The Luwians/ˈluːwiənz/ were an ancient people in Anatolia who spoke the Luwian language. During the Bronze Age, Luwians formed part of the population of the Hittite Empire and adjoining states such as Kizzuwatna. During the Hittite New Kingdom, Luwian replaced Hittite as the empire's dominant language. In the early Iron Age, a number of Luwian-speaking Neo-Hittite states arose in northern Syria. The Luwians are known largely from their language, and it is unclear to what extent they formed a unified cultural or political group.
Their route into Anatolia is unknown. Linguist Craig Melchert suggested they were related to the Demirci Hüyük culture, implying entry into Anatolia from ancient Thrace circa 3000 BC.[6] More plausible is a westward migration route along the Aras river toward Cilicia by proto-Luwians of the rapidly expanding Kura–Araxes culture.[7][8] Luwian was probably spoken over a larger geographic region than Hittite.[9]
Luwians first appear in the historical record around 2000 BC, with the presence of personal names and loan words in Old Assyrian Empire documents from the Assyrian colony of Kültepe, dating from between 1950 and 1700 BC (Middle Chronology), which shows that Luwian and Hittite were already two distinct languages at this point. The Luwians most likely lived in southern and western Anatolia, perhaps with a political centre at Purushanda. The Assyrian colonists and traders who were present in Anatolia at this time refer to the local people as nuwaʿum without any differentiation. This term seems to derive from the name of the Luwians, with the change from l/n resulting from the mediation of Hurrian.
Hittite periodedit
Statue from the Post-Hittite period, representing king Šuppiluliuma, ruler of the Luwian state of Pattin (Unqi)
The Old Hittite laws from the 17th century BC contain cases relating to the then independent regions of Palā and Luwiya. Traders and displaced people seem to have moved from one country to the other on the basis of agreements between Ḫattusa and Luwiya.[10] It has been argued that the Luwians never formed a single unified Luwian state but populated a number of polities where they mixed with other population groups, though a minority opinion holds that the Luwians formed a unified socio-political group.[citation needed]
During the Hittite period, the kingdom of Kizzuwatna had its own dialect of Luwian, distinct from that spoken in Hattusa. Kizzuwatna was the Hittite and Luwian name for ancient Cilicia. The area was conquered by the Hittites in the 16th century BC. Around 1500, the area broke off and became the kingdom of Kizzuwatna, whose ruler used the title of "Great King", like the Hittite ruler. The Hittite king Telipinu had to conclude a treaty with King Išputaḫšu, which was renewed by his successors. Under King Pilliya, Kizzuwatna became a vassal of the Mitanni. Around 1420, King Šunaššura of Mitanni renounced control of Kizzuwatna and concluded an alliance with the Hittite king Tudḫaliya I. Soon after this, the area seems to have been incorporated into the Hittite empire and remained so until its collapse around 1190 BC at the hands of Assyria and Phrygia.[citation needed]
Western Anatolian kingdoms such as Seha, Arzawa, and Wilusa may have had at least partially Luwian-speaking populations, though current evidence leaves room for doubt, and this is a matter of controversy in contemporary scholarship.[citation needed]
After the collapse of the Hittite Empire c. 1180 BCE, several small principalities developed in northern Syria and southwestern Anatolia. In south-central Anatolia was Tabal which probably consisted of several small city-states, in Cilicia there was Quwê, in northern Syria was Gurgum, on the Euphrates there were Melid, Kummuh, Carchemish and (east of the river) Masuwara, while on the Orontes River there were Unqi-Pattin and Hamath. The princes and traders of these kingdoms used Hieroglyphic Luwian in inscriptions, the latest of which date to the 8th century BC. The Karatepe Bilingual inscription of prince Azatiwada is particularly important.
These states were largely destroyed and incorporated into the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–605 BC) during the 9th century BC.[11]
^Mathieson, Iain; Lazaridis, Iosif; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Pickrell, Joseph; Meller, Harald; Guerra, Manuel A. Rojo; Krause, Johannes; Anthony, David; Brown, Dorcas; Fox, Carles Lalueza; Cooper, Alan; Alt, Kurt W.; Haak, Wolfgang; Patterson, Nick; Reich, David (14 March 2015). "Eight thousand years of natural selection in Europe". bioRxiv: 016477. doi:10.1101/016477. Retrieved 3 April 2018 – via biorxiv.org.
