Hurrians and Urartians and Luwians along the way 12 Diakonoff theorized that the root of the name Mushki was Mush or perhaps Mus Mos or Mosh with the addition of the Armenian plural suffix k 13 Armen Petrosyan clarifies this suggesting that ki was a Proto Armenian form of the Classical Armenian k compare to Ancient Greek koi and etymologizes Mush as meaning worker or agriculturalist 14 Some have placed at least the Eastern Mushki homeland in the Armenian Highlands and South Caucasus region It is possible that at least some of the Mushki were Armenian speakers or speakers of a closely related language 15 16 Pliny in the 1st century AD mentions the Moscheni in southern Armenia Armenia at the time stretching south and west to the Mediterranean bordering on Cappadocia In Byzantine historiography Moschoi was a name equivalent to or considered as the ancestors of Cappadocians Eusebius with their capital at Mazaca later Caesarea Mazaca modern Develi Kayseri According to Armenian tradition the city of Mazaca was founded by and named after Mishak Misak Moshok a cousin and general of the legendary patriarch Aram 17 Scholars have proposed a connection between the name Mishak and Mushki 18 19 The Armenian region of Mokk and the city of Mush Mus may derive their names from the Mushki 20 21 According to Professor James R Russell of Harvard University the Georgian designation for Armenians Somekhi refers to the Mushki 22 However the connection between the Mushki and Armenian languages is quite unclear and many modern scholars have rejected a direct linguistic relationship if the Mushki were Phrygian speakers 23 24 25 26 Additionally genetic research does not support significant admixture into the Armenian nation after 1200 BC making the Mushki if they indeed migrated from a Balkan or western Anatolian homeland during or after the Bronze Age Collapse unlikely candidates for the Proto Armenians 27 28 Mushki and Georgians edit Some Georgian historians have proposed that the Mushki together with other ancient tribes of Asia Minor mentioned in Assyrian sources such as the Tibal and others were proto Georgian tribes which contributed to the formation of the eastern Georgian Kingdom of Iberia 29 According to Donald Rayfield Mushki Moschoi and Meskhi are floating names 30 He argues the Mushki may have worshiped the Hittite moon god Arma and the Luwian god Santush Santa Sandan comparing these names to the phonetically similar pagan Iberian gods Armazi and Zaden whose idols were overthrown by Christian missionaries in the 4th century AD in Iberia 31 Rayfield s theories are speculative however and nothing is actually known of the Mushki s religious convictions Moschoi edit nbsp On this map based on ancient Greek literary sources the Moschi are located in the southern approaches of Colchis London c 1770Main article MoschiaHecataeus of Miletus c 550 476 BC speaks of the Moschi as Colchians situated next to the Matieni 32 According to Herodotus the equipment of the Moschoi was similar to that of the Tibareni Macrones Mossynoeci and Mardae with wooden caps upon their heads and shields and small spears on which long points were set All these tribes formed the 19th satrapy of the Achaemenid empire extending along the southeast of the Euxine or the Black Sea and bounded on the south by the lofty chain of the Armenian mountains Strabo locates the Moschoi in two places The first location is somewhere in modern Abkhazia on the eastern shore of the Black Sea in agreement with Stephan of Byzantium quoting Hellanicus The second location Moschice Moschike in which was a temple of Leucothea once famous for its wealth but plundered by Pharnaces and Mithridates was divided between the Colchians Armenians and Iberians cf Mela III 5 4 Pliny VI 4 These latter Moschoi were obviously Meskhi or Mesx i where Greek x chi is Georgian ხ x located in southern Georgia Procopius calls them Meschoi and says that they were subject to the Iberians i e Georgians and had embraced Christianity the religion of their masters Biblical Meshech editMain article Meshech nbsp The World as known to the Hebrews a map from the Historical Textbook and Atlas of Biblical Geography by Coleman 1854 locates the Mesech together with Gog and Magog in the southern Caucasus Josephus Flavius identified the Cappadocian Moschoi with the Biblical Japhetic tribe descended from Meshech in his writings on the Genealogy of the Nations in Genesis 10 while Hippolytus of Rome connected Meshech with Illyrians Meshech is named with Tubal as a principality of the prince of Gog and Magog in Ezekiel 38 2 and 39 1 Notes edit Identification with the Kaskas was tentatively suggested by Goetze Diakonoff 1984 116 Toumanoff Cyril 1963 Studies in