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Filipendula ulmaria

January 01, 1970

For other uses, see Meadowsweet (disambiguation).

Filipendula ulmaria, commonly known as meadowsweet[1] or mead wort,[2] is a perennial herbaceous plant in the family Rosaceae that grows in damp meadows. It is native throughout most of Europe and Western Asia (Near East and Middle East). It has been introduced and naturalised in North America.

Meadowsweet
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Filipendula
Species:
F. ulmaria
Binomial name
Filipendula ulmaria

Meadowsweet has also been referred to as queen of the meadow,[1] pride of the meadow, meadow-wort, meadow queen, lady of the meadow, dollof, meadsweet, and bridewort.

Description edit

 

The stems, growing up to 120 cm, are 1–2 m (3.3–6.6 ft) tall, erect and furrowed, reddish to sometimes purple. The leaves are dark-green on the upper side and whitish and downy underneath, much divided, interruptedly pinnate, having a few large serrate leaflets and small intermediate ones. Terminal leaflets are large, 4–8 cm long, and three- to five-lobed.

Meadowsweet has delicate, graceful, creamy-white flowers clustered close together in irregularly-branched cymes, having a very strong, sweet smell redolent of antiseptic.[3] They flower from early summer to early autumn and are visited by various types of insects, in particular Musca flies.[4]

The flowers are small and numerous, they show 5 sepals and 5 petals with 7 to 20 stamens.[5]

Diseases edit

Many insects and fungi cause disease in meadowsweet.[6]

 
The meadowsweet rust gall on leaf midrib

Meadowsweet leaves are commonly galled by the bright orange-rust fungus Triphragmium ulmariae, which creates swellings and distortions on the stalk and/or midrib.[7]

The fungus Ramularia ulmariae causes purple blotches on the leaves.

The fungus Podosphaera filipendulae causes mildew on the leaves and flower heads, coating them with a white powder.[8]

The midge Dasineura ulmaria causes pinkish-white galls on the leaves that can distort the leaf surface.[9]

Etymology edit

The English common name meadowsweet dates from the 16th century. It did not originally mean 'sweet plant of the meadow', but a plant used for sweetening or flavouring mead. An earlier common name dating from the 15th century was 'meadsweet'.[10]

Meadowsweet is known by many other names. In Chaucer's The Knight's Tale it is known as meadwort and was one of the ingredients in a drink called "save".[11] It was also known as bridewort, because it was strewn in churches for festivals and weddings, and often made into bridal garlands. In Europe, it took its name "queen of the meadow" for the way it can dominate a low-lying, damp meadow.

The specific epithet ulmaria means "elmlike", possibly in reference to its individual leaves which resemble those of the elm (Ulmus). The generic name, Filipendula, comes from filum, meaning "thread" and pendulus, meaning "hanging". This is said to describe the slender attachment of root tubers, which hang characteristically on the genus, on fibrous roots.[12]

Synonyms edit

Filipendula denudata (J.Presl & C.Presl) Fritsch[13]

Distribution edit

 
Wild meadowsweet in Wharfedale, near Conistone, North Yorkshire, England
 
Meadowsweet is the food plant for lots of species of moth caterpillars

Meadowsweet is common throughout the British Isles[5] in damp areas and is dominant in fens and wet woods.[14][15]

Juncus subnodulosus-Cirsium palustre fen-meadow and purple moor grass and rush pastures BAP habitat plant associations of Western Europe consistently include this plant.[16]

Uses edit

The whole herb possesses a pleasant taste and flavour, the green parts having a similar aromatic character to the flowers, hence the use of the plant as a strewing herb, strewn on floors to give the rooms a pleasant aroma, and its use to flavour wine, beer, and many kinds of vinegar. The flowers can be added to stewed fruit and jams, giving them a subtle almond flavour. Some foragers also use the flowers to flavour desserts such as panna cotta. It has many medicinal properties. The whole plant is a traditional remedy for an acidic stomach. The dried flowers are used in potpourri. It is also a frequently used spice in Scandinavian varieties of mead.

Chemical constituents include salicin, flavone glycosides, essential oils, and tannins. In 1838, Raffaele Piria obtained salicylic acid from the buds of meadowsweet.[17] Thereafter in 1899, scientists at the firm Bayer used salicylic acid derived from meadowsweet to synthesise acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), which was named after the old botanical name for meadowsweet, Spiraea ulmaria. The name then became aspirin.[18]

A natural black dye can be obtained from the roots by using a copper mordant.

