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Modern sculpture

October 27, 2023

Modern sculpture is generally considered to have begun with the work of Auguste Rodin, who is seen as the progenitor of modern sculpture. While Rodin did not set out to rebel against the past, he created a new way of building his works.[2][3] He "dissolved the hard outline of contemporary Neo-Greek academicism, and thereby created a vital synthesis of opacity and transparency, volume and void".[4] Along with a few other artists in the late 19th century who experimented with new artistic visions in sculpture like Edgar Degas and Paul Gauguin, Rodin invented a radical new approach in the creation of sculpture. Modern sculpture, along with all modern art, "arose as part of Western society's attempt to come to terms with the urban, industrial and secular society that emerged during the nineteenth century".[5]

Auguste Rodin, The Burghers of Calais, 1889, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C., cast 1943.[1]

Modernist sculpture movements include Art Nouveau, Cubism, Geometric abstraction, De Stijl, Suprematism, Constructivism, Dadaism, Surrealism, Futurism, Formalism Abstract expressionism, Pop-Art, Minimalism, Postminimalism, Land art, Conceptual art, and Installation art among others.

Modernism edit

 
Alberto Giacometti, Cat, 1954, Metropolitan Museum of Art
 
Gaston Lachaise, Floating Figure 1927, bronze, no. 5 from an edition of 7, National Gallery of Australia
 
Henry Moore, Double Oval (1966), Henry Moore Foundation
 
David Smith, CUBI VI (1963) at the Israel Museum in Jerusalem

The modern sculpture movement can be said to begin at the Rodin exhibit at the Universal Exhibition held in Paris in 1900. At this event Rodin showed his Burghers of Calais, Balzac, Victor Hugo statues, and the exhibition included the first public showing of his Gates of Hell which included The Thinker.[6][7]

Cubist sculpture, in the early 20th century, was a style that developed in parallel with cubist painting, and the formal experiments of Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso. Beginning around 1909 and evolving through the early 1920s cubist artists developed new means of constructing works of art using collage, sculptural assemblage using disparate materials and traditional sculpture making from plaster and clay molds. Some sources name Picasso's 1909 bronze Head of a Woman as the first cubist sculpture.[8]

 
André Derain, 1908, photograph published in Gelett Burgess, "The Wild Men of Paris", Architectural Record, May 1910. Sculpture: Nu debout (Standing Woman), 1907

Artists like Raymond Duchamp-Villon (1876-1918), whose career was cut short by his death in military service, and Alexander Archipenko, who'd arrived in Paris in 1908 and whose 1912 Walking Woman were very quick to follow Braque and Picasso's lead.[9] Joseph Csaky, a sculptor from Hungary, exhibited his first cubist sculptures in Paris in 1911. Duchamp-Villon, Jacques Lipchitz, Henri Laurens and Ossip Zadkine and others joined the earlier cubist sculptors.[10][11]

In the early 20th century, during his period of cubist innovation, Pablo Picasso revolutionized the art of sculpture when he began creating his constructions fashioned by combining disparate objects and materials into one constructed piece of sculpture; Picasso reinvented the art of sculpture with his innovative use of constructing a work in three dimensions with disparate material, the sculptural equivalent of the collage in two-dimensional art. Just as collage was a radical development in two-dimensional art; so was construction a radical development in three-dimensional sculpture. The advent of Surrealism led to things occasionally being described as "sculpture" that would not have been so previously, such as "involuntary sculpture" in several senses, including coulage. In later years Picasso became a prolific potter, leading, with interest in historic pottery from around the world, to a revival of ceramic art, with figures such as George E. Ohr and subsequently Peter Voulkos, Kenneth Price, and Robert Arneson. Marcel Duchamp originated the use of the "found object" (French: objet trouvé) or readymade with pieces such as Fountain (1917).[citation needed]

Similarly, the work of Constantin Brâncuși at the beginning of the century paved the way for later abstract sculpture. In revolt against the naturalism of Rodin and his late 19th-century contemporaries, Brâncuși distilled subjects down to their essences as illustrated by the elegantly refined forms of his Bird in Space series (1924). These elegantly refined forms became synonymous with 20th-century sculpture.[12] In 1927, Brâncuși won a lawsuit against the U.S. customs authorities who attempted to value his sculpture as raw metal. The suit led to legal changes permitting the importation of abstract art free of duty.[13]

Brâncuși's impact, with his vocabulary of reduction and abstraction, is seen throughout the 1930s and 1940s, and exemplified by artists such as Gaston Lachaise, Sir Jacob Epstein, Henry Moore, Alberto Giacometti, Joan Miró, Ásmundur Sveinsson, Julio González, Pablo Serrano, Jacques Lipchitz[14] and also by the 1940s abstract sculpture was impacted and expanded by Alexander Calder, Len Lye, Jean Tinguely, and Frederick Kiesler who were pioneers of Kinetic art.