^H. Craig Melchert: The Luwians. Brill 2003, ISBN90-04-13009-8, S. 23–26.
^Frangipane, Marcella (2015). "Different types of multiethnic societies and different patterns of development and change in the prehistoric Near East". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (30): 9182–9189. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.9182F. doi:10.1073/pnas.1419883112. PMC4522825. PMID 26015583.
^Geoffrey D. Summers, The Early Trans-Caucasian Culture in Iran: Perspectives and problems. Paléorient 2014 Volume 40 Numéro 2 pp. 155-168
^ abGoedegebuure, Petra (February 5, 2020). "Petra Goedegebuure Anatolians on the Move: From Kurgans to Kanesh". Oriental Institute. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved January 5, 2021 – via YouTube.
^H. Craig Melchert: The Luwians. Brill 2003, ISBN90-04-13009-8, pp. 28 f.
Hartmut Blum. “Luwier in der Ilias?”, Troia – Traum und Wirklichkeit: Ein Mythos in Geschichte und Rezeption, in: Tagungsband zum Symposion im Braunschweigischen Landesmuseum am 8. und 9. Juni 2001 im Rahmen der Ausstellung “Troia: Traum und Wirklichkeit”. Braunschweig: Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum, 2003. ISBN3-927939-57-9, pp. 40–47.
Bryce, Trevor R. (2005) [1998]. The Kingdom of the Hittites (2nd revised ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN9780199279081.
Bryce, Trevor R. (2012). The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN9780191505027.
Bryce, Trevor R. (2016). "The Land of Hiyawa (Que) Revisited". Anatolian Studies. 66: 67–79. doi:10.1017/S0066154616000053. JSTOR 24878364. S2CID 163486778.
Billie Jean Collins, Mary R. Bachvarova, & Ian C. Rutherford, eds. Anatolian Interfaces: Hittites, Greeks and their Neighbours. London: Oxbow Books, 2008.
Gilibert, Alessandra (2011). Syro-Hittite Monumental Art and the Archaeology of Performance: The Stone Reliefs at Carchemish and Zincirli in the Earlier First Millennium BCE. Berlin-New York: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN9783110222258.
Hawkins, John David (1982). "The Neo-Hittite States in Syria and Anatolia". The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 372–441. ISBN9780521224963.
Hawkins, John David (1994). "The end of the Bronze age in Anatolia: New Light from Recent Discoveries". Anatolian Iron Ages. Vol. 3. London-Ankara: British Institute of Archeology at Ankara. pp. 91–94. ISBN9781912090693.
Hawkins, John David (1995a). "Karkamish and Karatepe: Neo-Hittite City-States in North Syria". Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 2. New York: Simon & Schuster Macmillan. pp. 1295–1307. ISBN9780684197210.
Hawkins, John David (1995b). "Great Kings and Country Lords at Malatya and Karkamiš". Studio Historiae Ardens: Ancient Near Eastern Studies. Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul. pp. 75–86. ISBN9789062580750.
Hawkins, John David (1995c). "The Political Geography of North Syria and South-East Anatolia in the Neo-Assyrian Period". Neo-Assyrian Geography. Roma: Università di Roma. pp. 87–101.
also in: Die Hethiter und ihr Reich. Exhibition catalog. Stuttgart: Theiss, 2002, ISBN3-8062-1676-2.
Melchert, Craig (2020). "Luwian". A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Languages. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 239–256. ISBN9781119193296.
Osborne, James F. (2014). "Settlement Planning and Urban Symbology in Syro-Anatolian Cities". Cambridge Archaeological Journal. 24 (2): 195–214. doi:10.1017/S0959774314000444. S2CID 162223877.
Osborne, James F. (2017). "Exploring the Lower Settlements of Iron Age Capitals in Anatolia and Syria". Antiquity. 91 (355): 90–107. doi:10.15184/aqy.2016.254. S2CID 164449885.
Osborne, James F. (2020). The Syro-Anatolian City-States: An Iron Age Culture. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN9780199315833.
Simon, Zsolt (2019). "Aramaean Borders: the Hieroglyphic Luwian Evidence". Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 125–148. ISBN9789004398535.
Ilya S. Yakubovich. Sociolinguistics of the Luvian Language. Leiden: Brill, 2010. ISBN978-90-04-17791-8.