A tea made from Filipendula ulmaria flowers or leaves has been used in traditional Austrian herbal medicine for the treatment of rheumatism, gout, infections, and fever.[19]

Culture edit

White-flowered meadowsweet has been found with the cremated remains of three people and at least one animal in a Bronze Age cairn at Fan Foel, Carmarthenshire. Similar finds have also been found inside a beaker from Ashgrove, Fife,[20] and a vessel from North Mains, Strathallan. These could indicate mead or flavoured ale, or might suggest that the plant was placed on the grave as a scented flower.[21]

In Welsh mythology, Gwydion and Math created a woman out of oak blossom, broom, and meadowsweet and named her Blodeuwedd ("flower face").

In the 16th century, when it was customary to strew floors with rushes and herbs (both to give warmth underfoot and to overcome smells and infections), it was a favorite of Elizabeth I of England. She desired it above all other herbs in her chambers.[11]

References edit

  1. ^ a b "Filipendula ulmaria". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  2. ^ Richard Chandler Alexander Prior (1863). On the popular names of British plants: being an explanation of the origin and meaning of the names of our indigenous and most commonly cultivated species. Williams and Norgate.
  3. ^ Poland J, Clement EJ. 2020. The Vegetative Key to the British Flora. John Poland, Southampton, Second Edition. ISBN 978-0-9560-1442-9
  4. ^ Van Der Kooi, C. J.; Pen, I.; Staal, M.; Stavenga, D. G.; Elzenga, J. T. M. (2015). "Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers". Plant Biology. 18 (1): 56–62. doi:10.1111/plb.12328. PMID 25754608.
  5. ^ a b Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012. Webb's An Irish Flora. Cork University Press. ISBN 978-185918-4783
  6. ^ Ellis, Willem N. "Filipendula ulmaria meadowsweet". Plant Parasites of Europe leafminers, galls and fungi. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  7. ^ Ericson, L.; Burdon, J. J.; Müller, W. J. (2002). "The Rust Pathogen Triphragmium ulmariae as a Selective Force Affecting Its Host, Filipendula ulmaria". Journal of Ecology. 90 (1): 167–178. doi:10.1046/j.0022-0477.2001.00648.x. ISSN 0022-0477. JSTOR 3072329. S2CID 84898900.
  8. ^ Ellis, Willem N. "Podosphaera filipendulae (Zhao) Liu & Braun, 2010". Plant Parasites of Europe - leafminers, galls and fungi. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  9. ^ Nijveldt, W. 1969. Gall Midges of Economic Importance. Vol. 8. London: Crosby Lockwood.
  10. ^ Grigson G. 1974. A Dictionary of English Plant Names. Allen Lane. ISBN 0-71-390442-9
  11. ^ a b Mount T. 2015. Dragon Blood & Willow Bark. The Mysteries of Medieval Medicine. Amberley Publishing Limited ISBN 1-44-564383-9
  12. ^ Gledhill D. 1985. The Names of Plants. Cambridge University Press ISBN 978-0-5213-6675-5
  13. ^ "Filipendula denudata (J.Presl & C.Presl) Fritsch". www.worldfloraonline.org. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  14. ^ Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. and Warburg, E. F. 1973. Excursion Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-04656-4
  15. ^ Hackney, P. (Ed) 1992. Stewart and Corry's Flora of the North-east of Ireland. Institute of Irish Studies and the Queen's University of Belfast. ISBN 0-85389-446-9
  16. ^ C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Marsh Thistle: Cirsium palustre, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Strömberg . Archived from the original on December 13, 2012. Retrieved August 3, 2010.
  17. ^ Bandurska H. 2013. Salicylic acid: an update on biosynthesis and action in plant response to water deficit and performance under drought. In: Salicylic acid (pp. 1-14). Springer, Dordrecht
  18. ^ Ansari MS, Misra N. 2007. Miraculous role of salicylic acid in plant and animal system. American Journal of Plant Physiology 2(1): 51 - 58.
  19. ^ Vogl S, Picker P, Mihaly-Bison J, Fakhrudin N, Atanasov AG, Heiss EH, Wawrosch C, Reznicek G, Dirsch VM, Saukel J, and Kopp B. 2013. Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria's folk medicine — An unexplored lore in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 149(3): 750 - 771.
  20. ^ "myADS" (PDF). Archaeology Data Service. Retrieved 2016-12-15.
  21. ^ M. Pitts (2006). Meadowsweet flowers in prehistoric graves. British Archaeology 88 (May/June): 6