Post-1950s edit

Since the 1950s Modernist trends in sculpture both abstract and figurative have dominated the public imagination and the popularity of Modernist sculpture had sidelined the traditional approach. Picasso was commissioned to make a maquette for a huge, 50-foot (15 m)-high public sculpture to be built in Chicago, known usually as the Chicago Picasso. He approached the project with a great deal of enthusiasm, designing a sculpture which was ambiguous and somewhat controversial. What the figure represents is not known; it could be a bird, a horse, a woman, or a totally abstract shape. The sculpture, one of the most recognizable landmarks in downtown Chicago, was unveiled in 1967. Picasso refused to be paid $100,000 for it, donating it to the people of the city.[citation needed]

In the late 1950s and the 1960s, abstract sculptors began experimenting with a wide array of new materials and different approaches to creating their work. Surrealist imagery, anthropomorphic abstraction, new materials and combinations of new energy sources and varied surfaces and objects became characteristic of much new modernist sculpture. Collaborative projects with landscape designers, architects, and landscape architects expanded the outdoor site and contextual integration. Artists such as Isamu Noguchi, David Smith, Alexander Calder, Jean Tinguely, Richard Lippold, George Rickey, Louise Bourgeois, and Louise Nevelson came to characterize the look of modern sculpture.[citation needed]

By the 1960s Abstract expressionism, Geometric abstraction and Minimalism, which reduces sculpture to its most essential and fundamental features, predominated. Some works of the period are: the Cubi works of David Smith, and the welded steel works of Sir Anthony Caro, as well as welded sculpture by a large variety of sculptors, the large scale work of John Chamberlain, and environmental installation scale works by Mark di Suvero. Other Minimalists and Postminimalists include Tony Smith, Donald Judd, Robert Morris, Anne Truitt, Ronald Bladen, Giacomo Benevelli, Arnaldo Pomodoro, Richard Serra, Carl Andre, Dan Flavin, Eva Hesse, Christo, Walter De Maria, Robert Smithson, and others like John Safer who added motion and monumentality to the theme of purity of line,[15] led contemporary abstract sculpture in new directions. During the 1960s and 1970s figurative sculpture by pop artists and modernist artists in stylized forms by artists such as: George Segal, Claes Oldenburg, Arman, Leonard Baskin, Ernest Trova, Marisol Escobar, Paul Thek, Manuel Neri and others became popular. In the 1980s several artists, among others, exploring figurative sculpture were Robert Graham in a classic articulated style and Fernando Botero bringing his painting's "oversized figures" into monumental sculptures. Ceramic sculpture as practiced by Pablo Picasso, Peter Voulkos, Stephen De Staebler, Kenneth Price, and others became an important idiom of modern sculpture in the 20th century.[citation needed]

Gallery of modern sculpture edit

 
Henri Matisse, The Back Series, bronze, left to right: The Back I, 1908–09, The Back II, 1913, The Back III 1916, The Back IV, c. 1931, all Museum of Modern Art, New York [16][17][18]

Contemporary movements edit

Site specific and environmental art works are represented by artists: Andy Goldsworthy, Walter De Maria,[23] Richard Long, Richard Serra, Robert Irwin,[24] George Rickey, and Christo and Jeanne-Claude-led contemporary abstract sculpture in new directions. Artists created environmental sculpture on expansive sites in the "land art in the American West" group of projects. These land art or "earth art" environmental scale sculpture works exemplified by artists such as Robert Smithson, Michael Heizer, James Turrell (Roden Crater). Eva Hesse, Sol LeWitt, Jackie Winsor, Keith Sonnier, and Bruce Nauman, among others were pioneers of Postminimalist sculpture.

Also during the 1960s and 1970s artists as diverse as Eduardo Paolozzi, Chryssa, Walter De Maria, Claes Oldenburg, George Segal, Edward Kienholz, Nam June Paik, Wolf Vostell, Duane Hanson, and John DeAndrea explored abstraction, imagery, and figuration through video art, environment, light sculpture, and installation art in new ways.

