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Manasollasa

January 30, 2023

The Mānasollāsa also known as Abhilashitartha Chintamani, is an early 12th-century Sanskrit text composed by the Kalyani Chalukya king Someshvara III, who ruled in present-day Karnataka . It is an encyclopedic work covering topics such as polity, governance, ethics, economics, astronomy, astrology, rhetoric, veterinary medicine, horticulture, perfumes, food, architecture, games, painting, poetry, dance and music. The text is a valuable source of socio-cultural information on 11th- and 12th-century India.

The encyclopedic treatise is structured as five sub-books with a cumulative total of 100 chapters. It is notable for its extensive discussion of arts, particularly music and dance. It is also notable for including chapters on food recipes and festivals, many of which are a part of modern Indian culture.

Another medieval era Sanskrit text with the title Mānasollāsa also exists, consisting of devotional praise hymns (stotra), and it is different from the encyclopedic treatise.

Nomenclature

  12th century fish recipe

Cut fishes into pieces and wash them well.
Cook along with tamarind juice.
Sprinkle well with wheat flour. Fry in heated oil till brown.
Add rock salt. Sprinkle powdered cardamom and pepper.

—Manasollasa 3.1530–1531[1]

The title Manasollasa (मानसोल्लास) is a compound Sanskrit word, consisting of manas ( मनस्) or "mind" and ullasa (उल्लास) or "rejoicing, delighting".[2] It means "the joy, delighter or entertainer of the mind".[3][4] Alternatively, the compound word can be broken as manasa and ullasa, which mean "happiness of mind".[5][6]

The work is divided into five sub-books suffixed as Viṁśati (vinshati, विंशति) which means 20 and refers to the 20 chapters in the sub-book.[7] In modern scholarship, it is referred by IAST spellings "Manasollāsa",[8] and "Mānasollāsa".[9]

It is also known as the Abhilashitartha Chintamani (Abhilaṣitārtha Cintāmaṇi) (literally, the precious gem that fulfills wish).[10][3] This text title is spelled Manasollāsa,[8] and there is another medieval era Indian text with the title, Mānasollāsa (Sanskrit: मानसोल्लास), written in Stotra (poetry of praise) style related to Dakshinamurti, very different in scope and attributed to Adi Shankara or Suresvara.[11]

Date and author

The text was completed in 1129 CE by Someshvara III. He became the king in 1127,[10] was part of the Kalyani Chalukya dynasty, and the third king in this dynasty. The year in which he ascended the throne is approximate, and some scholars state it to be 1125 CE.[12] The author hailed from the medieval Deccan region consisting of large parts of modern Karnataka, Telangana, western Andhra Pradesh and southern Maharashtra.[1]

Epigraphical evidence suggests that the dynasty made numerous land grants and financial awards to the causes of Shaivism and monastic scholarship.[13] These monasteries in the Indian peninsula became centers of the study of the Vedas and Hindu philosophies such as the Nyaya school.[13] Someshvara III composed this text in the initial years of his kingship.[8]

Structure

  Veterinary care for Elephants

All those diseases of elephants caused by Vata and Pitta are cured without fail, by a mixture of Guduchi, two types of Parnika, two types of Meda, Jivaka and Rishabha, two types of Kakoli , Ashvagandha, Vidari and Shatavari, either in powder, paste, or decoction form.

—Manasollasa 2.649–650[14]

The Manasollasa is an encyclopedic treatise written in poetic verse style.[3][8]

It is structured into five sub-books and cumulatively contains 100 chapters. The five Vinshatis (sub-book of 20s) are Rājyaprāptikāraṇa, Rājyasya Sthairyakāraṇa, Bhartur Upabhogakāraṇa, Pramoda kāraṇa and the Krīḍā viṁśati.[8][15] Each chapter deals with a specific topic, ranging from gaining a kingdom, its governance, economics, infrastructure, architecture, medicine,[16] cuisine, ornaments, perfumery and love-games,[17] sports, jewelry, painting, music and dance.[3][8][18] A major part of the text is dedicated to music and musical instruments, with 2500 verses dedicated to it.[8]

The number of ślokas in this work are:

Twenty-book[15]
(Viṁśati) 		Chapters
(Adhyāya) 		Verses
(Śloka)
I. Rājyaprāptikāraṇa 20 308
II. Rājyasya Sthairyakāraṇa 20 1300
III. Bhartur Upabhogakāraṇa 20 1820
IV. Pramoda kāraṇa 20 3219
V. Krīḍā viṁśati 20 1375[19]

Contents

Kingdom and qualifications of a king: Rājyaprāptikāraṇa

The Rajyapraptikarana sub-book describes the qualifications of a king and ministers, their duties and moral characteristics that enable the king to rule a stable, prosperous kingdom.[15][20]