External links edit

  Media related to Filipendula ulmaria at Wikimedia Commons

  • Purple Sage Medicinal Herbs, entry for Meadowsweet

January 01, 1970
filipendula, ulmaria, other, uses, meadowsweet, disambiguation, commonly, known, meadowsweet, mead, wort, perennial, herbaceous, plant, family, rosaceae, that, grows, damp, meadows, native, throughout, most, europe, western, asia, near, east, middle, east, bee. For other uses see Meadowsweet disambiguation Filipendula ulmaria commonly known as meadowsweet 1 or mead wort 2 is a perennial herbaceous plant in the family Rosaceae that grows in damp meadows It is native throughout most of Europe and Western Asia Near East and Middle East It has been introduced and naturalised in North America Meadowsweet Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Rosids Order Rosales Family Rosaceae Genus Filipendula Species F ulmaria Binomial name Filipendula ulmaria L Maxim Meadowsweet has also been referred to as queen of the meadow 1 pride of the meadow meadow wort meadow queen lady of the meadow dollof meadsweet and bridewort Contents 1 Description 2 Diseases 3 Etymology 4 Synonyms 5 Distribution 6 Uses 7 Culture 8 References 9 External linksDescription edit nbsp The stems growing up to 120 cm are 1 2 m 3 3 6 6 ft tall erect and furrowed reddish to sometimes purple The leaves are dark green on the upper side and whitish and downy underneath much divided interruptedly pinnate having a few large serrate leaflets and small intermediate ones Terminal leaflets are large 4 8 cm long and three to five lobed Meadowsweet has delicate graceful creamy white flowers clustered close together in irregularly branched cymes having a very strong sweet smell redolent of antiseptic 3 They flower from early summer to early autumn and are visited by various types of insects in particular Musca flies 4 The flowers are small and numerous they show 5 sepals and 5 petals with 7 to 20 stamens 5 Diseases editMany insects and fungi cause disease in meadowsweet 6 nbsp The meadowsweet rust gall on leaf midribMeadowsweet leaves are commonly galled by the bright orange rust fungus Triphragmium ulmariae which creates swellings and distortions on the stalk and or midrib 7 The fungus Ramularia ulmariae causes purple blotches on the leaves The fungus Podosphaera filipendulae causes mildew on the leaves and flower heads coating them with a white powder 8 The midge Dasineura ulmaria causes pinkish white galls on the leaves that can distort the leaf surface 9 Etymology editThe English common name meadowsweet dates from the 16th century It did not originally mean sweet plant of the meadow but a plant used for sweetening or flavouring mead An earlier common name dating from the 15th century was meadsweet 10 Meadowsweet is known by many other names In Chaucer s The Knight s Tale it is known as meadwort and was one of the ingredients in a drink called save 11 It was also known as bridewort because it was strewn in churches for festivals and weddings and often made into bridal garlands In Europe it took its name queen of the meadow for the way it can dominate a low lying damp meadow The specific epithet ulmaria means elmlike possibly in reference to its individual leaves which resemble those of the elm Ulmus The generic name Filipendula comes from filum meaning thread and pendulus meaning hanging This is said to describe the slender attachment of root tubers which hang characteristically on the genus on fibrous roots 12 Synonyms editFilipendula denudata J Presl amp C Presl Fritsch 13 Distribution edit nbsp Wild meadowsweet in Wharfedale near Conistone North Yorkshire England nbsp Meadowsweet is the food plant for lots of species of moth caterpillars Meadowsweet is common throughout the British Isles 5 in damp areas and is dominant in fens and wet woods 14 15 Juncus subnodulosus Cirsium palustre fen meadow and purple moor grass and rush pastures BAP habitat plant associations of Western Europe consistently include this plant 16 Uses editThe whole herb possesses a pleasant taste and flavour the green parts having a similar aromatic character to the flowers hence the use of the plant as a strewing herb strewn on floors to give the rooms a pleasant aroma and its use to flavour wine beer and many kinds of vinegar The flowers can be added to stewed fruit and jams giving them a subtle almond flavour Some foragers also use the flowers to flavour desserts such as panna cotta It has many medicinal properties The whole plant is a traditional remedy for an acidic stomach The dried flowers are used in potpourri It is also a frequently used spice in Scandinavian varieties of mead Chemical constituents include salicin flavone glycosides essential oils and tannins In 1838 Raffaele Piria obtained salicylic acid from the buds of meadowsweet 17 Thereafter in 1899 