Mishar Tatars

Further information: Tatars and Tartary

The Mishar Tatars (endonyms: мишәрләр, мишәр татарлары, mişärlär, mişär tatarları) form a subgroup of the Volga Tatars, indigenous to Mordovia, Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, and Chuvashia in the Russian Federation. They also live in the Penza, Ulyanovsk, Orenburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Volgograd, and Saratov Oblasts of Russia and as an immigrant minority in Estonia, Latvia, and Finland (Mishar Tatars comprise the majority of Finnish Tatars and Tatars living in other Nordic and Baltic countries).^[4] The Mishar Tatar dialect is one of the two Volga Tatar dialects.

Mishar Tatars

мишәрләр, мишәр татарлары, татарлар
Mishar Tatar family, 1897.
Total population
apprx. 2.3 million (or 1/3 of Volga Tatars)
Regions with significant populations
Russia:  Penza Oblast  Mordovia  Ulyanovsk Oblast  Chuvashia  Nizhny Novgorod Oblast  Tatarstan  Samara Oblast  Saratov Oblast  Volgograd Oblast  Orenburg Oblast  Bashkortostan	1.5–2.3 million^[1]
Languages
Mishar dialect of Tatar, Russian
Religion
Sunni Islam^[2]^[3]
Related ethnic groups
Kazan Tatars, Kryashens

History

Friar Julian describes Eastern Hungarians he found in Bashkiria in 1235. They spoke to him Hungarian and their language remained mutually intelligible. Some scientists of the 19th and 20th centuries, based on equivalency of the Turkic ethnonym Madjar (variants: Majgar, Mojar, Mishar, Mochar) with the Hungarian self-name Magyar, associated them with Hungarian speaking Magyars and came to a conclusion that Turkic-speaking Mishars were formed by a Turkization of those Hungarians who remained in the region after their main part left to the West in the 8th century.^[5][6] The shift magyar>mozhar is natural for Hungarian phonology and this form of the ethnonym was in use until they shifted to Tatar in 15-16th centuries.^[7] The existence of the ethnic toponyms mozhar, madjar to the east of Carpathian region proves this.^[8] The presence of early medieval Hungarian culture is attested by archeological findings in Volga-Ural region.^[9] The influence of Hungarian language resulted in forming definite conjugation in Mordvinic languages which is found only in Ugric languages. Medieval Hungarian loans are found in Volga Bulgarian and Mordvinic languages.^[10]

DNA Studies

Recent population genetic analysis shows that medieval Hungarian Conqueror elite is positioned among Turkic groups, Bashkirs and Volga Tatars, which, according to the study, is "in agreement with contemporary historical accounts which denominated the Conquerors as Turks".^[11]

Other Theories

The origin of the Mishar Tatars remained a point of controversy for years.^[12] According to UCLA Center for Near East Studies, Mishar Tatars are believed to be descendants of Kipchaks or the Bulgars of Volga Bulgaria.^[13] Similarly, other researchers of the late 19th century (like Vel’yaminov-Zernov, 1863: 30–31) assumed that they are descendants of Cuman-Kipchak tribes who mixed with the Burtas, a tribe of uncertain origin, in the Middle Oka River area and Finno-Ugric Meshchera. This unfounded theory, in its uttermost case, has led to claims that the origin of Mishar Tatars of Mishar Yurt are Meshchera, a Mordvinic languages-speaking Moksha Mordvins of Mukhsha Ulus who allegedly came under Tatar influence and adopted the language and the Sunni Muslim religion. W. W. Radloff, A. F. Mojarovskiy and S. P. Tolstov supported this view and tried to develop this theory further (Muhamedova, 1972: 12). Zekiyev (p. 75) explains, that if this theory proves to be true, there must be clear traces of Mordvinic or other Finno-Ugric elements among the Tatars, but there are none. It is therefore stated that it is not possible that the old Mordvinic Meshchera ancestors of Erzya and Moksha became turkized. G. Ahmarov (1903: 69) agrees that the Meshchera could not have adopted the Tatar language.^[14]

According to Ercan Alkaya, the Mishars originated from the amalgation of the Bulgars, Finno-Ugric, and Magyar tribes of Old Kipchak nation, but opposes the Mordvin view.^{[citation needed]}

Culture

The Mishar Tatars conversion to Islam was a gradual process that began during the time of Volga Bulgaria and crystallized during the period of the Golden Horde.^[15]

The Mishar Tatars were and are still somewhat today a rural people and tend to live in villages and settlements that are inhabited exclusively by other Mishar Tatars.^[15]

See also

• Eastern Hungarians
• Friar Julian

References

1. Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2016, page 273
2. . Archived from the original on 2018-01-31. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
3. Vovina, Olessia (September 2006). "Islam and the Creation of Sacred Space: The Mishar Tatars in Chuvashia" (PDF). Religion, State & Society. Routledge. 34 (3). doi:10.1080/09637490600819374. ISSN 1465-3974. S2CID 53454004. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
4. Larsson, Göran (2009). Islam in the Nordic and Baltic Countries. Routledge. pp. 94, 103. ISBN 978-0-415-48519-7.
5. Mirfatyh Zakiev. (1995) ETHNIC ROOTS of the TATAR PEOPLE. In: TATARS: PROBLEMS of the HISTORY and LANGUAGE. Kazan.
6. Кушкумбаев А.К. «По Преданиям древних они знают, что те венгры произошли от них…» К вопросу о восточных мадьярах. 3. NEMZETKÖZI KORAI MAGYARTÖRTÉNETI ÉS RÉGÉSZETIKONFERENCIA, Budapest 2018.ISBN 978-963-9987-35-7
7. Rastoropov, Aleksandr (2015). Issues of early ethnic history of the Hungarians-Magyars (in Russian). Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №1 (11). Kazan. p. 82.
8. Шушарин, В. П. Ранний этап этнической истории венгров. Проблемы этнического самосознания. Москва, 1997
9. Olga V. Zelencova ’Magyar’ jellegű övdíszek Volga menti finn nyelvű népek temetőiből a Volga jobb partvidékéről. 3. NEMZETKÖZI KORAI MAGYARTÖRTÉNETI ÉS RÉGÉSZETIKONFERENCIA, Budapest 2018.ISBN 978-963-9987-35-7
10. Серебренников Б.А. Исторические загадки // Советское финноугроведение. –1984. – № 3. – Москва: Наука. – p. 69–72
11. Kristó, G. Hungarian History in the Ninth Century. (Szegedi Középkorász Műhely, 1996). Cited in Neparáczki, E., Maróti, Z., Kalmár, T. et al. "Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports 9, 16569 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5
12. Salakhova, Elmira K. (2016). ПРОБЛЕМА ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИЯ ТАТАР-МИШАРЕЙ И ТЕПТЯРЕЙ В ТРУДАХ Г.Н. АХМАРОВА [The origin of Mishar Tatars and Teptyars in the work of G. N. Akhmarov] (PDF). Historical Ethnology (in Russian). Kazan: State-funded institution Shigabutdin Marjani Institute of History of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences. 1 (2): 349. ISSN 2619-1636. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
13. Agnes Kefeli: "Tatar", UCLA Center for Near East Studies. [Published: Wednesday, January 11, 2012]
14. M. Z. Zekiyev Mişerler, Başkurtlar ve dilleri / Mishers, Bashkirs and their languages 2014-04-08 at the Wayback Machine. In Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 73–86 (in Turkish)
15. Bennigsen, Alexandre (1986). Muslims of the Soviet empire : a guide. Wimbush, S. Enders. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 233. ISBN 0-253-33958-8.