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Mildred Dresselhaus

November 17, 2023

Mildred Dresselhaus[1] (née Spiewak; November 11, 1930 – February 20, 2017),[2] known as the "Queen of Carbon Science",[3] was an American physicist, materials scientist, and nanotechnologist. She was an institute professor and professor of both physics and electrical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[4] She also served as the president of the American Physical Society, the chair of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, as well as the director of science in the US Department of Energy under the Bill Clinton Government.[4] Dresselhaus won numerous awards including the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the National Medal of Science, the Enrico Fermi Award, the Kavli Prize and the Vannevar Bush Award.

Mildred Dresselhaus
Dresselhaus at the White House in 2012
Born
Mildred Spiewak

(1930-11-11)November 11, 1930
Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
DiedFebruary 20, 2017(2017-02-20) (aged 86)
Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
Alma materHunter College
Cambridge University
Radcliffe College
University of Chicago
Known forCarbon nanotubes
Spouses
​
(divorced)​
​
(m. 1958)​
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsApplied physics
Institutions
Doctoral advisorEnrico Fermi
Doctoral students

Early life and education edit

Dresselhaus was born on November 11, 1930, in Brooklyn, New York City, the daughter of Ethel (Teichtheil) and Meyer Spiewak, who were Polish Jewish immigrants.[5] Her family was heavily affected by the Great Depression so from a young age Dresselhaus helped provide income for the family by doing piecework assembly tasks at home and by working in a zipper factory during the summer.[6][7] As a grade school student, Dresselhaus' first 'teaching job' was tutoring a special-needs student for fifty cents a week, and she learned how to be a good teacher.[7]

Dresselhaus credited New York's free museums, including the American Museum of Natural History and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, with sparking her interest in science.[6] She and her brother, Irving Spiewak, were scholarship students at the Greenwich House Music School which introduced her to a different world of musical, artistic and intellectual leanings.[7]

Dresselhaus was raised and attended grade school in the Bronx. Her older brother informed her of the opportunity to apply to Hunter College High School, where she excelled and gained practice as a teacher by tutoring fellow students.[6]

Experience at Hunter College edit

Dresselhaus attended Hunter College in New York. Traditionally a women's college, during Dresselhaus's time as a student there, Hunter College's Bronx campus opened itself to a flood of male G.I. Bill beneficiaries.[8] Dresselhaus later explained:

The boys in the science classes were toward the bottom of the class... They always used to come to me for help.... That might be somewhat significant in my story, because I never got the idea in college that science was a man's profession.[9]

While attending Hunter, one of her professors, and future Nobel-Prize-winner Rosalyn Yalow took interest in Dresselhaus and encouraged her to apply for graduate fellowships and pursue a career in physics. Dresselhaus graduated with her undergraduate degree in liberal arts in 1951.[2][6]

After College edit

She carried out postgraduate study at the University of Cambridge on a Fulbright Fellowship and received her MA from Radcliffe College. She received a PhD from the University of Chicago in 1958 where she studied under Nobel laureate Enrico Fermi.[10] She then spent two years at Cornell University as a postdoc before moving to Lincoln Lab as a staff member.

Career and legacy edit

Dresselhaus had a 57-year career at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[11] She became the Abby Rockefeller Mauzé Visiting Professor of electrical engineering at MIT in 1967, became a tenured faculty member in 1968, and became a professor of physics in 1983. In 1985, she was appointed the first female institute professor at MIT. In 1994, Dresselhaus was one of 16 women faculty in the School of Science at MIT who drafted and co-signed a letter to the then-Dean of Science (now Chancellor of Berkeley) Robert Birgeneau, which started a campaign to highlight and challenge gender discrimination at MIT.[12][13][14][15]

As the exotic compounds she studied became increasingly relevant to modern science and engineering, she was uniquely positioned to become a world-leading expert and write one of the standard textbooks.[16] Her groundwork in the field led to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov isolating and characterizing graphene, for which they were awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize.[6]

Dresselhaus was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1990 in recognition of her work on electronic properties of materials as well as expanding the opportunities of women in science and engineering.[17][18] In 2005 she was awarded the 11th Annual Heinz Award in the category of Technology, the Economy and Employment.[19] In 2008, she was awarded the Oersted Medal. In 2012, she was co-recipient of the Enrico Fermi Award, along with Burton Richter,[20] and was awarded the Kavli Prize[3] "for her pioneering contributions to the study of phonons, electron-phonon interactions, and thermal transport in nanostructures."[21] In 2014, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom[22] and was inducted into the US National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2014.[23] In 2015, she received the IEEE Medal of Honor.

In 2000–2001, she was the director of the Office of Science at the U.S. Department of Energy. From 2003 to 2008, she was the chair of the governing board of the American Institute of Physics. She also has served as president of the American Physical Society (APS), the first female president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and treasurer of the National Academy of Sciences.

Her former students include such notable materials scientists as Deborah Chung,[24] and physicists as Nai-Chang Yeh and Greg Timp.

 
President Barack Obama greets Dr. Mildred Dresselhaus, third from right, and Dr. Burton Richter, right, May 7, 2012.

There are several physical theories named after Dresselhaus. The Hicks-Dresselhaus Model (L. D. Hicks and Dresselhaus)[25] is the first basic model for low-dimensional thermoelectrics, which initiated the whole band field. The Saito-Fujita-Dresselhaus Model (Riichiro Saito, Mitsutaka Fujita, Gene Dresselhaus, and Mildred Dresselhaus)[26] first predicted the band structures of carbon nanotubes. The Dresselhaus effect refers, however, to the spin–orbit interaction effect modeled by Gene Dresselhaus, Mildred Dresselhaus's husband.

