Mu'in al-Din Chishti
Chishtī Muʿīn al-Dīn Ḥasan Sijzī (1143–1236 CE), known more commonly as Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishtī or Moinuddin Chishti, or by the epithet Gharib Nawaz (lit. 'comfort to the poor'),[6] or reverently as a Shaykh Muʿīn al-Dīn or Muʿīn al-Dīn or Khwājā Muʿīn al-Dīn (Urdu: معین الدین چشتی) by Muslims of the Indian subcontinent, was a Persian Sunni Muslim[3] preacher and Sayyid,[6] ascetic, religious scholar, philosopher, and mystic from Sistan,[6] who eventually ended up settling in the Indian subcontinent in the early 13th-century, where he promulgated the famous Chishtiyya order of Sunni mysticism.[6][7] This particular tariqa (order) became the dominant Muslim spiritual group in medieval India and many of the most beloved and venerated Indian Sunni saints[4][8][9] were Chishti in their affiliation, including Nizamuddin Awliya (d. 1325) and Amir Khusrow (d. 1325).[6]
Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishtī | |
|---|---|
معین الدین چشتی ؓ | |
A Mughal miniature representing Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishtī | |
| Personal | |
| Born | 1 February 1143 CE |
| Died | 15 March 1236 CE (aged 93) |
| Resting place | Ajmer Sharif Dargah |
| Religion | Islam |
| Flourished | Islamic golden age |
| Children | Three sons—Abū Saʿīd, Fak̲h̲r al-Dīn and Ḥusām al-Dīn — and one daughter Bībī Jamāl. |
| Parent(s) | Khwājā G̲h̲iyāt̲h̲ al-Dīn Ḥasan, Umm al-Wara |
| Denomination | Sunni[3][4] |
| Jurisprudence | Hanafi |
| Creed | Maturidi |
| Tariqa | Chishti (Founder) |
| Profession | Islamic preacher |
| Muslim leader | |
Influenced by
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Influenced
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| Profession | Islamic preacher |
Having arrived in Delhi during the reign of the sultan Iltutmish (d. 1236), Muʿīn al-Dīn moved from Delhi to Ajmer shortly thereafter, at which point he became increasingly influenced by the writings of the famous Sunni Hanbali scholar and mystic ʿAbdallāh Anṣārī (d. 1088), whose famous work on the lives of the early Islamic saints, the Ṭabāqāt al-ṣūfiyya, may have played a role in shaping Muʿīn al-Dīn's worldview.[6] It was during his time in Ajmer that Muʿīn al-Dīn acquired the reputation of being a charismatic and compassionate spiritual preacher and teacher; and biographical accounts of his life written after his death report that he received the gifts of many "spiritual marvels (karāmāt), such as miraculous travel, clairvoyance, and visions of angels"[6][10] in these years of his life. Muʿīn al-Dīn seems to have been unanimously regarded as a great saint after his passing.[6]
As such, Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishtī's legacy rests primarily on his having been "one of the most outstanding figures in the annals of Islamic mysticism."[2] Additionally Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishtī is also notable, according to John Esposito, for having been one of the first major Islamic mystics to formally allow his followers to incorporate the "use of music" in their devotions, liturgies, and hymns to God, which he did in order to make the foreign Arab faith more relatable to the indigenous peoples who had recently entered the religion .[11]
Early life
Born in 1143 in Sistan, Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishtī was sixteen years old when his father, Sayyid G̲h̲iyāt̲h̲ al-Dīn (d. c. 1155), died,[2] leaving his grinding mill and orchard to his son.[2] G̲h̲iyāt̲h̲ al-Dīn and mother, Bibi Ummalwara (alias Bibi Mahe-Noor), were Sayyids,[6] or descendants of Muhammad, through his grandsons Hasan and Husain.[12]
Despite planning to continue his father's business, he developed mystic tendencies in his personal piety[2][clarification needed] and soon entered a life of destitute itineracy. He enrolled at the seminaries of Bukhara and Samarkand, and (probably) visited the shrines of Muhammad al-Bukhari (d. 870) and Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (d. 944), two widely venerated figures in the Islamic world.[2]
