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Mesenchyme

January 26, 2023

Mesenchyme (/ˈmɛsənkaɪm ˈmiːzən-/[1]) is a type of loosely organized animal embryonic connective tissue of undifferentiated cells that give rise to most tissues, such as skin, blood or bone.[2][3] The interactions between mesenchyme and epithelium help to form nearly every organ in the developing embryo.[4]

Mesenchyme
Transmission electron micrograph of mesenchyme displaying the ultrastructure of a typical cell and matrix.
Mesenchyme (pointer) stained with H&E
Details
Carnegie stage6b
Precursorlateral mesoderm
Identifiers
TEE5.16.4.0.3.0.18
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]

Vertebrates

Structure

Mesenchyme is characterized morphologically by a prominent ground substance matrix containing a loose aggregate of reticular fibers and unspecialized mesenchymal stem cells.[5] Mesenchymal cells can migrate easily (in contrast to epithelial cells, which lack mobility), are organized into closely adherent sheets, and are polarized in an apical-basal orientation.

Development

The mesenchyme originates from the mesoderm.[6] From the mesoderm, the mesenchyme appears as an embryologically primitive "soup". This "soup" exists as a combination of the mesenchymal cells plus serous fluid plus the many different tissue proteins. Serous fluid is typically stocked with the many serous elements, such as sodium and chloride. The mesenchyme develops into the tissues of the lymphatic and circulatory systems, as well as the musculoskeletal system. This latter system is characterized as connective tissues throughout the body, such as bone, and cartilage. A malignant cancer of mesenchymal cells is a type of sarcoma.[7][8]

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition

Main article: Epithelial–mesenchymal transition

The first emergence of mesenchyme occurs during gastrulation from the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. This transition occurs through the loss of epithelial cadherin, tight junctions, and adherens junctions on the cell membranes of epithelial cells.[9] The surface molecules undergo endocytosis and the microtubule cytoskeleton loses shape, enabling mesenchyme to migrate along the extracellular matrix (ECM). Epithelial–mesenchymal transition occurs in embryonic cells that require migration through or over tissue, and can be followed with a mesenchymal–epithelial transition to produce secondary epithelial tissues. Embryological mesenchymal cells express Protein S100-A4 (S100A4)[10] also known as fibroblast-specific protein,[11] which is indicative of their shared properties with the migratory adult fibroblasts, and c-Fos, an oncogene associated with the down-regulation of epithelial cadherin.[12][13] Both formation of the primitive streak and mesenchymal tissue is dependent on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.[14] Specific markers of mesenchymal tissue include the additional expression of ECM factors such as fibronectin and vitronectin.[15]

Implantation

The first cells of the embryo to undergo EMT and form mesenchyme are the extra-embryonic cells of the trophectoderm. These migrate from the body of the blastocyst into the endometrial layer of the uterus in order to contribute to the formation of the anchored placenta.[16]

Primary mesenchyme

Primary mesenchyme is the first embryonic mesenchymal tissue to emerge, and it is produced from EMT in epiblast cells. In the epiblast, it is induced by the primitive streak through Wnt signaling, and produces endoderm and mesoderm from a transitory tissue called mesendoderm during the process of gastrulation.[17]

The formation of primary mesenchyme depends on the expression of WNT3. Other deficiencies in signaling pathways, such as in Nodal (a TGF-beta protein), will lead to defective mesoderm formation.[9]

The tissue layers formed from the primitive streak invaginate together into the embryo and the induced mesenchymal stem cells will ingress and form the mesoderm. Mesodermal tissue will continue to differentiate and/or migrate throughout the embryo to ultimately form most connective tissue layers of the body.[18]

Neural mesenchyme

Embryological mesenchyme is particularly transitory and soon differentiates after migration. Neural mesenchyme forms soon after primary mesenchyme formation.[19]

The interaction with ectoderm and somite-forming morphogenic factors cause some primary mesenchyme to form neural mesenchyme, or paraxial mesoderm, and contribute to somite formation. Neural mesenchyme soon undergoes a mesenchymal–epithelial transition under the influence of WNT6 produced by ectoderm to form somites.[20] These structures will undergo a secondary EMT as the somite tissue migrates later in development to form structural connective tissue such as cartilage and skeletal muscle.[21]

Neural crest cells (NCCs) form from neuroectoderm, instead of the primary mesenchyme, from morphogenic signals of the neural crest. The EMT occurs as a result of Wnt signaling, the influence of Sox genes and the loss of E-cadherin from the cell surface. NCCs additionally require the repression of N-cadherin, and neural cell adhesion molecule. NCCs ingress into the embryo from the epithelial neuroectodermal layer and migrate throughout the body in order form multiple peripheral nervous system (PNS) cells and melanocytes. Migration of NCCs is primarily induced by BMP signaling and its inhibitor, Noggin.[22][23]