Dresselhaus devoted a great deal of time to supporting efforts to promote increased participation of women in physics. In 1971, Dresselhaus and a colleague organized the first Women's Forum at MIT as a seminar exploring the roles of women in science and engineering. In honor of her legacy, the APS created the Millie Dresselhaus Fund to support women in physics.[27] Dresselhaus was the face of a 2017 General Electric television advertisement which asked the question "What if female scientists were celebrities?" aimed to increase the number of women in STEM roles in its ranks.[28]

In 2019, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Board of Directors created the IEEE Mildred Dresselhaus Medal, awarded annually "for outstanding technical contributions in science and engineering, of great impact to IEEE fields of interest."[29]

Oral history interview with Mildred Dresselhaus on the occasion of her winning the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor bestowed by the U.S. government, in 2014

Contributions to scientific knowledge edit

Dresselhaus was particularly noted for her work on graphite, graphite intercalation compounds, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and low-dimensional thermoelectrics. Her group made frequent use of electronic band structure, Raman scattering and the photophysics of carbon nanostructures.[11] Her research helped develop technology based on thin graphite which allow electronics to be "everywhere", including clothing and smartphones.[11]

With the appearance of lasers in the 1960s, Dresselhaus started to use lasers for magneto-optics experiments, which later led to the creation of a new model for the electronic structure of graphite.[30] A great part of her research dedicates to the study of 'buckyballs' and graphene focusing a great deal in the electrical properties of carbon nanotubes and enhancing thermoelectric properties of nanowires.[31]

Personal life edit

Her first husband was physicist Frederick Reif.[32] She remarried in 1958 to Gene Dresselhaus who became a well known theoretician and discoverer of the Dresselhaus effect.[33] They had four children – Marianne, Carl, Paul, and Eliot – and five grandchildren.[11]

Honors and awards edit

Selected publications edit

 
Scholia has a profile for Mildred Dresselhaus (Q29573).
  • Steinbeck, J.; Braunstein, G.; Speck, J.; Dresselhaus, M. S.; Huang, C. Y.; Malvezzi, A. M.; Bloembergen, N. (1986). "Analysis of Picosecond Pulsed Laser Melted Graphite". MRS Proceedings. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 74. doi:10.1557/proc-74-263. ISSN 0272-9172.
  • di Vittorio, S.L.; Dresselhaus, M.S.; Endo, M.; Issi, J-P.; Piraux, L. (July 1, 1990). The transport properties of activated carbon fibers (Report). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI). doi:10.2172/6882792.
  • Kuriyama, K.; Dresselhaus, M.S. (1991). "Photoconductivity of activated carbon fibers". Journal of Materials Research. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 6 (5): 1040–1047. Bibcode:1991JMatR...6.1040K. doi:10.1557/jmr.1991.1040. ISSN 0884-2914. S2CID 94864974.
  • Farmer, J.C.; Barbee, T.W. Jr.; Chapline, G.C. Jr.; Olsen, M.L.; Foreman, R.J.; Summers, L.J.; Dresselhaus, M.S.; Hicks, L.D. (January 20, 1995). Synthesis and evaluation of single layer, bilayer, and multilayer thermoelectric thin films (Report). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI). doi:10.2172/93595.
  • M. S. Dresselhaus & P. C. Eklund (2000). (PDF). Advances in Physics. 49 (6): 705. Bibcode:2000AdPhy..49..705D. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.170.631. doi:10.1080/000187300413184. S2CID 122447852. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2007.
  • M. S. Dresselhaus; G. Samsonidze; S. G. Chou; G. Dresselhaus; J. Jiang; R. Saito & A. Jorio. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 2, 2006. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • M. S. Dresselhaus & G. Dresselhaus (2002). (PDF). Advances in Physics. 51 (1): 1. Bibcode:2002AdPhy..51....1D. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.170.2655. doi:10.1080/00018730110113644. S2CID 123597602. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2007.
  • M. S. Dresselhaus (2004). "Big Opportunities for Small Objects". Materials Today Magazine. 5 (11): 48. doi:10.1016/S1369-7021(02)01164-1.