Conceptual art is art in which the concept(s) or idea(s) involved in the work take precedence over traditional aesthetic and material concerns. Works include One and Three Chairs, 1965, by Joseph Kosuth, and An Oak Tree, 1973, by Michael Craig-Martin, and those of Joseph Beuys and James Turrell among others.[25]

Postmodern sculpture occupies a broader field of activities than Modernist sculpture. Rosalind Krauss identified sculpture in the expanded field, a series of oppositions around the work's relationship to its environment that describe the various sculpture-like activities that are postmodern sculpture, creating a theoretical explanation that could adequately fit the developments of Land art, Minimalist sculpture, and site-specific art into the category of "sculpture":

  • Site-Construction: the intersection of landscape and architecture
  • Axiomatic Structures: the combination of architecture and not-architecture
  • Marked sites: the combination of landscape and not-landscape
  • Sculpture: intersection of not-landscape and not-architecture

Minimalism edit

Postminimalism edit

Contemporary genres edit

Modern sculpture is often created outdoors, as in environmental art and environmental sculpture, often in full view of spectators. Light sculpture and site-specific art also often make use of the environment. Site-specific artwork is intentionally created for a specific place. The term was first used in the mid-1970s by sculptors Patricia Johanson, Dennis Oppenheim, Athena Tacha, and others.[27] Site specific environmental art was described as a movement by architectural critic Catherine Howett[28] and art critic Lucy Lippard.[29] Land art, Earthworks, (Earth art) is an art movement that makes specific use of the real landscape to form works of sculpture that are located in and make use of nature generally in altered form. It is a form of sculpture created in nature, from nature, using materials found in nature like dirt, soil, rocks, logs, branches, leaves, and water, as well as man made materials like Chain-link fencing, barbed wire, rope, rubber, glass, concrete, metal, asphalt, and mineral pigments. Ice sculpture is a form of ephemeral sculpture that uses ice as the raw material. It is popular in China, Japan, Canada, Sweden, and Russia. Ice sculptures feature decoratively in some cuisines, especially in Asia. Kinetic sculptures are sculptures that are designed to move, which include mobiles. Snow sculptures are usually carved out of a single block of snow about 6 to 15 feet (4.6 m) on each side and weighing about 20–30 tons. The snow is densely packed into a form after having been produced by artificial means or collected from the ground after a snowfall.