Invertebrates

In some invertebrates, e.g., Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora and some triploblasts (the acoelomates), mesenchyme refers to a more-or-less solid but loosely organized tissue consisting of a gel matrix (the mesoglea) with various cellular and fibrous inclusions, located between the epidermis and the gastrodermis (non-triploblast animals usually are considered to lack "connective" tissue). In some cases, the mesoglea is noncellular.[24]

  • In sponges, the mesenchyme is called mesohyl.[25]
  • In diploblasts (Cnidaria and Ctenophora), the mesenchyme is fully ectodermally derived. This kind of mesenchyme is called ectomesodermal, and is not considered true mesoderm.
  • In triploblastic acoelomates (such as flatworms), the term parenchyma is sometimes used for the middle (mesenchymal) layer, in which the dense layer includes tissues derived from both ectoderm, and entomesoderm (true mesoderm, derived from entoderm).

When cellular material is sparse or densely packed, as in cnidarians, the mesenchyme may sometimes be called collenchyma, or parenchyma in flatworms.[25] When no cellular material is present as in Hydrozoa), the layer is properly called mesoglea.[25]

In some colonial cnidarians, the mesenchyme is perforated by gastrovascular channels continuous among colony members. This entire matrix of common basal material is called coenenchyme.[25]

References

  1. ^ . Archived from the original on September 29, 2019.
  2. ^ Sadler, T. W. (2010). Langman's medical embryology (11th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott William & Wilkins. p. 70. ISBN 9780781790697.
  3. ^ "Definition of MESENCHYME". www.merriam-webster.com.
  4. ^ "Mesenchyme".
  5. ^ Mesenchymal tissue
  6. ^ Kierszenbaum, Abraham L.; Tres, Laura (2015). Histology and Cell Biology: An Introduction to Pathology E-Book (4 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 123. ISBN 9780323313353.
  7. ^ Strum, Judy M.; Gartner, Leslie P.; Hiatt, James L. (2007). Cell biology and histology. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-7817-8577-8.
  8. ^ Sadler, T.W. (2006). Langman's Medical Embryology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 68–70. ISBN 978-0-7817-9485-5.
  9. ^ a b Kalluri, Raghu; Weinberg, Robert A. (2009). "The basics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 119 (6): 1420–8. doi:10.1172/JCI39104. PMC 2689101. PMID 19487818.
  10. ^ "S100A4 - Protein S100-A4 - Homo sapiens (Human) - S100A4 gene & protein". www.uniprot.org.
  11. ^ Österreicher, Christoph H.; Penz-Österreicher, Melitta; Grivennikov, Sergei I. (2011-01-04). "Fibroblast-specific protein 1 identifies an inflammatory subpopulation of macrophages in the liver". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (1): 308–313. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108..308O. doi:10.1073/pnas.1017547108. PMC 3017162. PMID 21173249.
  12. ^ Okada, H; Danoff, T. M.; Kalluri, R; Neilson, E. G. (1997). "Early role of Fsp1 in epithelial-mesenchymal transformation". The American Journal of Physiology. 273 (4 Pt 2): F563–74. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.1997.273.4.F563. PMID 9362334.
  13. ^ Eger, A; Stockinger, A; Schaffhauser, B; Beug, H; Foisner, R (2000). "Epithelial mesenchymal transition by c-Fos estrogen receptor activation involves nuclear translocation of beta-catenin and upregulation of beta-catenin/lymphoid enhancer binding factor-1 transcriptional activity". The Journal of Cell Biology. 148 (1): 173–88. doi:10.1083/jcb.148.1.173. PMC 3207144. PMID 10629227.
  14. ^ Mohamed, O. A.; Clarke, H. J.; Dufort, D (2004). "Beta-catenin signaling marks the prospective site of primitive streak formation in the mouse embryo". Developmental Dynamics. 231 (2): 416–24. doi:10.1002/dvdy.20135. PMID 15366019. S2CID 39908122.
  15. ^ Thiery, J. P.; Sleeman, J. P. (2006). "Complex networks orchestrate epithelial-mesenchymal transitions". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 7 (2): 131–42. doi:10.1038/nrm1835. PMID 16493418. S2CID 8435009.
  16. ^ Bellairs, R (1986). "The primitive streak". Anatomy and Embryology. 174 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1007/bf00318331. PMID 3518538. S2CID 33629601.
  17. ^ Hay, E. D. (2005). "The mesenchymal cell, its role in the embryo, and the remarkable signaling mechanisms that create it". Developmental Dynamics. 233 (3): 706–20. doi:10.1002/dvdy.20345. PMID 15937929. S2CID 22368548.
  18. ^ Mareschi, K; Novara, M; Rustichelli, D; Ferrero, I; Guido, D; Carbone, E; Medico, E; Madon, E; Vercelli, A; Fagioli, F (2006). "Neural differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells: Evidence for expression of neural markers and eag K+ channel types". Experimental Hematology. 34 (11): 1563–72. doi:10.1016/j.exphem.2006.06.020. PMID 17046576.
  19. ^ Schmidt, C; Stoeckelhuber, M; McKinnell, I; Putz, R; Christ, B; Patel, K (2004). "Wnt 6 regulates the epithelialisation process of the segmental plate mesoderm leading to somite formation". Developmental Biology. 271 (1): 198–209. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.03.016. PMID 15196961.
  20. ^ Stockdale, F. E.; Nikovits Jr, W; Christ, B (2000). "Molecular and cellular biology of avian somite development". Developmental Dynamics. 219 (3): 304–21. doi:10.1002/1097-0177(2000)9999:9999<::AID-DVDY1057>3.0.CO;2-5. PMID 11066088. S2CID 32342256.
  21. ^ Bronner-Fraser, M (1994). "Neural crest cell formation and migration in the developing embryo". FASEB Journal. 8 (10): 699–706. doi:10.1096/fasebj.8.10.8050668. PMID 8050668. S2CID 12161494.
  22. ^ Trainor, P. A. (2005). "Specification of neural crest cell formation and migration in mouse embryos". Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. 16 (6): 683–93. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2005.06.007. PMID 16043371.
  23. ^ Brusca, R.C.; Brusca, G.J. (2003). Invertebrates (2nd ed.). Sunderland, Massachusetts. p. 101. ISBN 9780878930975.
  24. ^ a b c d Brusca, R.C.; Brusca, G.J. (2003). Invertebrates (2nd ed.). Sunderland, Massachusetts. p. 220. ISBN 9780878930975.