Urs Willmann: Räuberbanden im Mittelmeer. In: Zeit Online, 2016
"The Luwians: A Lost Civilization Comes Back to Life" keynote lecture by Dr. Eberhard Zangger given at Klosters' 50th Winterseminar, 18 January 2015 (online at Luwian Studies YouTube Channel)
luwians, were, ancient, people, anatolia, spoke, luwian, language, during, bronze, formed, part, population, hittite, empire, adjoining, states, such, kizzuwatna, during, hittite, kingdom, luwian, replaced, hittite, empire, dominant, language, early, iron, num. The Luwians ˈ l uː w i e n z were an ancient people in Anatolia who spoke the Luwian language During the Bronze Age Luwians formed part of the population of the Hittite Empire and adjoining states such as Kizzuwatna During the Hittite New Kingdom Luwian replaced Hittite as the empire s dominant language In the early Iron Age a number of Luwian speaking Neo Hittite states arose in northern Syria The Luwians are known largely from their language and it is unclear to what extent they formed a unified cultural or political group Contents 1 History 1 1 Origins 1 2 Middle Bronze Age 1 3 Hittite period 1 4 Post Hittite period 2 See also 3 References 4 Sources 5 External linksHistory edit nbsp Luwian storm god Tarḫunz in the National Museum of Aleppo Origins edit There is no consensus on the origins of the Luwians Armenia 1 Iran 1 the Balkans the Pontic Caspian steppe 2 3 4 5 have all been suggested Their route into Anatolia is unknown Linguist Craig Melchert suggested they were related to the Demirci Huyuk culture implying entry into Anatolia from ancient Thrace circa 3000 BC 6 More plausible is a westward migration route along the Aras river toward Cilicia by proto Luwians of the rapidly expanding Kura Araxes culture 7 8 Luwian was probably spoken over a larger geographic region than Hittite 9 Middle Bronze Age edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed December 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Luwians first appear in the historical record around 2000 BC with the presence of personal names and loan words in Old Assyrian Empire documents from the Assyrian colony of Kultepe dating from between 1950 and 1700 BC Middle Chronology which shows that Luwian and Hittite were already two distinct languages at this point The Luwians most likely lived in southern and western Anatolia perhaps with a political centre at Purushanda The Assyrian colonists and traders who were present in Anatolia at this time refer to the local people as nuwaʿum without any differentiation This term seems to derive from the name of the Luwians with the change from l n resulting from the mediation of Hurrian Hittite period edit nbsp Statue from the Post Hittite period representing king Suppiluliuma ruler of the Luwian state of Pattin Unqi The Old Hittite laws from the 17th century BC contain cases relating to the then independent regions of Pala and Luwiya Traders and displaced people seem to have moved from one country to the other on the basis of agreements between Ḫattusa and Luwiya 10 It has been argued that the Luwians never formed a single unified Luwian state but populated a number of polities where they mixed with other population groups though a minority opinion holds that the Luwians formed a unified socio political group citation needed During the Hittite period the kingdom of Kizzuwatna had its own dialect of Luwian distinct from that spoken in Hattusa Kizzuwatna was the Hittite and Luwian name for ancient Cilicia The area was conquered by the Hittites in the 16th century BC Around 1500 the area broke off and became the kingdom of Kizzuwatna whose ruler used the title of Great King like the Hittite ruler The Hittite king Telipinu had to conclude a treaty with King Isputaḫsu which was renewed by his successors Under King Pilliya Kizzuwatna became a vassal of the Mitanni Around 1420 King Sunassura of Mitanni renounced control of Kizzuwatna and concluded an alliance with the Hittite king Tudḫaliya I Soon after this the area seems to have been incorporated into the Hittite empire and remained so until its collapse around 1190 BC at the hands of Assyria and Phrygia citation needed Western Anatolian kingdoms such as Seha Arzawa and Wilusa may have had at least