Sound sculptures take the form of indoor sound installations, outdoor installations such as aeolian harps, automatons, or be more or less near conventional musical instruments. Sound sculpture is often site-specific. Art toys have become another format for contemporary artists since the late 1990s, such as those produced by Takashi Murakami and Kid Robot, designed by Michael Lau, or hand-made by Michael Leavitt.[30]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "The Burghers of Calais, (sculpture)". SIRIS
  2. ^ Elsen, Albert E. (2003). Rodin's Art: The Rodin Collection of the Iris & Gerald B. Cantor Center for the Visual Arts. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513381-1.
  3. ^ "Rodin to Now: Modern Sculpture", Palm Springs Desert Museum.
  4. ^ Giedion-Welcker, Carola, ‘’Contemporary Sculpture: An Evolution in Volume and Space, A revised and Enlarged Edition’’, Faber and Faber, London, 1961, p. X
  5. ^ Atkins, Robert, ‘’ARTSPOKE: A Guide to Modern Ideas, Movements and Buzzwords, 1848-1944’’ Abbeville Publishers, New York, 1993, p.140
  6. ^ Curtis, Penelope, ‘’Sculpture: 1900-1945’’, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999, p. 1
  7. ^ Elsen, Albert L., ‘’Rodin’s Gates of Hell’’, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN, 1960 p. 77
  8. ^ Grace Glueck, "Picasso Revolutionized Sculpture Too", New York Times, exhibition review 1982, Retrieved July 20, 2010.
  9. ^ "Gallery".
  10. ^ Robert Rosenblum, "Cubism", Readings in Art History 2 (1976), Seuphor, Sculpture of this Century
  11. ^ Edith Balas, Joseph Csaky: A Pioneer of Modern Sculpture, American Philosophical Society, 1998.
  12. ^ Edward Lucie-Smith, Visual arts in the 20th century, Edition illustrated, Publisher Harry N. Abrams, 1997, Original from the University of Michigan, ISBN 0-8109-3934-7, ISBN 978-0-8109-3934-9
  13. ^ "Constantin Brâncuși", Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2008 http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Constantin_Brancusi.aspx
  14. ^ The Oxford dictionary of American art and artists, Author Ann Lee Morgan, Publisher Oxford University Press, 2007,Original from the University of Michigan,ISBN 0-19-512878-8, ISBN 978-0-19-512878-9
  15. ^ National Air and Space Museum Receives "Ascent" Sculpture for display at Udvar-Hazy Center [1][permanent dead link]
  16. ^ The Guardian, Hillary Spurling on The Back Series
  17. ^ MoMA, the collection
  18. ^ Tate
  19. ^ Rodin Museum, The Three Shades
  20. ^ the Art Story
  21. ^ Klein, Mason, et al., Modigliani: Beyond the Myth. The Jewish Museum and Yale University Press, 2004.
  22. ^ Otto Gutfreund - exhibition in the Municipal House (Czech Radio)
  23. ^ Guggenheim museum 2013-01-04 at the Wayback Machine
  24. ^ Dia Foundation
  25. ^ Tate
  26. ^ NY Times, Umbrella Crushes Woman
  27. ^ Peter Frank, "Site Sculpture", Art News, Oct. 1975
  28. ^ Catherine Howett, New Directions in Environmental Art, Landscape Architecture, Jan. 1977
  29. ^ Lucy Lippard, Art Outdoors, In and Out of the Public Domain, Studio International, March–April 1977
  30. ^ "Art Army by Michael Leavitt", hypediss.com [2], December 13, 2006.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Modern sculptures.
  • Article on Minimalist Art at the Dia Beacon Museum"Dia Beacon", Tiziano Thomas Dossena, Bridge Apulia USA N.9, 2003
  • Tate, Definition of Minimal Art
  • Tate Glossary: Minimalism
  • MoMA, Art terms Minimalism
  • Modern Sculpture and the Question of Status (Ebook), edited by C. Rodriguez-Samaniego and I. Gras Valero, University of Barcelona, 2018