  • M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus and A. Jorio (2004). (PDF). Annual Review of Materials Research. 34 (1): 247. Bibcode:2004AnRMS..34..247D. doi:10.1146/annurev.matsci.34.040203.114607. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 11, 2006.
  • M. S. Dresselhaus; G. Dresselhaus; R. Saito; A. Jorio (2005). (PDF). Physics Reports. 409 (2): 47. Bibcode:2005PhR...409...47D. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2004.10.006. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2007.
  • M. S. Dresselhaus & H. Dai (2004). "Carbon Nanotubes: Continued Innovations and Challenges". MRS Bulletin. 29 (4): 237. doi:10.1557/mrs2004.74.
  • J. Heremans & M. S. Dresselhaus (2005). (PDF). CRC Handbook - Molecular and Nano-electronics: Concepts, Challenges, and Designs. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2007.
  • M. S. Dresselhaus, R. Saito and A. Jorio (2004). (PDF). Proceedings of ICPS-27. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2007.
  • S. G. Chou; F. Plentz-Filho; J. Jiang; R. Saito; D. Nezich; H. B. Ribeiro; A. Jorio; M. A. Pimenta; G. Samsonidze; A. P. Santos; M. Zheng; G. B. Onoa; E. D. Semke; G. Dresselhaus; M. S. Dresselhaus (2005). "Photo-excited Electron Relaxation Process Observed in Photoluminescence Spectroscopy of DNA-wrapped Carbon Nanotube". Physical Review Letters. 94 (12): 127402. Bibcode:2005PhRvL..94l7402C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.127402. PMID 15903960.
  • M. S. Dresselhaus (2004). "Nanotubes: a step in synthesis". Nature Materials. 3 (10): 665–6. Bibcode:2004NatMa...3..665D. doi:10.1038/nmat1232. PMID 15467687. S2CID 29431916.
  • M. S. Dresselhaus (2004). "Applied Physics: Nanotube Antennas". Nature Materials. 432 (7020): 959–60. Bibcode:2004Natur.432..959D. doi:10.1038/432959a. PMID 15616541. S2CID 37208770.
  • S. B. Fagan; A. G. Souza-Filho; J. Mendes-Filho; P. Corio; M. S. Dresselhaus (2005). (PDF). Chemical Physics Letters. 406 (1–3): 54. Bibcode:2005CPL...406...54F. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2005.02.091. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2007.
  • Y. A. Kim; H. Muramatsu; T. Hayashi; M. Endo; M. Terrones; M. S. Dresselhaus (2004). (PDF). Chemical Physics Letters. 398 (1–3): 87. Bibcode:2004CPL...398...87K. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2004.09.024. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2007.
  • G. Samsonidze; R. Saito; N. Kobayashi; A. Gruneis; J. Jiang; A. Jorio; S. G. Chou; G. Dresselhaus; M. S. Dresselhaus (2004). (PDF). Applied Physics Letters. 85 (23): 5703. Bibcode:2004ApPhL..85.5703S. doi:10.1063/1.1829160. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 11, 2006.
  • S. G. Chou; H. B. Ribeiro; E. Barros; A. P. Santos; D. Nezich; G. Samsonidze; C. Fantini; M. A. Pimenta; A. Jorio; F. Pletz-Filho; M. S. Dresselhaus; G. Dresselhaus; R. Saito; M. Zheng; G. B. Onoa; E. D. Semke; A. K. Swan; B. B. Goldberg; M. S. Unlu (2004). (PDF). Chemical Physics Letters. 397 (4–6): 296. Bibcode:2004CPL...397..296C. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2004.08.117. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 11, 2006.
  • E. I. Rogacheva; O. N. Nashchekina; A. V. Meriuts; S. G. Lyubchenko; O. Vekhov; M. S. Dresselhaus; G. Dresselhaus (2005). "Quantum Size Effects in PbTe/SnTe/PbTe Heterostructures". Applied Physics Letters. 86 (6): 063103. Bibcode:2005ApPhL..86f3103R. doi:10.1063/1.1862338.
  • H. Son; Y. Hori; S. G. Chou; D. Nezich; G. Samsonidze; E. Barros; G. Dresselhaus; M. S. Dresselhaus (2004). (PDF). Applied Physics Letters. 85 (20): 4744. Bibcode:2004ApPhL..85.4744S. doi:10.1063/1.1818739. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2007.
  • C. Fantini; A. Jorio; M. Souza; A. J. Mai Jr.; M. S. Strano; M. A. Pimenta; M. S. Dresselhaus (2004). (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 93 (14): 147406. Bibcode:2004PhRvL..93n7406F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.147406. PMID 15524844. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2007.
  • S. B. Cronin; A. K. Swan; M. S. Unlu; B. B. Goldberg; M. S. Dresselhaus; M. Tinkham (2004). (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 93 (16): 167401. Bibcode:2004PhRvL..93p7401C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.167401. PMID 15525030. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 11, 2006.