partially Luwian speaking populations though current evidence leaves room for doubt and this is a matter of controversy in contemporary scholarship citation needed Petra Goedegebuure of the Oriental Institute has argued that Luwian was spoken from the eastern Aegean coast to Melid and as far north as Alaca Hoyuk during the Hittite Kingdom 9 Post Hittite period edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Luwians news newspapers books scholar JSTOR December 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message nbsp Various Luwian Post Hittite and Aramean orange shades states in the 8th century BCEMain article Syro Hittite states After the collapse of the Hittite Empire c 1180 BCE several small principalities developed in northern Syria and southwestern Anatolia In south central Anatolia was Tabal which probably consisted of several small city states in Cilicia there was Quwe in northern Syria was Gurgum on the Euphrates there were Melid Kummuh Carchemish and east of the river Masuwara while on the Orontes River there were Unqi Pattin and Hamath The princes and traders of these kingdoms used Hieroglyphic Luwian in inscriptions the latest of which date to the 8th century BC The Karatepe Bilingual inscription of prince Azatiwada is particularly important These states were largely destroyed and incorporated into the Neo Assyrian Empire 911 605 BC during the 9th century BC 11 See also editLuwian language Luwian religion Hieroglyphic Luwian Luwian Studies Luwian Aramean statesReferences edit a b Reich David 2018 Who We Are and How We Got Here Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group David W Anthony 2010 The Horse the Wheel and Language How Bronze Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World Princeton University Press ISBN 9781400831104 Haak Wolfgang Lazaridis Iosif Patterson Nick Rohland Nadin Mallick Swapan Llamas Bastien Brandt Guido Nordenfelt Susanne Harney Eadaoin Stewardson Kristin Fu Qiaomei Mittnik Alissa Banffy Eszter Economou Christos Francken Michael Friederich Susanne Pena Rafael Garrido Hallgren Fredrik Khartanovich Valery Khokhlov Aleksandr Kunst Michael Kuznetsov Pavel Meller Harald Mochalov Oleg Moiseyev Vayacheslav Nicklisch Nicole Pichler Sandra L Risch Roberto Guerra Manuel A Rojo Roth Christina Szecsenyi Nagy Anna Wahl Joachim Meyer Matthias Krause Johannes Brown Dorcas Anthony David Cooper Alan Alt Kurt Werner Reich David 10 February 2015 Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo European languages in Europe bioRxiv 522 7555 207 211 arXiv 1502 02783 Bibcode 2015Natur 522 207H bioRxiv 10 1101 013433 doi 10 1038 NATURE14317 PMC 5048219 PMID 25731166 Retrieved 3 April 2018 Allentoft Morten E Sikora Martin Sjogren Karl Goran Rasmussen Simon Rasmussen Morten Stenderup Jesper Damgaard Peter B Schroeder Hannes Ahlstrom Torbjorn Vinner Lasse Malaspinas Anna Sapfo Margaryan Ashot Higham Tom Chivall David Lynnerup Niels Harvig Lise Baron Justyna Casa Philippe Della Dabrowski Pawel Duffy Paul R Ebel Alexander V Epimakhov Andrey Frei Karin Furmanek Miroslaw Gralak Tomasz Gromov Andrey Gronkiewicz Stanislaw Grupe Gisela Hajdu Tamas Jarysz Radoslaw 2015 Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia Nature 522 7555 167 172 Bibcode 2015Natur 522 167A doi 10 1038 nature14507 PMID 26062507 S2CID 4399103 Mathieson Iain Lazaridis Iosif Rohland Nadin Mallick Swapan Llamas Bastien Pickrell Joseph Meller Harald Guerra Manuel A Rojo Krause Johannes Anthony David Brown Dorcas Fox Carles Lalueza Cooper Alan Alt Kurt W Haak Wolfgang Patterson Nick Reich David 14 March 2015 Eight thousand years of natural selection in Europe bioRxiv 016477 doi 10 1101 016477 Retrieved 3 April 2018 via biorxiv org H Craig Melchert The Luwians Brill 2003 ISBN 90 04 13009 8 S 23 26 Frangipane Marcella 2015 Different types of multiethnic societies and different patterns of development and change in the prehistoric Near East Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 30 9182 9189 Bibcode 2015PNAS 112 9182F doi 10 1073 pnas 1419883112 PMC 4522825 PMID 26015583 Geoffrey D Summers The Early Trans Caucasian Culture in Iran Perspectives and problems Paleorient 2014 Volume 40 Numero 2 pp 155 168 a b Goedegebuure Petra February 5 2020 Petra