While traveling to Iraq, in the district of Nishapur, he came across the famous Sunni mystic Ḵh̲wāj̲a ʿUt̲h̲mān, who initiated him.[2] Accompanying his spiritual guide for over twenty years on the latter's journeys from region to region, Muʿīn al-Dīn also continued his own independent spiritual travels during the time period.[2] It was on his independent wanderings that Muʿīn al-Dīn encountered many of the most notable Sunni mystics of the era, including Abdul-Qadir Gilani (d. 1166) and Najmuddin Kubra (d. 1221), as well as Naj̲īb al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḳāhir Suhrawardī, Abū Saʿīd Tabrīzī, and ʿAbd al-Waḥid G̲h̲aznawī (all d. c. 1230), all of whom were destined to become some of the most highly venerated saints in the Sunni tradition.[2]
South Asia
Arriving at South Asia in the early thirteenth century, Muʿīn al-Dīn first travelled to Lahore to meditate at the tomb-shrine of the famous Sunni mystic and jurist Ali Hujwiri (d. 1072).[2]
From Lahore, he continued towards Ajmer where he settled and married two wives, the first was a daughter of Saiyad Wajiuddin, whom he married in the year 1209/10. Second was the daughter of a local Hindu raja who had been seized in a war.[2][13] He went on to have three sons—Abū Saʿīd, Fak̲h̲r al-Dīn and Ḥusām al-Dīn — and one daughter Bībī Jamāl.[2] Both sons are believed to be from the daughter of Hindu raja.[13] After settling in Ajmer, Muʿīn al-Dīn strove to establish the Chishti order of Sunni mysticism in India; many later biographic accounts relate the numerous miracles wrought by God at the hands of the saint during this period.[2]
Preaching in India
Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishtī was not the originator or founder of the Chishtiyya order of mysticism as he is often erroneously thought to be. On the contrary, the Chishtiyya was already an established Sufi order prior to his birth, being originally an offshoot of the older Adhamiyya order that traced its spiritual lineage and titular name to the early Islamic saint and mystic Ibrahim ibn Adham (d. 782). Thus, this particular branch of the Adhamiyya was renamed the Chishtiyya after the 10th-century Sunni mystic Abū Isḥāq al-Shāmī (d. 942) migrated to Chishti Sharif, a town in the present-day Herat Province of Afghanistan in around 930, in order to preach Islam in that area. The order spread into the Indian subcontinent, however, at the hands of the Persian Muʿīn al-Dīn in the 13th-century,[7] after the saint is believed to have had a dream in which the Islamic prophet Muhammad appeared and told him to be his "representative" or "envoy" in India.[14][15][16]
According to the various chronicles, Muʿīn al-Dīn's tolerant and compassionate behavior towards the local population seems to have been one of the major reasons behind conversion to Islam at his hand.[17][18] Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishtī is said to have appointed Bakhtiar Kaki (d. 1235) as his spiritual successor, who worked at spreading the Chishtiyya in Delhi. Furthermore, Muʿīn al-Dīn's son, Fakhr al-Dīn (d. 1255), is said to have further spread the order's teachings in Ajmer, whilst another of the saint's major disciples, Ḥamīd al-Dīn Ṣūfī Nāgawrī (d. 1274), preached in Nagaur, Rajasthan.[7]
Spiritual lineage
As with every other major Sufi order, the Chishtiyya proposes an unbroken spiritual chain of transmitted knowledge going back to Muhammad through one of his companions, which in the Chishtiyya's case is Ali (d. 661).[7] His spiritual lineage is traditionally given as follows:[7]
- Muhammad (570 – 632),
- ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib (600 – 661),
- Ḥasan al-Baṣrī (d. 728),
- Abdul Wahid bin Zaid (d. 786),
- al-Fuḍayl b. ʿIyāḍ (d. 803),
- Ibrahim ibn Adham al-Balkhī (d. 783),
- Khwaja Sadid ad-Din Huzaifa al-Marashi (d. 890),
- Abu Hubayra al-Basri (d. 900),
- Khwaja Mumshad Uluw Al Dīnawarī(d. 911),
- Abu Ishaq Shami (d. 941),
- Abu Aḥmad Abdal Chishti (d. 966),
- Abu Muḥammad Chishti (d. 1020),
- Abu Yusuf ibn Saman Muḥammad Samʿān Chishtī (d. 1067),
- Maudood Chishti (d. 1133),
- Shareef Zandani (d. 1215),
- Usman Harooni (d. 1220).