References edit

  1. ^ Mildred Dresselhaus was elected in 1974 as a member of National Academy of Engineering in Electronics, Communication & Information Systems Engineering and Materials Engineering for contributions to the experimental studies of metals and semimetals, and to education.
  2. ^ a b MIT News Office (February 21, 2017). "Institute Professor Emerita Mildred Dresselhaus, a pioneer in the electronic properties of materials, dies at 86". MIT News. Retrieved February 21, 2017.
  3. ^ a b Queen of Carbon Science, U.S. News & World Report. By Marlene Cimons, National Science Foundation. July 27, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
  4. ^ a b Natalie Angier (July 2, 2012). "Carbon Catalyst for Half a Century". New York Times. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  5. ^ Who's who in Frontier Science and Technology. Marquis Who's Who. 1984. ISBN 9780837957012.
  6. ^ a b c d e Martin, Joseph D. (October 2019). "Mildred Dresselhaus and Solid State Pedagogy at MIT". Annalen der Physik. 531 (10): 1900274. Bibcode:2019AnP...53100274M. doi:10.1002/andp.201900274. ISSN 0003-3804. S2CID 202945998.
  7. ^ a b c Weinstock, Maia (2022). Carbon Queen: The Remarkable Life of Nanoscience Pioneer Mildred Dresselhaus. The MIT Press. ISBN 9780262046435.
  8. ^ . lehman.smartcatalogiq.com. Archived from the original on October 14, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
  9. ^ M. S. Dresselhaus, interview with S. Sherkow, 7 and 15 June, 11 and 19 August, 13, 20, 22, 24, and 30 September, and 15 October 1976. MIT Archives and Special Collections, Cambridge, MA, USA 18.
  10. ^ Hagerty, James R. (March 4, 2017). "Millie Dresselhaus Burst Out of the 1940s Mold for Smart Young Women". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved May 3, 2019.
  11. ^ a b c d "Mildred Dresselhaus: Physicist Burst out of 1940s Mold for Smart Women". Wall Street Journal. March 4, 2017. p. A9. Retrieved March 5, 2017.[permanent dead link]
  12. ^ Zernike, Kate (2023). The Exceptions: Nancy Hopkins, MIT, and the Fight for Women in Science. New York, NY: Scribner. ISBN 978-1-9821-3183-8.
  13. ^ "80th Birthday Celebration for Mildred Dresselhaus". web.mit.edu. Retrieved April 18, 2015.[permanent dead link]
  14. ^ "SENATE CONFIRMS DRESSELHAUS AS DIRECTOR OF DOE OFFICE OF SCIENCE". U.S. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. July 27, 2000. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
  15. ^ "NSF and NSB Pay Tribute to Three Top American Scientists and Public Service Awardees at Annual Ceremony". US National Science Foundation (NSF). Retrieved April 18, 2015.
  16. ^ Dresselhaus, M. S. (1996). Science of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. Dresselhaus, G.,, Eklund, P. C. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-221820-0. OCLC 162571937.
  17. ^ (Press release). MIT News Office. November 14, 1990. Archived from the original on May 2, 2005. Retrieved May 30, 2007.
  18. ^ "National Science Foundation - The President's National Medal of Science". Retrieved November 24, 2014.
  19. ^ "The Heinz Awards :: Mildred Dresselhaus". heinzawards.net. Retrieved December 14, 2021.
  20. ^ "President Obama Names Scientists Mildred Dresselhaus and Burton Richter as the Enrico Fermi Award Winners". Energy.gov. Retrieved December 14, 2021.
  21. ^ 2012 Kavli Prizes/Mildred S. Dresselhaus/2012 Nanoscience Citation October 6, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Kavli Foundation. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
  22. ^ "Obama awards Presidential Medal of Freedom to 18". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 24, 2014.
  23. ^ "Search for Famous Inventors | National Inventors Hall of Fame". www.invent.org. Retrieved December 14, 2021.
  24. ^ Chung, D. D. L. (March 15, 2017). "Mildred S. Dresselhaus (1930–2017)". Nature. 543 (7645): 316. Bibcode:2017Natur.543..316C. doi:10.1038/543316a. PMID 28300109.
  25. ^ Hicks, L. D.; Dresselhaus, M. S. (1993). "Effect of quantum-well structures on the thermoelectric figure of merit". Physical Review B. 47 (19): 12727–12731. Bibcode:1993PhRvB..4712727H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.47.12727. PMID 10005469.
  26. ^ Saito, Riichiro; Fujita, Mitsutaka; Dresselhaus, G.; Dresselhaus, M. S. (July 15, 1992). "Electronic structure of graphene tubules based onC60". Physical Review B. American Physical Society (APS). 46 (3): 1804–1811. Bibcode:1992PhRvB..46.1804S. doi:10.1103/physrevb.46.1804. ISSN 0163-1829. PMID 10003828.
  27. ^ "Millie Dresselhaus Fund for Science & Society". www.aps.org. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
  28. ^ Weil, Martin (February 22, 2017). "Mildred Dresselhaus, physicist dubbed 'queen of carbon science,' dies at 86". Retrieved March 4, 2017.
  29. ^ "IEEE Mildred Dresselhaus Medal". www.ieee.org. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
  30. ^ "PhysicsCentral". www.physicscentral.com. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
  31. ^ "Mildred Dresselhaus: 1930-2017". www.aps.org. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
  32. ^ Lehrer, Erica (August 21, 2019). "Frederick Reif". Physics Today. doi:10.1063/pt.6.4o.20190821a. S2CID 240784423. Retrieved June 17, 2022.
  33. ^ Halpern, Jane (November 9, 2021). "Gene Dresselhaus, influential research scientist in solid-state physics, dies at 91". MIT News. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  34. ^ "Doing the right things". ETH Zurich. November 21, 2015. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
  35. ^ . Invent.org. November 21, 2013. Archived from the original on August 14, 2016. Retrieved May 29, 2016.
  36. ^ "President Obama Announces the Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients". whitehouse.gov. November 10, 2014. Retrieved November 11, 2014 – via National Archives.
  37. ^ "PolyU to honour five distinguished personalities at 19th Congregation". The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. September 23, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
  38. ^ "MIT". Retrieved December 14, 2021.
  39. ^ "1999 Dwight Nicholson Medal for Outreach Recipient". American Physical Society.
  40. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved December 20, 2021.
  41. ^ "Mildred S. Dresselhaus". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved December 20, 2021.
  42. ^ "Mildred S. Dresselhaus". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved December 20, 2021.
  43. ^ . Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved December 22, 2017.

External links edit

  • Freeview video interview with Mildred Dresslhaus by the Vega Science Trust
  • Millie Dresselhaus Fund
  • "Mildred Dresselhaus: 1930-2017". American Physical Society. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
  • Archive of Dresselhaus's MIT page
  • Schatz, George C.; Scholes, Greg D.; Stang, Peter J.; Burrows, Cindy J.; Winnick, Francoise M.; Alivisatos, A. Paul; Lieber, Charles M.; Weiss, Paul S.; Buriak, Jillian M. (June 27, 2017). "Virtual Issue Celebrating the Life and Career of Mildred Dresselhaus". Chemistry of Materials. 29 (12): 5017–5018. doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b02398. ISSN 0897-4756.
  • Mildred Dresselhaus December 1, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America