Goedegebuure Anatolians on the Move From Kurgans to Kanesh Oriental Institute Archived from the original on 2021 12 21 Retrieved January 5 2021 via YouTube H Craig Melchert The Luwians Brill 2003 ISBN 90 04 13009 8 pp 28 f Georges Roux Ancient IraqSources editHartmut Blum Luwier in der Ilias Troia Traum und Wirklichkeit Ein Mythos in Geschichte und Rezeption in Tagungsband zum Symposion im Braunschweigischen Landesmuseum am 8 und 9 Juni 2001 im Rahmen der Ausstellung Troia Traum und Wirklichkeit Braunschweig Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum 2003 ISBN 3 927939 57 9 pp 40 47 Bryce Trevor R 2002 Life and Society in the Hittite World New York Oxford University Press ISBN 9780199241705 Bryce Trevor R 2005 1998 The Kingdom of the Hittites 2nd revised ed New York Oxford University Press ISBN 9780199279081 Bryce Trevor R 2012 The World of The Neo Hittite Kingdoms A Political and Military History New York Oxford University Press ISBN 9780191505027 Bryce Trevor R 2016 The Land of Hiyawa Que Revisited Anatolian Studies 66 67 79 doi 10 1017 S0066154616000053 JSTOR 24878364 S2CID 163486778 Billie Jean Collins Mary R Bachvarova amp Ian C Rutherford eds Anatolian Interfaces Hittites Greeks and their Neighbours London Oxbow Books 2008 Gilibert Alessandra 2011 Syro Hittite Monumental Art and the Archaeology of Performance The Stone Reliefs at Carchemish and Zincirli in the Earlier First Millennium BCE Berlin New York Walter de Gruyter ISBN 9783110222258 Hawkins John David 1982 The Neo Hittite States in Syria and Anatolia The Cambridge Ancient History Vol 3 Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 372 441 ISBN 9780521224963 Hawkins John David 1994 The end of the Bronze age in Anatolia New Light from Recent Discoveries Anatolian Iron Ages Vol 3 London Ankara British Institute of Archeology at Ankara pp 91 94 ISBN 9781912090693 Hawkins John David 1995a Karkamish and Karatepe Neo Hittite City States in North Syria Civilizations of the Ancient Near East Vol 2 New York Simon amp Schuster Macmillan pp 1295 1307 ISBN 9780684197210 Hawkins John David 1995b Great Kings and Country Lords at Malatya and Karkamis Studio Historiae Ardens Ancient Near Eastern Studies Istanbul Nederlands Historisch Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul pp 75 86 ISBN 9789062580750 Hawkins John David 1995c The Political Geography of North Syria and South East Anatolia in the Neo Assyrian Period Neo Assyrian Geography Roma Universita di Roma pp 87 101 H Craig Melchert ed The Luwians Leiden Brill 2003 ISBN 90 04 13009 8 also in Die Hethiter und ihr Reich Exhibition catalog Stuttgart Theiss 2002 ISBN 3 8062 1676 2 Melchert Craig 2020 Luwian A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Languages Hoboken John Wiley amp Sons pp 239 256 ISBN 9781119193296 Osborne James F 2014 Settlement Planning and Urban Symbology in Syro Anatolian Cities Cambridge Archaeological Journal 24 2 195 214 doi 10 1017 S0959774314000444 S2CID 162223877 Osborne James F 2017 Exploring the Lower Settlements of Iron Age Capitals in Anatolia and Syria Antiquity 91 355 90 107 doi 10 15184 aqy 2016 254 S2CID 164449885 Osborne James F 2020 The Syro Anatolian City States An Iron Age Culture New York Oxford University Press ISBN 9780199315833 Simon Zsolt 2019 Aramaean Borders the Hieroglyphic Luwian Evidence Aramaean Borders Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th 8th Centuries B C E Leiden Boston Brill pp 125 148 ISBN 9789004398535 Ilya S Yakubovich Sociolinguistics of the Luvian Language Leiden Brill 2010 ISBN 978 90 04 17791 8 Eberhard Zangger The Luwian Civilisation The Missing Link in the Aegean Bronze Age Istanbul Yayinlari 2016 ISBN 978 605 9680 11 0 External links editLuwian Studies org Urs Willmann Rauberbanden im Mittelmeer In Zeit Online 2016 The Luwians A Lost Civilization Comes Back to Life keynote lecture by Dr Eberhard Zangger given at Klosters 50th Winterseminar 18 January 2015 online at Luwian Studies YouTube Channel Eberhard Zangger and Serdal Mutlu Putting the Luwian Culture on the Map American Society of Overseas Research January 2023 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Luwians amp oldid 1187070479, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