Dargah Sharif
The tomb (dargāh) of Muʿīn al-Dīn became a deeply venerated site in the century following the preacher's death in March 1236. Honoured by members of all social classes, the tomb was treated with great respect by many of the era's most important Sunni rulers, including Muhammad bin Tughluq, the Sultan of Delhi from 1324–1351, who paid a famous visit to the tomb in 1332 to commemorate the memory of the saint.[19] In a similar way, the later Mughal emperor Akbar (d. 1605) visited the shrine no less than fourteen times during his reign.[20]
In the present day, the tomb of Muʿīn al-Dīn continues to be one of the most popular sites of religious visitation for Sunni Muslims in the Indian subcontinent,[6] with over "hundreds of thousands of people from all over the Indian sub-continent assembling there on the occasion of [the saint's] ʿurs or death anniversary."[2] Additionally, the site also attracts many Hindus, who have also venerated the Islamic saint since the medieval period.[2]
A bomb blast on 11 October 2007 in the Dargah of Sufi Saint Khawaja Moinuddin Chishti at the time of Roza Iftaar had left three pilgrims dead and 15 injured. A special National Investigation Agency (NIA) court in Jaipur punished with life imprisonment the two convicts in the 2007 Ajmer Dargah bomb blast case.[21]
Popular culture
Indian films about the saint and his dargah at Ajmer include Mere Gharib Nawaz by G. Ishwar, Sultan E Hind (1973) by K. Sharif, Khawaja Ki Diwani (1981) by Akbar Balam, Mere Data Garib Nawaz (1994) by M Gulzar Sultani.[22][23][24][25] A song in the 2008 Indian film Jodhaa Akbar named "Khwaja Mere Khwaja," composed by A. R. Rahman, pays tribute to Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishtī.[26][27]
Various qawwalis portray devotion to the saint including Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan's "Khwaja E Khwajgan", Sabri Brothers' "Khawaja Ki Deewani"and Koji Badayuni's "Kabhi rab se Mila Diya".[citation needed]
See also
References
- ^ "Chishti, Mu'in al-Din Muhammad". Oxford Islamic Studies.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Nizami, K.A., "Čis̲h̲tī", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs.
- ^ a b Francesca Orsini and Katherine Butler Schofield, Telling and Texts: Music, Literature, and Performance in North India (Open Book Publishers, 2015), p. 463
- ^ a b Arya, Gholam-Ali and Negahban, Farzin, "Chishtiyya", in: Encyclopaedia Islamica, Editors-in-Chief: Wilferd Madelung and, Farhad Daftary: "The followers of the Chishtiyya Order, which has the largest following among Sufi orders in the Indian subcontinent, are Ḥanafī Sunni Muslims."
- ^ a b Ḥamīd al-Dīn Nāgawrī, Surūr al-ṣudūr; cited in Auer, Blain, "Chishtī Muʿīn al-Dīn Ḥasan", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Blain Auer, "Chishtī Muʿīn al-Dīn Ḥasan", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson.
- ^ a b c d e f g Arya, Gholam-Ali; Negahban, Farzin. "Chishtiyya". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica.
- ^ See Andrew Rippin (ed.), The Blackwell Companion to the Quran (John Wiley & Sons, 2008), p. 357.
- ^ M. Ali Khan and S. Ram, Encyclopaedia of Sufism: Chisti Order of Sufism and Miscellaneous Literature (Anmol, 2003), p. 34.
- ^ Muḥammad b. Mubārak Kirmānī, Siyar al-awliyāʾ, Lahore 1978, pp. 54-58.
- ^ John Esposito (ed.), The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (Oxford, 2004), p. 53
- ^ Shah Baba, Nawab Gudri, Muinul Arwahʾ (2009)
- ^ a b Sayyad Athar Abbas Rizvi (1978). A History of Sufism in India. Vol. 1. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 124.
- ^ ʿAlawī Kirmānī, Muḥammad, Siyar al-awliyāʾ, ed. Iʿjāz al-Ḥaqq Quddūsī (Lahore, 1986), p. 55
- ^ Firishtah, Muḥammad Qāsim, Tārīkh (Kanpur, 1301/1884), 2/377
- ^ Dārā Shukūh, Muḥammad, Safīnat al-awliyāʾ (Kanpur, 1884), p. 93.
- ^ Rizvi, Athar Abbas, A History of Sufism in India (New Delhi, 1986), I/pp. 116-125
- ^ Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad, 'Ṣūfī Movement in the Deccan', in H. K. Shervani, ed., A History of Medieval Deccan, vol. 2 (Hyderabad, 1974), pp. 142-147.
- ^ ʿAbd al-Malik ʿIṣāmī, Futūḥ al-salāṭīn, ed. A. S. Usha, Madras 1948, p. 466.
- ^ Abū l-Faḍl, Akbar-nāma, ed. ʿAbd al-Raḥīm, 3 vols., Calcutta 1873–87.
- ^ "Ajmer blast sentence: Life sentence for two in Ajmer Dargah blast case | India News - Times of India". The Times of India.
- ^ Screen World Publication's 75 Glorious Years of Indian Cinema: Complete Filmography of All Films (silent & Hindi) Produced Between 1913-1988. Screen World Publication. 1988. p. 85.
- ^ Ramnath, Nandini. "Prophets and profit: The miraculous world of Indian devotional films". Scroll.in. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
- ^ "Sultan E Hind". Eagle Home Entertainments. 3 March 2016.
- ^ "Mere Data Garib Nawaz VCD (1994)". Induna.com.
- ^ . Planet Bollywood. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
- ^ "Khwaja Mere Khwaja". Lyrics Translate. Retrieved 25 May 2015.