October 27, 2023
modern, sculpture, generally, considered, have, begun, with, work, auguste, rodin, seen, progenitor, modern, sculpture, while, rodin, rebel, against, past, created, building, works, dissolved, hard, outline, contemporary, greek, academicism, thereby, created, . Modern sculpture is generally considered to have begun with the work of Auguste Rodin who is seen as the progenitor of modern sculpture While Rodin did not set out to rebel against the past he created a new way of building his works 2 3 He dissolved the hard outline of contemporary Neo Greek academicism and thereby created a vital synthesis of opacity and transparency volume and void 4 Along with a few other artists in the late 19th century who experimented with new artistic visions in sculpture like Edgar Degas and Paul Gauguin Rodin invented a radical new approach in the creation of sculpture Modern sculpture along with all modern art arose as part of Western society s attempt to come to terms with the urban industrial and secular society that emerged during the nineteenth century 5 Auguste Rodin The Burghers of Calais 1889 Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Washington D C cast 1943 1 Modernist sculpture movements include Art Nouveau Cubism Geometric abstraction De Stijl Suprematism Constructivism Dadaism Surrealism Futurism Formalism Abstract expressionism Pop Art Minimalism Postminimalism Land art Conceptual art and Installation art among others Contents 1 Modernism 2 Post 1950s 2 1 Gallery of modern sculpture 2 2 Contemporary movements 2 3 Minimalism 2 3 1 Postminimalism 2 3 2 Contemporary genres 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksModernism edit nbsp Alberto Giacometti Cat 1954 Metropolitan Museum of Art nbsp Gaston Lachaise Floating Figure 1927 bronze no 5 from an edition of 7 National Gallery of Australia nbsp Henry Moore Double Oval 1966 Henry Moore Foundation nbsp David Smith CUBI VI 1963 at the Israel Museum in JerusalemThe modern sculpture movement can be said to begin at the Rodin exhibit at the Universal Exhibition held in Paris in 1900 At this event Rodin showed his Burghers of Calais Balzac Victor Hugo statues and the exhibition included the first public showing of his Gates of Hell which included The Thinker 6 7 Cubist sculpture in the early 20th century was a style that developed in parallel with cubist painting and the formal experiments of Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso Beginning around 1909 and evolving through the early 1920s cubist artists developed new means of constructing works of art using collage sculptural assemblage using disparate materials and traditional sculpture making from plaster and clay molds Some sources name Picasso s 1909 bronze Head of a Woman as the first cubist sculpture 8 nbsp Andre Derain 1908 photograph published in Gelett Burgess The Wild Men of Paris Architectural Record May 1910 Sculpture Nu debout Standing Woman 1907Artists like Raymond Duchamp Villon 1876 1918 whose career was cut short by his death in military service and Alexander Archipenko who d arrived in Paris in 1908 and whose 1912 Walking Woman were very quick to follow Braque and Picasso s lead 9 Joseph Csaky a sculptor from Hungary exhibited his first cubist sculptures in Paris in 1911 Duchamp Villon Jacques Lipchitz Henri Laurens and Ossip Zadkine and others joined the earlier cubist sculptors 10 11 In the early 20th century during his period of cubist innovation Pablo Picasso revolutionized the art of sculpture when he began creating his constructions fashioned by combining disparate objects and materials into one constructed piece of sculpture Picasso reinvented the art of sculpture with his innovative use of constructing a work in three dimensions with disparate material the sculptural equivalent of the collage in two dimensional art Just as collage was a radical development in two dimensional art so was construction a radical development in three dimensional sculpture The advent of Surrealism led to things occasionally being described as sculpture that would not have been so previously such as involuntary sculpture in several senses including coulage In later years Picasso became a prolific potter leading with interest in historic pottery from around the world to a revival of ceramic art with figures such as George E Ohr and subsequently Peter Voulkos Kenneth Price and Robert Arneson Marcel Duchamp originated the use of the found object French objet trouve or readymade with pieces such as Fountain 1917 citation needed Similarly the work of Constantin Brancuși at the beginning of the century paved the way for later abstract sculpture In revolt against the naturalism of Rodin and his late 19th century contemporaries Brancuși distilled subjects down to their essences as illustrated by the elegantly refined forms of his Bird in Space series 1924 These elegantly refined forms became synonymous with 20th century sculpture 12 In 1927 Brancuși won a lawsuit against the U S customs authorities who attempted to value his sculpture as raw metal The suit led to legal changes permitting the