January 26, 2023
mesenchyme, type, loosely, organized, animal, embryonic, connective, tissue, undifferentiated, cells, that, give, rise, most, tissues, such, skin, blood, bone, interactions, between, mesenchyme, epithelium, help, form, nearly, every, organ, developing, embryo,. Mesenchyme ˈ m ɛ s e n k aɪ m ˈ m iː z en 1 is a type of loosely organized animal embryonic connective tissue of undifferentiated cells that give rise to most tissues such as skin blood or bone 2 3 The interactions between mesenchyme and epithelium help to form nearly every organ in the developing embryo 4 MesenchymeTransmission electron micrograph of mesenchyme displaying the ultrastructure of a typical cell and matrix Mesenchyme pointer stained with H amp EDetailsCarnegie stage6bPrecursorlateral mesodermIdentifiersTEE5 16 4 0 3 0 18Anatomical terminology edit on Wikidata Contents 1 Vertebrates 1 1 Structure 1 2 Development 1 2 1 Epithelial to mesenchymal transition 1 2 2 Implantation 1 2 3 Primary mesenchyme 1 2 4 Neural mesenchyme 2 Invertebrates 3 ReferencesVertebrates EditStructure Edit Mesenchyme is characterized morphologically by a prominent ground substance matrix containing a loose aggregate of reticular fibers and unspecialized mesenchymal stem cells 5 Mesenchymal cells can migrate easily in contrast to epithelial cells which lack mobility are organized into closely adherent sheets and are polarized in an apical basal orientation Development Edit The mesenchyme originates from the mesoderm 6 From the mesoderm the mesenchyme appears as an embryologically primitive soup This soup exists as a combination of the mesenchymal cells plus serous fluid plus the many different tissue proteins Serous fluid is typically stocked with the many serous elements such as sodium and chloride The mesenchyme develops into the tissues of the lymphatic and circulatory systems as well as the musculoskeletal system This latter system is characterized as connective tissues throughout the body such as bone and cartilage A malignant cancer of mesenchymal cells is a type of sarcoma 7 8 Epithelial to mesenchymal transition Edit Main article Epithelial mesenchymal transition The first emergence of mesenchyme occurs during gastrulation from the epithelial mesenchymal transition EMT process This transition occurs through the loss of epithelial cadherin tight junctions and adherens junctions on the cell membranes of epithelial cells 9 The surface molecules undergo endocytosis and the microtubule cytoskeleton loses shape enabling mesenchyme to migrate along the extracellular matrix ECM Epithelial mesenchymal transition occurs in embryonic cells that require migration through or over tissue and can be followed with a mesenchymal epithelial transition to produce secondary epithelial tissues Embryological mesenchymal cells express Protein S100 A4 S100A4 10 also known as fibroblast specific protein 11 which is indicative of their shared properties with the migratory adult fibroblasts and c Fos an oncogene associated with the down regulation of epithelial cadherin 12 13 Both formation of the primitive streak and mesenchymal tissue is dependent on the Wnt b catenin pathway 14 Specific markers of mesenchymal tissue include the additional expression of ECM factors such as fibronectin and vitronectin 15 Implantation Edit The first cells of the embryo to undergo EMT and form mesenchyme are the extra embryonic cells of the trophectoderm These migrate from the body of the blastocyst into the endometrial layer of the uterus in order to contribute to the formation of the anchored placenta 16 Primary mesenchyme Edit Primary mesenchyme is the first embryonic mesenchymal tissue to emerge and it is produced from EMT in epiblast cells In the epiblast it is induced by the primitive streak through Wnt signaling and produces endoderm and mesoderm from a transitory