November 17, 2023
mildred, dresselhaus, née, spiewak, november, 1930, february, 2017, known, queen, carbon, science, american, physicist, materials, scientist, nanotechnologist, institute, professor, professor, both, physics, electrical, engineering, massachusetts, institute, t. Mildred Dresselhaus 1 nee Spiewak November 11 1930 February 20 2017 2 known as the Queen of Carbon Science 3 was an American physicist materials scientist and nanotechnologist She was an institute professor and professor of both physics and electrical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 4 She also served as the president of the American Physical Society the chair of the American Association for the Advancement of Science as well as the director of science in the US Department of Energy under the Bill Clinton Government 4 Dresselhaus won numerous awards including the Presidential Medal of Freedom the National Medal of Science the Enrico Fermi Award the Kavli Prize and the Vannevar Bush Award Mildred DresselhausDresselhaus at the White House in 2012BornMildred Spiewak 1930 11 11 November 11 1930Brooklyn New York U S DiedFebruary 20 2017 2017 02 20 aged 86 Cambridge Massachusetts U S Alma materHunter CollegeCambridge UniversityRadcliffe CollegeUniversity of ChicagoKnown forCarbon nanotubesSpousesFrederick Reif divorced wbr Gene Dresselhaus m 1958 wbr AwardsNational Medal of Science 1990 IEEE Founders Medal 2004 Heinz Award in Technology Economy and Employment 2005 Harold Pender Award 2006 Oliver E Buckley Condensed Matter Prize 2008 Oersted Medal 2008 Vannevar Bush Award 2009 Enrico Fermi Award 2012 Kavli Prize in Nanoscience 2012 Presidential Medal of Freedom 2014 Scientific careerFieldsApplied physicsInstitutionsCornellMITDoctoral advisorEnrico FermiDoctoral studentsGreg Timp Nai Chang Yeh Deborah Chung Contents 1 Early life and education 1 1 Experience at Hunter College 1 2 After College 2 Career and legacy 3 Contributions to scientific knowledge 4 Personal life 5 Honors and awards 6 Selected publications 7 References 8 External linksEarly life and education editDresselhaus was born on November 11 1930 in Brooklyn New York City the daughter of Ethel Teichtheil and Meyer Spiewak who were Polish Jewish immigrants 5 Her family was heavily affected by the Great Depression so from a young age Dresselhaus helped provide income for the family by doing piecework assembly tasks at home and by working in a zipper factory during the summer 6 7 As a grade school student Dresselhaus first teaching job was tutoring a special needs student for fifty cents a week and she learned how to be a good teacher 7 Dresselhaus credited New York s free museums including the American Museum of Natural History and the Metropolitan Museum of Art with sparking her interest in science 6 She and her brother Irving Spiewak were scholarship students at the Greenwich House Music School which introduced her to a different world of musical artistic and intellectual leanings 7 Dresselhaus was raised and attended grade school in the Bronx Her older brother informed her of the opportunity to apply to Hunter College High School where she excelled and gained practice as a teacher by tutoring fellow students 6 Experience at Hunter College edit Dresselhaus attended Hunter College in New York Traditionally a women s college during Dresselhaus s time as a student there Hunter College s Bronx campus opened itself to a flood of male G I Bill beneficiaries 8 Dresselhaus later explained The boys in the science classes were toward the bottom of the class They always used to come to me for help That might be somewhat significant in my story because I never got the idea in college that science was a man s profession 9 While attending Hunter one of her professors and future Nobel Prize winner Rosalyn Yalow took interest in Dresselhaus and encouraged her to apply for graduate fellowships and pursue a career in physics Dresselhaus graduated with her undergraduate degree in liberal arts in 1951 2 6 After College edit She carried out postgraduate study at the University of Cambridge on a Fulbright Fellowship and received her MA from Radcliffe College She received a PhD from the University of Chicago in 1958 where she studied under Nobel laureate Enrico Fermi 10 She then spent two years at Cornell University as a postdoc before moving to Lincoln Lab as a staff member Career and legacy editDresselhaus had a 57 year career at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 11 She became the Abby Rockefeller Mauze Visiting Professor of electrical engineering at MIT in 1967 became a tenured faculty member in 1968 and became a professor of physics in 1983 In 1985 she was appointed the first female institute professor at MIT In 1994 Dresselhaus was one of 16 women faculty in the School of Science at MIT who drafted and co signed a letter to the then Dean of Science now Chancellor of Berkeley Robert Birgeneau which started a campaign to highlight and challenge gender discrimination at MIT 12 13 14 15 As the exotic compounds she studied became increasingly relevant to modern science and engineering she was uniquely positioned to become a world leading expert and write one of the standard textbooks 16 Her groundwork in the field led to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov isolating and characterizing graphene for which they were awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize 6 Dresselhaus was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1990 in recognition of her work on electronic properties of materials as well as expanding the opportunities of women in science and engineering 17 18 In 2005 she was awarded the 11th Annual Heinz Award in the category of Technology the Economy and Employment 19 In 2008 she was awarded the Oersted Medal In 2012 she was co recipient of the Enrico Fermi Award along with Burton Richter 20 and was awarded the Kavli Prize 3 for her pioneering contributions to the study of phonons electron phonon interactions and thermal transport in nanostructures 21 In 2014 