importation of abstract art free of duty 13 Brancuși s impact with his vocabulary of reduction and abstraction is seen throughout the 1930s and 1940s and exemplified by artists such as Gaston Lachaise Sir Jacob Epstein Henry Moore Alberto Giacometti Joan Miro Asmundur Sveinsson Julio Gonzalez Pablo Serrano Jacques Lipchitz 14 and also by the 1940s abstract sculpture was impacted and expanded by Alexander Calder Len Lye Jean Tinguely and Frederick Kiesler who were pioneers of Kinetic art Post 1950s editSince the 1950s Modernist trends in sculpture both abstract and figurative have dominated the public imagination and the popularity of Modernist sculpture had sidelined the traditional approach Picasso was commissioned to make a maquette for a huge 50 foot 15 m high public sculpture to be built in Chicago known usually as the Chicago Picasso He approached the project with a great deal of enthusiasm designing a sculpture which was ambiguous and somewhat controversial What the figure represents is not known it could be a bird a horse a woman or a totally abstract shape The sculpture one of the most recognizable landmarks in downtown Chicago was unveiled in 1967 Picasso refused to be paid 100 000 for it donating it to the people of the city citation needed In the late 1950s and the 1960s abstract sculptors began experimenting with a wide array of new materials and different approaches to creating their work Surrealist imagery anthropomorphic abstraction new materials and combinations of new energy sources and varied surfaces and objects became characteristic of much new modernist sculpture Collaborative projects with landscape designers architects and landscape architects expanded the outdoor site and contextual integration Artists such as Isamu Noguchi David Smith Alexander Calder Jean Tinguely Richard Lippold George Rickey Louise Bourgeois and Louise Nevelson came to characterize the look of modern sculpture citation needed By the 1960s Abstract expressionism Geometric abstraction and Minimalism which reduces sculpture to its most essential and fundamental features predominated Some works of the period are the Cubi works of David Smith and the welded steel works of Sir Anthony Caro as well as welded sculpture by a large variety of sculptors the large scale work of John Chamberlain and environmental installation scale works by Mark di Suvero Other Minimalists and Postminimalists include Tony Smith Donald Judd Robert Morris Anne Truitt Ronald Bladen Giacomo Benevelli Arnaldo Pomodoro Richard Serra Carl Andre Dan Flavin Eva Hesse Christo Walter De Maria Robert Smithson and others like John Safer who added motion and monumentality to the theme of purity of line 15 led contemporary abstract sculpture in new directions During the 1960s and 1970s figurative sculpture by pop artists and modernist artists in stylized forms by artists such as George Segal Claes Oldenburg Arman Leonard Baskin Ernest Trova Marisol Escobar Paul Thek Manuel Neri and others became popular In the 1980s several artists among others exploring figurative sculpture were Robert Graham in a classic articulated style and Fernando Botero bringing his painting s oversized figures into monumental sculptures Ceramic sculpture as practiced by Pablo Picasso Peter Voulkos Stephen De Staebler Kenneth Price and others became an important idiom of modern sculpture in the 20th century citation needed Gallery of modern sculpture edit nbsp Henri Matisse The Back Series bronze left to right The Back I 1908 09 The Back II 1913 The Back III 1916 The Back IV c 1931 all Museum of Modern Art New York 16 17 18 nbsp Auguste Rodin The Three Shades before 1886 plaster 97 x 91 3 x 54 3 cm In Dante s Divine Comedy the shades i e the souls of the damned stand at the entrance to The Gates of Hell pointing to an unequivocal inscription Abandon hope all ye who enter here Rodin assembled three identical figures that seem to be turning around the same point 19 nbsp Paul Gauguin 1894 Oviri Sauvage partially glazed stoneware 75 x 19 x 27 cm Musee d Orsay Paris nbsp Auguste Rodin The Thinker 1902 Musee Rodin Paris nbsp Constantin Brancuși 1907 08 The Kiss Exhibited at the Armory Show and published in the Chicago Tribune 25 March 1913 nbsp Constantin Brancuși Portrait of Mademoiselle Pogany 1912 White marble limestone block Philadelphia Museum of Art exhibited at the 1913 Armory Show nbsp Alexander Archipenko 1910 11 Negress La Negresse Armory Show catalogue photo nbsp Antoine Bourdelle 1910 12 La Musique bas relief Theatre des Champs Elysees Paris nbsp Joseph Csaky 1911 1912 Groupe de femmes Groupe de trois femmes Groupe de trois personnages plaster lost Exhibited at the 1912 Salon d Automne and Salon des Independants 1913 Paris nbsp Amedeo Modigliani Female Head 1911 1912 Tate Paul Guillaume introduced Modigliani to Constantin Brancuși He was Brancuși s disciple for a year 20 21 nbsp Otto Gutfreund Violoncelliste Cellist 1912 13 22 nbsp Raymond Duchamp Villon 1913 Les amants II Musee national d art moderne Paris nbsp Henri Gaudier Brzeska 1914 Boy with a Coney Boy with a rabbit marble nbsp Marcel Duchamp