tissue called mesendoderm during the process of gastrulation 17 The formation of primary mesenchyme depends on the expression of WNT3 Other deficiencies in signaling pathways such as in Nodal a TGF beta protein will lead to defective mesoderm formation 9 The tissue layers formed from the primitive streak invaginate together into the embryo and the induced mesenchymal stem cells will ingress and form the mesoderm Mesodermal tissue will continue to differentiate and or migrate throughout the embryo to ultimately form most connective tissue layers of the body 18 Neural mesenchyme Edit Embryological mesenchyme is particularly transitory and soon differentiates after migration Neural mesenchyme forms soon after primary mesenchyme formation 19 The interaction with ectoderm and somite forming morphogenic factors cause some primary mesenchyme to form neural mesenchyme or paraxial mesoderm and contribute to somite formation Neural mesenchyme soon undergoes a mesenchymal epithelial transition under the influence of WNT6 produced by ectoderm to form somites 20 These structures will undergo a secondary EMT as the somite tissue migrates later in development to form structural connective tissue such as cartilage and skeletal muscle 21 Neural crest cells NCCs form from neuroectoderm instead of the primary mesenchyme from morphogenic signals of the neural crest The EMT occurs as a result of Wnt signaling the influence of Sox genes and the loss of E cadherin from the cell surface NCCs additionally require the repression of N cadherin and neural cell adhesion molecule NCCs ingress into the embryo from the epithelial neuroectodermal layer and migrate throughout the body in order form multiple peripheral nervous system PNS cells and melanocytes Migration of NCCs is primarily induced by BMP signaling and its inhibitor Noggin 22 23 Invertebrates EditIn some invertebrates e g Porifera Cnidaria Ctenophora and some triploblasts the acoelomates mesenchyme refers to a more or less solid but loosely organized tissue consisting of a gel matrix the mesoglea with various cellular and fibrous inclusions located between the epidermis and the gastrodermis non triploblast animals usually are considered to lack connective tissue In some cases the mesoglea is noncellular 24 In sponges the mesenchyme is called mesohyl 25 In diploblasts Cnidaria and Ctenophora the mesenchyme is fully ectodermally derived This kind of mesenchyme is called ectomesodermal and is not considered true mesoderm In triploblastic acoelomates such as flatworms the term parenchyma is sometimes used for the middle mesenchymal layer in which the dense layer includes tissues derived from both ectoderm and entomesoderm true mesoderm derived from entoderm When cellular material is sparse or densely packed as in cnidarians the mesenchyme may sometimes be called collenchyma or parenchyma in flatworms 25 When no cellular material is present as in Hydrozoa the layer is properly called mesoglea 25 In some colonial cnidarians the mesenchyme is perforated by gastrovascular channels continuous among colony members This entire matrix of common basal material is called coenenchyme 25 References Edit MESENCHYME English Definition and Meaning Lexico com Archived from the original on September 29 2019 Sadler T W 2010 Langman s medical embryology 11th ed Philadelphia Lippincott William amp Wilkins p 70 ISBN 9780781790697 Definition of MESENCHYME www merriam webster com Mesenchyme Mesenchymal tissue Kierszenbaum Abraham L Tres Laura 2015 Histology and Cell Biology An Introduction to Pathology E Book 4 ed Elsevier Health Sciences p 123 ISBN 9780323313353 Strum Judy M Gartner Leslie P Hiatt James L 2007 Cell biology and histology Hagerstown MD Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins p 83 ISBN 978 0 7817 8577 8 Sadler T W 2006 Langman s Medical