she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom 22 and was inducted into the US National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2014 23 In 2015 she received the IEEE Medal of Honor In 2000 2001 she was the director of the Office of Science at the U S Department of Energy From 2003 to 2008 she was the chair of the governing board of the American Institute of Physics She also has served as president of the American Physical Society APS the first female president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and treasurer of the National Academy of Sciences Her former students include such notable materials scientists as Deborah Chung 24 and physicists as Nai Chang Yeh and Greg Timp nbsp President Barack Obama greets Dr Mildred Dresselhaus third from right and Dr Burton Richter right May 7 2012 There are several physical theories named after Dresselhaus The Hicks Dresselhaus Model L D Hicks and Dresselhaus 25 is the first basic model for low dimensional thermoelectrics which initiated the whole band field The Saito Fujita Dresselhaus Model Riichiro Saito Mitsutaka Fujita Gene Dresselhaus and Mildred Dresselhaus 26 first predicted the band structures of carbon nanotubes The Dresselhaus effect refers however to the spin orbit interaction effect modeled by Gene Dresselhaus Mildred Dresselhaus s husband Dresselhaus devoted a great deal of time to supporting efforts to promote increased participation of women in physics In 1971 Dresselhaus and a colleague organized the first Women s Forum at MIT as a seminar exploring the roles of women in science and engineering In honor of her legacy the APS created the Millie Dresselhaus Fund to support women in physics 27 Dresselhaus was the face of a 2017 General Electric television advertisement which asked the question What if female scientists were celebrities aimed to increase the number of women in STEM roles in its ranks 28 In 2019 the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE Board of Directors created the IEEE Mildred Dresselhaus Medal awarded annually for outstanding technical contributions in science and engineering of great impact to IEEE fields of interest 29 source source source source source source Oral history interview with Mildred Dresselhaus on the occasion of her winning the Presidential Medal of Freedom the highest civilian honor bestowed by the U S government in 2014Contributions to scientific knowledge editDresselhaus was particularly noted for her work on graphite graphite intercalation compounds fullerenes carbon nanotubes and low dimensional thermoelectrics Her group made frequent use of electronic band structure Raman scattering and the photophysics of carbon nanostructures 11 Her research helped develop technology based on thin graphite which allow electronics to be everywhere including clothing and smartphones 11 With the appearance of lasers in the 1960s Dresselhaus started to use lasers for magneto optics experiments which later led to the creation of a new model for the electronic structure of graphite 30 A great part of her research dedicates to the study of buckyballs and graphene focusing a great deal in the electrical properties of carbon nanotubes and enhancing thermoelectric properties of nanowires 31 Personal life editHer first husband was physicist Frederick Reif 32 She remarried in 1958 to Gene Dresselhaus who became a well known theoretician and discoverer of the Dresselhaus effect 33 They had four children Marianne Carl Paul and Eliot and five grandchildren 11 Honors and awards editHonorary Degree of Doctor of Science from the ETH Zurich 2015 34 IEEE Medal of Honor 2015 first female recipient National Inventors Hall of Fame induction 2014 35 Presidential Medal of Freedom 2014 36 Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong 2013 37 Von Hippel Award Materials Research Society 2013 38 Kavli Prize in Nanoscience 2012 Enrico Fermi Award second female recipient 2012 Vannevar Bush Award second female recipient 2009 ACS Award for Encouraging Women into Careers in the Chemical Sciences 2009 Oliver E Buckley Condensed Matter Prize American Physical Society 2008 Oersted Medal 2007 L Oreal UNESCO Awards for Women in Science 2007 Heinz Award for Technology the Economy and Employment 2005 IEEE Founders Medal Recipients 2004 Karl Taylor Compton Medal for Leadership in Physics American Institute of Physics 2001 Medal of Achievement in Carbon Science and Technology American Carbon Society 2001 Honorary member of the Ioffe Institute Russian Academy of Sciences St Petersburg Russia 2000 National Materials Advancement Award of the Federation of Materials Societies 2000 Honorary doctorate from the Catholic University of Leuven Belgium February 2000 Nicholson Medal American Physical Society March 2000 39 Weizmann Institute s Millennial Lifetime Achievement Award June 2000 SGL Carbon Award American Carbon Society 1997 Member of the American Philosophical Society 1995 40 National Medal of Science 1990 Member of the National Academy of Sciences U S 1985 41 Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1974 42 Society of Women Engineers Achievement Award 1977 Fellow Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters 43 Selected publications editThis article s use of external links may not follow Wikipedia s policies or guidelines Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references January 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message nbsp Scholia has a profile for Mildred Dresselhaus Q29573 Steinbeck J Braunstein G Speck J Dresselhaus M S Huang C Y Malvezzi A M Bloembergen N 1986 Analysis of Picosecond Pulsed Laser Melted Graphite MRS Proceedings Springer Science and Business Media LLC 74 doi 10 1557 proc 74 263 ISSN 0272 9172 di Vittorio S L Dresselhaus M S Endo M Issi J P Piraux L July 1 1990 The transport properties of activated carbon fibers Report Office of Scientific and Technical Information OSTI doi 10 2172 6882792 Kuriyama K Dresselhaus M S 1991 Photoconductivity of activated carbon fibers Journal of Materials Research Springer Science and