Fountain 1917 photograph by Alfred Stieglitz nbsp Joseph Csaky Tete ca 1920 front and side view limestone 60 cm Kroller Muller Museum Otterlo Netherlands nbsp Aristide Maillol The Night 1920 Stuttgart nbsp Jacob Epstein Day and Night carved for the London Underground s headquarters 1928 nbsp Kathe Kollwitz The Grieving Parents 1932 World War I memorial for her son Peter Vladslo German war cemetery nbsp Jacques Lipchitz Birth of the Muses 1944 1950 nbsp Barbara Hepworth Monolith Empyrean 1953 nbsp Alexander Calder Red Mobile 1956 Painted sheet metal and metal rods Montreal Museum of Fine Arts nbsp Ruth Asawa Untitled 1950s 60s exact date unknown at the DeYoung Museum in San Francisco nbsp John Chamberlain S 1959 Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Washington DC nbsp Pablo Picasso Public Sculpture 1967 Chicago Illinois nbsp Isamu Noguchi Heimar 1968 at the Billy Rose Sculpture Garden Israel Museum Jerusalem Israel nbsp George Rickey Four Squares in Geviert 1969 terrace of the New National Gallery Berlin Germany Rickey is considered a Kinetic sculptor nbsp Alexander Calder Crinkly avec disc rouge 1973 Schlossplatz Stuttgart nbsp Louise Nevelson Atmosphere and Environment XII 1970 1973 Philadelphia Museum of Art nbsp Sir Anthony Caro Black Cover Flat 1974 steel Tel Aviv Museum of Art nbsp Jean Yves Lechevallier Cristaux Homage to Bela Bartok Paris 1980 nbsp Joan Miro Woman and Bird 1982 Barcelona Spain nbsp Karlheinz Oswald Hildegard of Bingen 1998 bronze in front of Eibingen Abbey nbsp Louise Bourgeois Maman 1999 outside Museo Guggenheim nbsp Antony Gormley Iron Man 2005 in Victoria Square Birmingham nbsp Yayoi Kusama Pumpkin 2015 in Montreal nbsp Karen LaMonte Etudes 2017 at the Hunter Museum of Art in Tennessee Contemporary movements edit Site specific and environmental art works are represented by artists Andy Goldsworthy Walter De Maria 23 Richard Long Richard Serra Robert Irwin 24 George Rickey and Christo and Jeanne Claude led contemporary abstract sculpture in new directions Artists created environmental sculpture on expansive sites in the land art in the American West group of projects These land art or earth art environmental scale sculpture works exemplified by artists such as Robert Smithson Michael Heizer James Turrell Roden Crater Eva Hesse Sol LeWitt Jackie Winsor Keith Sonnier and Bruce Nauman among others were pioneers of Postminimalist sculpture Also during the 1960s and 1970s artists as diverse as Eduardo Paolozzi Chryssa Walter De Maria Claes Oldenburg George Segal Edward Kienholz Nam June Paik Wolf Vostell Duane Hanson and John DeAndrea explored abstraction imagery and figuration through video art environment light sculpture and installation art in new ways Conceptual art is art in which the concept s or idea s involved in the work take precedence over traditional aesthetic and material concerns Works include One and Three Chairs 1965 by Joseph Kosuth and An Oak Tree 1973 by Michael Craig Martin and those of Joseph Beuys and James Turrell among others 25 Postmodern sculpture occupies a broader field of activities than Modernist sculpture Rosalind Krauss identified sculpture in the expanded field a series of oppositions around the work s relationship to its environment that describe the various sculpture like activities that are postmodern sculpture creating a theoretical explanation that could adequately fit the developments of Land art Minimalist sculpture and site specific art into the category of sculpture Site Construction the intersection of landscape and architecture Axiomatic Structures the combination of architecture and not architecture Marked sites the combination of landscape and not landscape Sculpture intersection of not landscape and not architecture nbsp Spiral Jetty by Robert Smithson from atop Rozel Point in mid April 2005 nbsp Christo and Jeanne Claude Umbrellas 1991 Japan 26 nbsp Richard Long South Bank Circle 1991 Tate Liverpool England nbsp Time guards Madonna light sculpture by Manfred Kielnhofer at the Light Art Biennale Austria 2010Minimalism edit nbsp Tony Smith Free Ride 1962 Museum of Modern Art nbsp Larry Bell Untitled 1964 bismuth chromium gold and rhodium on gold plated brass Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden nbsp Donald Judd Untitled 1977 Munster nbsp Richard Serra Fulcrum 1987 55 ft high freestanding sculpture of Cor ten steel near Liverpool Street station nbsp Donald Judd Untitled 1991 Israel Museum Art GardenPostminimalism edit nbsp Rachel Whiteread Holocaust Monument 2000 Judenplatz Vienna nbsp Anish Kapoor Turning the World Upside Down Israel Museum 2010 nbsp The Spire of Dublin officially titled the Monument of Light stainless steel 121 2 metres 398 ft the world s tallest sculptureContemporary genres edit Modern sculpture is often created outdoors as in environmental art and environmental sculpture often in full view of spectators Light sculpture and site specific art also often make use of the environment Site specific artwork is intentionally created for a specific place The term was first used in the mid 1970s by sculptors Patricia