Embryology Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins pp 68 70 ISBN 978 0 7817 9485 5 a b Kalluri Raghu Weinberg Robert A 2009 The basics of epithelial mesenchymal transition Journal of Clinical Investigation 119 6 1420 8 doi 10 1172 JCI39104 PMC 2689101 PMID 19487818 S100A4 Protein S100 A4 Homo sapiens Human S100A4 gene amp protein www uniprot org Osterreicher Christoph H Penz Osterreicher Melitta Grivennikov Sergei I 2011 01 04 Fibroblast specific protein 1 identifies an inflammatory subpopulation of macrophages in the liver Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 1 308 313 Bibcode 2011PNAS 108 308O doi 10 1073 pnas 1017547108 PMC 3017162 PMID 21173249 Okada H Danoff T M Kalluri R Neilson E G 1997 Early role of Fsp1 in epithelial mesenchymal transformation The American Journal of Physiology 273 4 Pt 2 F563 74 doi 10 1152 ajprenal 1997 273 4 F563 PMID 9362334 Eger A Stockinger A Schaffhauser B Beug H Foisner R 2000 Epithelial mesenchymal transition by c Fos estrogen receptor activation involves nuclear translocation of beta catenin and upregulation of beta catenin lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1 transcriptional activity The Journal of Cell Biology 148 1 173 88 doi 10 1083 jcb 148 1 173 PMC 3207144 PMID 10629227 Mohamed O A Clarke H J Dufort D 2004 Beta catenin signaling marks the prospective site of primitive streak formation in the mouse embryo Developmental Dynamics 231 2 416 24 doi 10 1002 dvdy 20135 PMID 15366019 S2CID 39908122 Thiery J P Sleeman J P 2006 Complex networks orchestrate epithelial mesenchymal transitions Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 7 2 131 42 doi 10 1038 nrm1835 PMID 16493418 S2CID 8435009 Yamakoshi S Bai R Chaen T Ideta A Aoyagi Y Sakurai T Konno T Imakawa K 2012 Expression of mesenchymal related genes by the bovine trophectoderm following conceptus attachment to the endometrial epithelium Reproduction 143 3 377 87 doi 10 1530 REP 11 0364 PMID 22157247 Bellairs R 1986 The primitive streak Anatomy and Embryology 174 1 1 14 doi 10 1007 bf00318331 PMID 3518538 S2CID 33629601 Hay E D 2005 The mesenchymal cell its role in the embryo and the remarkable signaling mechanisms that create it Developmental Dynamics 233 3 706 20 doi 10 1002 dvdy 20345 PMID 15937929 S2CID 22368548 Mareschi K Novara M Rustichelli D Ferrero I Guido D Carbone E Medico E Madon E Vercelli A Fagioli F 2006 Neural differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells Evidence for expression of neural markers and eag K channel types Experimental Hematology 34 11 1563 72 doi 10 1016 j exphem 2006 06 020 PMID 17046576 Schmidt C Stoeckelhuber M McKinnell I Putz R Christ B Patel K 2004 Wnt 6 regulates the epithelialisation process of the segmental plate mesoderm leading to somite formation Developmental Biology 271 1 198 209 doi 10 1016 j ydbio 2004 03 016 PMID 15196961 Stockdale F E Nikovits Jr W Christ B 2000 Molecular and cellular biology of avian somite development Developmental Dynamics 219 3 304 21 doi 10 1002 1097 0177 2000 9999 9999 lt AID DVDY1057 gt 3 0 CO 2 5 PMID 11066088 S2CID 32342256 Bronner Fraser M 1994 Neural crest cell formation and migration in the developing embryo FASEB Journal 8 10 699 706 doi 10 1096 fasebj 8 10 8050668 PMID 8050668 S2CID 12161494 Trainor P A 2005 Specification of neural crest cell formation and migration in mouse embryos Seminars in Cell amp Developmental Biology 16 6 683 93 doi 10 1016 j semcdb 2005 06 007 PMID 16043371 Brusca R C Brusca G J 2003 Invertebrates 2nd ed Sunderland Massachusetts p 101 ISBN 9780878930975 a b c d Brusca R C Brusca G J 2003 Invertebrates 2nd ed Sunderland Massachusetts p 220 ISBN 9780878930975 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mesenchyme amp oldid 1122334124, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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