scientists at the firm Bayer used salicylic acid derived from meadowsweet to synthesise acetylsalicylic acid aspirin which was named after the old botanical name for meadowsweet Spiraea ulmaria The name then became aspirin 18 A natural black dye can be obtained from the roots by using a copper mordant A tea made from Filipendula ulmaria flowers or leaves has been used in traditional Austrian herbal medicine for the treatment of rheumatism gout infections and fever 19 Culture editWhite flowered meadowsweet has been found with the cremated remains of three people and at least one animal in a Bronze Age cairn at Fan Foel Carmarthenshire Similar finds have also been found inside a beaker from Ashgrove Fife 20 and a vessel from North Mains Strathallan These could indicate mead or flavoured ale or might suggest that the plant was placed on the grave as a scented flower 21 In Welsh mythology Gwydion and Math created a woman out of oak blossom broom and meadowsweet and named her Blodeuwedd flower face In the 16th century when it was customary to strew floors with rushes and herbs both to give warmth underfoot and to overcome smells and infections it was a favorite of Elizabeth I of England She desired it above all other herbs in her chambers 11 References edit a b Filipendula ulmaria Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Retrieved 12 December 2017 Richard Chandler Alexander Prior 1863 On the popular names of British plants being an explanation of the origin and meaning of the names of our indigenous and most commonly cultivated species Williams and Norgate Poland J Clement EJ 2020 The Vegetative Key to the British Flora John Poland Southampton Second Edition ISBN 978 0 9560 1442 9 Van Der Kooi C J Pen I Staal M Stavenga D G Elzenga J T M 2015 Competition for pollinators and intra communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers Plant Biology 18 1 56 62 doi 10 1111 plb 12328 PMID 25754608 a b Parnell J and Curtis T 2012 Webb s An Irish Flora Cork University Press ISBN 978 185918 4783 Ellis Willem N Filipendula ulmaria meadowsweet Plant Parasites of Europe leafminers galls and fungi Retrieved 5 August 2020 Ericson L Burdon J J Muller W J 2002 The Rust Pathogen Triphragmium ulmariae as a Selective Force Affecting Its Host Filipendula ulmaria Journal of Ecology 90 1 167 178 doi 10 1046 j 0022 0477 2001 00648 x ISSN 0022 0477 JSTOR 3072329 S2CID 84898900 Ellis Willem N Podosphaera filipendulae Zhao Liu amp Braun 2010 Plant Parasites of Europe leafminers galls and fungi Retrieved 5 August 2020 Nijveldt W 1969 Gall Midges of Economic Importance Vol 8 London Crosby Lockwood Grigson G 1974 A Dictionary of English Plant Names Allen Lane ISBN 0 71 390442 9 a b Mount T 2015 Dragon Blood amp Willow Bark The Mysteries of Medieval Medicine Amberley Publishing Limited ISBN 1 44 564383 9 Gledhill D 1985 The Names of Plants Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 5213 6675 5 Filipendula denudata J Presl amp C Presl Fritsch www worldfloraonline org Retrieved 22 January 2021 Clapham A R Tutin T G and Warburg E F 1973 Excursion Flora of the British Isles Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 04656 4 Hackney P Ed 1992 Stewart and Corry s Flora of the North east of Ireland Institute of Irish Studies and the Queen s University of Belfast ISBN 0 85389 446 9 C Michael Hogan 2009 Marsh Thistle Cirsium palustre GlobalTwitcher com ed N Stromberg Marsh Thistle Cirsium palustre photo Images Information GlobalTwitcher com Archived from the original on December 13 2012 Retrieved August 3 2010 Bandurska H 2013 Salicylic acid an update on biosynthesis and action in plant response to water deficit and performance under drought In Salicylic acid pp 1 14 Springer Dordrecht Ansari MS Misra N 2007 Miraculous role of salicylic acid in plant and animal system American Journal of Plant Physiology 2 1 51 58 Vogl S Picker P Mihaly Bison J Fakhrudin N Atanasov AG Heiss EH Wawrosch C Reznicek G Dirsch VM Saukel J and Kopp B 2013 Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria s folk medicine An unexplored lore in vitro anti inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs Journal of Ethnopharmacology 149 3 750 771 myADS PDF Archaeology Data Service Retrieved 2016 12 15 M Pitts 2006 Meadowsweet flowers in prehistoric graves British Archaeology 88 May June 6 Neltje Blanchan 2002 Wild Flowers An Aid to Knowledge of our Wild Flowers and their Insect Visitors Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation External links edit nbsp Media related to Filipendula ulmaria at Wikimedia Commons Purple Sage Medicinal Herbs entry for Meadowsweet Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Filipendula ulmaria amp oldid 1225784998, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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