Business Media LLC 6 5 1040 1047 Bibcode 1991JMatR 6 1040K doi 10 1557 jmr 1991 1040 ISSN 0884 2914 S2CID 94864974 Farmer J C Barbee T W Jr Chapline G C Jr Olsen M L Foreman R J Summers L J Dresselhaus M S Hicks L D January 20 1995 Synthesis and evaluation of single layer bilayer and multilayer thermoelectric thin films Report Office of Scientific and Technical Information OSTI doi 10 2172 93595 M S Dresselhaus amp P C Eklund 2000 Phonons in carbon nanotubes PDF Advances in Physics 49 6 705 Bibcode 2000AdPhy 49 705D CiteSeerX 10 1 1 170 631 doi 10 1080 000187300413184 S2CID 122447852 Archived from the original PDF on January 9 2007 M S Dresselhaus G Samsonidze S G Chou G Dresselhaus J Jiang R Saito amp A Jorio Recent Advances in Carbon Nanotube Photo physics PDF Archived from the original PDF on July 2 2006 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help M S Dresselhaus amp G Dresselhaus 2002 Intercalation Compounds of Graphite PDF Advances in Physics 51 1 1 Bibcode 2002AdPhy 51 1D CiteSeerX 10 1 1 170 2655 doi 10 1080 00018730110113644 S2CID 123597602 Archived from the original PDF on January 9 2007 M S Dresselhaus 2004 Big Opportunities for Small Objects Materials Today Magazine 5 11 48 doi 10 1016 S1369 7021 02 01164 1 M S Dresselhaus G Dresselhaus and A Jorio 2004 Unusual Properties and Structures of Carbon Nanotubes PDF Annual Review of Materials Research 34 1 247 Bibcode 2004AnRMS 34 247D doi 10 1146 annurev matsci 34 040203 114607 Archived from the original PDF on January 11 2006 M S Dresselhaus G Dresselhaus R Saito A Jorio 2005 Raman Spectroscopy of Carbon Nanotubes PDF Physics Reports 409 2 47 Bibcode 2005PhR 409 47D doi 10 1016 j physrep 2004 10 006 Archived from the original PDF on January 9 2007 M S Dresselhaus amp H Dai 2004 Carbon Nanotubes Continued Innovations and Challenges MRS Bulletin 29 4 237 doi 10 1557 mrs2004 74 J Heremans amp M S Dresselhaus 2005 Low Dimensional Thermoelectricity PDF CRC Handbook Molecular and Nano electronics Concepts Challenges and Designs Archived from the original PDF on January 9 2007 M S Dresselhaus R Saito and A Jorio 2004 Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes PDF Proceedings of ICPS 27 Archived from the original PDF on January 9 2007 S G Chou F Plentz Filho J Jiang R Saito D Nezich H B Ribeiro A Jorio M A Pimenta G Samsonidze A P Santos M Zheng G B Onoa E D Semke G Dresselhaus M S Dresselhaus 2005 Photo excited Electron Relaxation Process Observed in Photoluminescence Spectroscopy of DNA wrapped Carbon Nanotube Physical Review Letters 94 12 127402 Bibcode 2005PhRvL 94l7402C doi 10 1103 PhysRevLett 94 127402 PMID 15903960 M S Dresselhaus 2004 Nanotubes a step in synthesis Nature Materials 3 10 665 6 Bibcode 2004NatMa 3 665D doi 10 1038 nmat1232 PMID 15467687 S2CID 29431916 M S Dresselhaus 2004 Applied Physics Nanotube Antennas Nature Materials 432 7020 959 60 Bibcode 2004Natur 432 959D doi 10 1038 432959a PMID 15616541 S2CID 37208770 S B Fagan A G Souza Filho J Mendes Filho P Corio M S Dresselhaus 2005 Electronic Properties of Ag and CrO3 filled Single wall Carbon Nanotubes PDF Chemical Physics Letters 406 1 3 54 Bibcode 2005CPL 406 54F doi 10 1016 j cplett 2005 02 091 Archived from the original PDF on January 9 2007 Y A Kim H Muramatsu T Hayashi M Endo M Terrones M S Dresselhaus 2004 Thermal Stability and Structural Changes of Double walled Carbon Nanotubes by Heat Treatment PDF Chemical Physics Letters 398 1 3 87 Bibcode 2004CPL 398 87K doi 10 1016 j cplett 2004 09 024 Archived from the original PDF on January 9 2007 G Samsonidze R Saito N Kobayashi A Gruneis J Jiang A Jorio S G Chou G Dresselhaus M S Dresselhaus 2004 Family Behavior of the Optical Transition Energies in Single wall Carbon Nanotubes of Smaller Diameters PDF Applied Physics Letters 85 23 5703 Bibcode 2004ApPhL 85 5703S doi 10 1063 1 1829160 Archived from the original PDF on January 11 2006 S G Chou H B Ribeiro E Barros A P Santos D Nezich G Samsonidze C Fantini M A Pimenta A Jorio F Pletz Filho M S Dresselhaus G Dresselhaus R Saito M Zheng G B Onoa E D Semke A K Swan B B Goldberg M S Unlu 2004 Optical Characterization of DNA wrapped Carbon Nanotube Hybrids PDF Chemical Physics Letters 397 4 6 296 Bibcode 2004CPL 397 296C doi 10 1016 j cplett 2004 08 117 Archived from the original PDF on January 11 2006 E I Rogacheva O N Nashchekina A V Meriuts S G Lyubchenko O Vekhov M S Dresselhaus G Dresselhaus 2005 Quantum Size Effects in PbTe SnTe PbTe Heterostructures Applied Physics Letters 86 6 063103 Bibcode 2005ApPhL 86f3103R doi 10 1063 1 1862338 H Son Y Hori S G Chou D Nezich G Samsonidze E Barros G Dresselhaus M S Dresselhaus 2004 Environment Effects on the Raman Spectra of Individual Single wall Carbon Nanotubes Suspended and Grown on Polycrystalline Silicon PDF Applied Physics Letters 85 20 4744 Bibcode 2004ApPhL 85 4744S doi 10 1063 1 1818739 Archived from the original PDF on January 9 2007 C Fantini A Jorio M Souza A J Mai Jr M S Strano M A Pimenta M S Dresselhaus 2004 Optical Transition Energies and Radial Breathing Modes for HiPco Carbon Nanotubes from Raman Spectroscopy PDF Physical Review Letters 93 14 147406 Bibcode 2004PhRvL 93n7406F doi 10 1103 PhysRevLett 93 147406 PMID 15524844 Archived from the original PDF on January 9 2007 S B Cronin A K Swan M S Unlu B B Goldberg M S Dresselhaus M Tinkham 2004 Measuring Uniaxial Strain in Individual Single wall Carbon Nanotubes Resonance Raman Spectra of AFM Modified SWNTs PDF Physical Review Letters 93 16 167401 Bibcode 2004PhRvL 93p7401C doi 10 1103 PhysRevLett 93 167401 PMID 15525030 Archived from the original PDF on January 11 2006 References edit Mildred Dresselhaus was elected in 1974 as a member of National Academy of Engineering in Electronics Communication amp Information Systems Engineering and Materials Engineering for contributions to the experimental studies of metals and semimetals and to education a b MIT News Office February 21 2017 Institute Professor Emerita Mildred Dresselhaus a pioneer in the electronic properties of materials dies at 86 MIT News Retrieved February 