Christian Caucasian History Georgetown University Press pp 56 57 Diakonoff Igor M The Pre history of the Armenian People 1 Delmar New York 1968 translated 1984 ch 3 2 4 Diakonoff Igor M The Pre history of the Armenian People 2 Delmar New York 1968 translated 1984 ch 3 2 4 Kossian Aram V 1997 The Mushki Problem Reconsidered pp 260 261 Sevin Veli 1991 The Early Iron Age in the Elaziǧ Region and the Problem of the Mushkians Anatolian Studies 41 87 97 doi 10 2307 3642931 JSTOR 3642931 S2CID 164050075 pp 96 97 Kopanias Konstantinos 2015 The Mushki Phrygian Problem from the Near Eastern Point of View pp 220 222 Kossian Aram V 1997 The Mushki Problem Reconsidered pp 260 261 Cozzoli Umberto 1968 I Cimmeri Rome Italy Arti Grafiche Citta di Castello Roma Salvini Mirjo 1984 Tra lo Zagros e l Urmia richerche storiche ed archeologiche nell Azerbaigian iraniano Rome Italy Ed Dell Ateneo Roma Kopanias Konstantinos 2015 The Mushki Phrygian Problem from the Near Eastern Point of View pp 218 3 Lang David M 1983 Iran Armenia and Georgia The Cambridge History of Iran pp 505 536 doi 10 1017 CHOL9780521200929 016 ISBN 9781139054942 Igor M Diakonoff The Pre history of the Armenian People 1968 p 120 http www attalus org armenian diakph11 htm Petrosyan Armen 2002 The Indo European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic pp 140 146 Kossian Aram V 1997 The Mushki Problem Reconsidered pp 262 Ivanov Vyach Vs 1983 Vydelenie raznyh hronologicheskih sloev v drevnearmyanskom i problema pervonachalnoj struktury teksta gimna Vahagnu PDF 4 Istoriko filologicheskij zhurnal ed Erevan a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help CS1 maint date and year link Ainsworth William Francis Travels and Research in Asia Minor Mesopotamia Chaldea and Armenia pp 222 223 https www google com books edition Travels and Researches in Asia Minor Mes IVxAAAAMAAJ hl en amp gbpv 1 amp printsec frontcover Petrosyan Armen 2002 The Indo European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic pp 140 Olmstead A T 1929 Two Stone Idols from Asia Minor at the University of Illinois pp 313 https www jstor org stable 4236961 read now 1 amp refreqid excelsior 3Aeb2f654f8d09b7b6fd30f32d7d1679fa amp seq 4 page scan tab contents Kossian Aram V 1997 The Mushki Problem Reconsidered pp 255 Petrosyan Armen 2002 The Indo European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic pp 140 James R Russell Poets Mystics and Philosophers or The Near East in the Mind of Armenia Lecture One 27 Aug 2006 Vavrousek P 2010 Fryzstina Jazyky stareho Orientu Praha Univerzita Karlova v Praze p 129 ISBN 978 80 7308 312 0 J P Mallory Douglas Q Adams 1997 Encyclopedia of Indo European culture London Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers p 419 ISBN 9781884964985 Brixhe C 2008 Phrygian The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor New York Cambridge University Press p 72 Kim Ronald I Greco Armenian The persistence of a myth Indogermanische Forschungen 2018 123 Band S 247 271 Haber Marc Mezzavilla Massimo Xue Yali Comas David Gasparini Paolo Zalloua Pierre Tyler Smith Chris 2015 Genetic evidence for an origin of the Armenians from Bronze Age mixing of multiple populations European Journal of Human Genetics 24 6 931 6 bioRxiv 10 1101 015396 doi 10 1038 ejhg 2015 206 PMC 4820045 PMID 26486470 Wade Nicholas 2015 03 10 Date of Armenia s Birth Given in 5th Century Gains Credence The New York Times Suny Ronald Grigor 1994 The Making of the Georgian Nation 2nd ed Bloomington Indiana University Press ISBN 978 0 253 20915 3 Rayfield Donald 2012 Edge of Empires A History of Georgia p 12 Rayfield Donald 2012 Edge of Empires A History of Georgia p 18 Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Muller Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum I fragm 228 See also editHayasa Azzi Kaskians Urumeans Phrygians Trialeti Vanadzor culture Tabal Moschia Gog and Magog Moksha and MushkiReferences editJ G Macqueen The Hittites and their contemporaries in Asia Minor 1986 ISBN 0 500 02108 2 I M Diakonoff The Pre History of the Armenian People revised trans Lori Jennings Caravan Books New York 1984 ISBN 0 88206 039 2 pp 115 119 Anne Maria Wittker Musker und Phryger Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte Anatoliens vom 12 bis zum 7 Jh v Chr Wiesbaden 2004 ISBN 3 89500 385 9 This article incorporates text from the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography 1854 a publication now in the public domain External links editA History of Armenia by Vahan M Kurkjian 1958 Midas and the Mushki by Miltiades E Bolaris 2010 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mushki amp oldid 1167792095, 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