Johanson Dennis Oppenheim Athena Tacha and others 27 Site specific environmental art was described as a movement by architectural critic Catherine Howett 28 and art critic Lucy Lippard 29 Land art Earthworks Earth art is an art movement that makes specific use of the real landscape to form works of sculpture that are located in and make use of nature generally in altered form It is a form of sculpture created in nature from nature using materials found in nature like dirt soil rocks logs branches leaves and water as well as man made materials like Chain link fencing barbed wire rope rubber glass concrete metal asphalt and mineral pigments Ice sculpture is a form of ephemeral sculpture that uses ice as the raw material It is popular in China Japan Canada Sweden and Russia Ice sculptures feature decoratively in some cuisines especially in Asia Kinetic sculptures are sculptures that are designed to move which include mobiles Snow sculptures are usually carved out of a single block of snow about 6 to 15 feet 4 6 m on each side and weighing about 20 30 tons The snow is densely packed into a form after having been produced by artificial means or collected from the ground after a snowfall Sound sculptures take the form of indoor sound installations outdoor installations such as aeolian harps automatons or be more or less near conventional musical instruments Sound sculpture is often site specific Art toys have become another format for contemporary artists since the late 1990s such as those produced by Takashi Murakami and Kid Robot designed by Michael Lau or hand made by Michael Leavitt 30 See also editList of female sculptors List of sculptors Outline of sculpture List of most expensive sculptures National Gallery of Art Sculpture Garden Arborsculpture Assemblage Butter sculpture Bricolage California Clay Movement Collage Cubist sculpture Decollage Environmental art Earthworks art Electrotyping Floral design Ikebana Garden sculpture Gas sculpture Glassblowing Hologram Kinetic sculpture Land art Earth art Land Arts of the American West Light sculpture Living sculpture Mask Mobiles Neon lighting and artists in light Origami Plaster cast Site specific art Sustainable art Wax sculpture Welded sculpture WeldingReferences edit The Burghers of Calais sculpture SIRIS Elsen Albert E 2003 Rodin s Art The Rodin Collection of the Iris amp Gerald B Cantor Center for the Visual Arts Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 513381 1 Rodin to Now Modern Sculpture Palm Springs Desert Museum Giedion Welcker Carola Contemporary Sculpture An Evolution in Volume and Space A revised and Enlarged Edition Faber and Faber London 1961 p X Atkins Robert ARTSPOKE A Guide to Modern Ideas Movements and Buzzwords 1848 1944 Abbeville Publishers New York 1993 p 140 Curtis Penelope Sculpture 1900 1945 Oxford University Press Oxford 1999 p 1 Elsen Albert L Rodin s Gates of Hell University of Minnesota Press Minneapolis MN 1960 p 77 Grace Glueck Picasso Revolutionized Sculpture Too New York Times exhibition review 1982 Retrieved July 20 2010 Gallery Robert Rosenblum Cubism Readings in Art History 2 1976 Seuphor Sculpture of this Century Edith Balas Joseph Csaky A Pioneer of Modern Sculpture American Philosophical Society 1998 Edward Lucie Smith Visual arts in the 20th century Edition illustrated Publisher Harry N Abrams 1997 Original from the University of Michigan ISBN 0 8109 3934 7 ISBN 978 0 8109 3934 9 Constantin Brancuși Columbia Encyclopedia Sixth Edition 2008 http www encyclopedia com topic Constantin Brancusi aspx The Oxford dictionary of American art and artists Author Ann Lee Morgan Publisher Oxford University Press 2007 Original from the University of Michigan ISBN 0 19 512878 8 ISBN 978 0 19 512878 9 National Air and Space Museum Receives Ascent Sculpture for display at Udvar Hazy Center 1 permanent dead link The Guardian Hillary Spurling on The Back Series MoMA the collection Tate Rodin Museum The Three Shades the Art Story Klein Mason et al Modigliani Beyond the Myth The Jewish Museum and Yale University Press 2004 Otto Gutfreund exhibition in the Municipal House Czech Radio Guggenheim museum Archived 2013 01 04 at the Wayback Machine Dia Foundation Tate NY Times Umbrella Crushes Woman Peter Frank Site Sculpture Art News Oct 1975 Catherine Howett New Directions in Environmental Art Landscape Architecture Jan 1977 Lucy Lippard Art Outdoors In and Out of the Public Domain Studio International March April 1977 Art Army by Michael Leavitt hypediss com 2 December 13 2006 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Modern sculptures Article on Minimalist Art at the Dia Beacon Museum Dia Beacon Tiziano Thomas Dossena Bridge Apulia USA N 9 2003 Tate Definition of Minimal Art Tate Glossary Minimalism MoMA Art terms Minimalism Modern Sculpture and the Question of Status Ebook edited by C Rodriguez Samaniego and I Gras Valero University of Barcelona 2018 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Modern sculpture amp oldid 1144835158, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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