21 2017 a b Queen of Carbon Science U S News amp World Report By Marlene Cimons National Science Foundation July 27 2012 Retrieved August 14 2012 a b Natalie Angier July 2 2012 Carbon Catalyst for Half a Century New York Times Retrieved July 3 2012 Who s who in Frontier Science and Technology Marquis Who s Who 1984 ISBN 9780837957012 a b c d e Martin Joseph D October 2019 Mildred Dresselhaus and Solid State Pedagogy at MIT Annalen der Physik 531 10 1900274 Bibcode 2019AnP 53100274M doi 10 1002 andp 201900274 ISSN 0003 3804 S2CID 202945998 a b c Weinstock Maia 2022 Carbon Queen The Remarkable Life of Nanoscience Pioneer Mildred Dresselhaus The MIT Press ISBN 9780262046435 History of Lehman College lehman smartcatalogiq com Archived from the original on October 14 2020 Retrieved October 13 2020 M S Dresselhaus interview with S Sherkow 7 and 15 June 11 and 19 August 13 20 22 24 and 30 September and 15 October 1976 MIT Archives and Special Collections Cambridge MA USA 18 Hagerty James R March 4 2017 Millie Dresselhaus Burst Out of the 1940s Mold for Smart Young Women Wall Street Journal ISSN 0099 9660 Retrieved May 3 2019 a b c d Mildred Dresselhaus Physicist Burst out of 1940s Mold for Smart Women Wall Street Journal March 4 2017 p A9 Retrieved March 5 2017 permanent dead link Zernike Kate 2023 The Exceptions Nancy Hopkins MIT and the Fight for Women in Science New York NY Scribner ISBN 978 1 9821 3183 8 80th Birthday Celebration for Mildred Dresselhaus web mit edu Retrieved April 18 2015 permanent dead link SENATE CONFIRMS DRESSELHAUS AS DIRECTOR OF DOE OFFICE OF SCIENCE U S Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources July 27 2000 Retrieved April 18 2015 NSF and NSB Pay Tribute to Three Top American Scientists and Public Service Awardees at Annual Ceremony US National Science Foundation NSF Retrieved April 18 2015 Dresselhaus M S 1996 Science of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes Dresselhaus G Eklund P C San Diego Academic Press ISBN 978 0 12 221820 0 OCLC 162571937 Dresselhaus Wins Medal of Science Press release MIT News Office November 14 1990 Archived from the original on May 2 2005 Retrieved May 30 2007 National Science Foundation The President s National Medal of Science Retrieved November 24 2014 The Heinz Awards Mildred Dresselhaus heinzawards net Retrieved December 14 2021 President Obama Names Scientists Mildred Dresselhaus and Burton Richter as the Enrico Fermi Award Winners Energy gov Retrieved December 14 2021 2012 Kavli Prizes Mildred S Dresselhaus 2012 Nanoscience Citation Archived October 6 2019 at the Wayback Machine Kavli Foundation Retrieved August 14 2012 Obama awards Presidential Medal of Freedom to 18 San Francisco Chronicle Retrieved November 24 2014 Search for Famous Inventors National Inventors Hall of Fame www invent org Retrieved December 14 2021 Chung D D L March 15 2017 Mildred S Dresselhaus 1930 2017 Nature 543 7645 316 Bibcode 2017Natur 543 316C doi 10 1038 543316a PMID 28300109 Hicks L D Dresselhaus M S 1993 Effect of quantum well structures on the thermoelectric figure of merit Physical Review B 47 19 12727 12731 Bibcode 1993PhRvB 4712727H doi 10 1103 PhysRevB 47 12727 PMID 10005469 Saito Riichiro Fujita Mitsutaka Dresselhaus G Dresselhaus M S July 15 1992 Electronic structure of graphene tubules based onC60 Physical Review B American Physical Society APS 46 3 1804 1811 Bibcode 1992PhRvB 46 1804S doi 10 1103 physrevb 46 1804 ISSN 0163 1829 PMID 10003828 Millie Dresselhaus Fund for Science amp Society www aps org Retrieved August 13 2020 Weil Martin February 22 2017 Mildred Dresselhaus physicist dubbed queen of carbon science dies at 86 Retrieved March 4 2017 IEEE Mildred Dresselhaus Medal www ieee org Retrieved October 13 2020 PhysicsCentral www physicscentral com Retrieved August 13 2020 Mildred Dresselhaus 1930 2017 www aps org Retrieved August 13 2020 Lehrer Erica August 21 2019 Frederick Reif Physics Today doi 10 1063 pt 6 4o 20190821a S2CID 240784423 Retrieved June 17 2022 Halpern Jane November 9 2021 Gene Dresselhaus influential research scientist in solid state physics dies at 91 MIT News Massachusetts Institute of Technology Doing the right things ETH Zurich November 21 2015 Retrieved November 23 2015 Spotlight National Inventors Hall of Fame Invent org November 21 2013 Archived from the original on August 14 2016 Retrieved May 29 2016 President Obama Announces the Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients whitehouse gov November 10 2014 Retrieved November 11 2014 via National Archives PolyU to honour five distinguished personalities at 19th Congregation The Hong Kong Polytechnic University September 23 2013 Retrieved March 24 2015 MIT Retrieved December 14 2021 1999 Dwight Nicholson Medal for Outreach Recipient American Physical Society APS Member History search amphilsoc org Retrieved December 20 2021 Mildred S Dresselhaus www nasonline org Retrieved December 20 2021 Mildred S Dresselhaus American Academy of Arts amp Sciences Retrieved December 20 2021 Group 2 Astronomy Physics and Geophysics Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters Archived from the original on December 22 2017 Retrieved December 22 2017 External links editFreeview video interview with Mildred Dresslhaus by the Vega Science Trust Millie Dresselhaus Fund Homepage Mildred Dresselhaus 1930 2017 American Physical Society Retrieved March 25 2017 Archive of Dresselhaus s MIT page Schatz George C Scholes Greg D Stang Peter J Burrows Cindy J Winnick Francoise M Alivisatos A Paul Lieber Charles M Weiss Paul S Buriak Jillian M June 27 2017 Virtual Issue Celebrating the Life and Career of Mildred Dresselhaus Chemistry of Materials 29 12 5017 5018 doi 10 1021 acs chemmater 7b02398 ISSN 0897 4756 Mildred Dresselhaus Archived December 1 2017 at the Wayback Machine Video produced by Makers Women Who Make America Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mildred Dresselhaus amp oldid 1181694626, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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