The chapter asserts that the king should be truthful, avoid anger, be virtuous and lead by example.[20] The king, ministers and citizens should, states the Manasollasa's first sub-book, refrain from injury to others, practice self-restraint and generosity, have faith in gods, feed and support the poor and helpless, and be friendly.[21] The king, according to the text, should honour his ancestors and all guests.[15]

Governance, economics and political stability: Rājyasya Sthairyakāraṇa

The second sub-book Rajyasya Sthairyakaraṇa Vimshati is dedicated to governance and economic matters to help a king retain the kingdom.[21][22] It describes the ministers and their qualifications, the maintenance, equipment and training of an army with a Senapati (general) to command the army, the priests and astrologer as advisors to the king, the treasury and methods of taxation.[21]

J Duncan M Derrett, a professor of Oriental Laws, states that chapter 2.8 of the text discusses three kinds of constitutions and recommends that the king should delegate large responsibilities to his ministers, a system that implied that the kingdom was virtually ruled through the ministers.[23] The Manasollasa gives a significant role to an astrologer in the council of advisors to the king who would forecast the auspicious time to respond to an attack, which Hartmut Scharfe, a professor of Indo-European Studies, states proved disastrous during foreign Muslim invasion of the Deccan peninsula.[24]

The delegated form of governance in the existing or acquired provinces is recommended by the text, with the qualification that the province should be ruled by someone born there. However, all ministers in immediate vicinity of the king must be born in the long established state.[25] The king, states the text, must watch out and act against bureaucrats and officials who torment his subjects.[26] The text cautions that the king should prevent abuse of his subjects from officials, robbers, enemies, king's favorites and his own greed.[12]

This sub-book also describes types of shulka (taxation).[27] In the fourth chapter, it explains the tax collected at port of entry on goods that arrive at the border.[28]

The second sub-book includes chapters on veterinary care of animals such as horses and elephants who served the army. Many veterinary ailments are described, ranging from fever to injury to stomach upsets, and the proper nourishment, care of the animals as well as formulations of medicines are outlined in the verses of chapter 2.6, for example.[14] The text includes the names of over 40 herbs used for recipes of veterinary care.[14]

Food and entertainment: Bhartur Upabhogakāraṇa

 
 
 
 
The 12th-century text describes foods that continue to be part of modern Indian tradition. Above clockwise from top left in Sanskrit: Dosaka (Dosa), Iddarika and Vataka (Idli and vada), Parika (Pakora) and Kshiravata (Dahi vada).[29][30]

The Manasollasa contains recipes of vegetarian and non-vegetarian cuisines, which according to Mary Ellen Snodgrass, the editor of Encyclopedia of Kitchen History, preceded the cookbook writing history in Europe by a century.[31] While the text is not the first among Indian books to describe fermented foods, it contains a range of cuisines based on fermentation of cereals and flours.[29][32] Among meat dishes, the text does not include the meat of cow, horse, elephant, parrot, peacock or eggs. It describes cuisines based on pork, venison, goat meat, and fish among others.[33]

The text asserts that fresh water is Amrita (nectar) of cuisine, and Visha (poison) otherwise.[34] Someshvara III recommends fresh water from rains (autumn), springs (summer), rivers and lakes (winter) for daily use, after it has been filtered with a clean cloth. The text recommends boiling the water before use and using the water so in a day.[34] For drinking, if boiling is not possible, the text recommends alternate purification method based on Triphala, and then adding a piece of mango, patala or champaka flower or powder of camphor for flavor and delight.[34] The text mentions fresh coconut water and drinks called Panakas.[35]

The art of preparing wine is described in Manasollasa from grape and sugarcane, with unusual sources being based on brewing of Talimadya (palm), Narikelasava (coconut) and Khajurasava (date).[36]

It includes recipes for the king's favorite sweets. In addition to milk based sweets it includes recipes for fried sweets like golamu (a doughnut made with wheat flour), a rice flour based sweet similar to the modern pantua and ledikeni, and gharika (fried cakes made of black gram flour).[37]

Joy and delight: Pramoda kāraṇa

The fourth sub-book of Manasollasa deals with entertainment such as music, dance, songs and competitive sports. The text covers dance and music in exclusive chapters, dedicating far more verses to these two topics than first two sub-books combined.[8][38] This may reflect the importance of performance arts in 12th-century India, since Someshvara III's son and successor to the throne king Jagadekamalla II also wrote a famed treatise Sangita-chudamani, literally "crown jewel of music".[39]

 
 
The text discusses many dance forms, including Tandava or the vigorous style (left) and Lasya or the delicate style (right) of Kathak.[40]

The text describes types of songs and music, instruments and dances along with occasions of their performance.[41] The Tripadi, states the text in chapter 4.16, was performed during harvesting and husking season, the Shatpadi was performed by folk story tellers, the Dhavala sung at marriages, while festivals such as Holi were celebrated with Mangala and Caccari genre of songs and music.[42] The Charya, asserts the text, were songs of meditation.[41] The text claims Gana (गान) to be a form of "popular music" and that Geet that is neither fast nor slow, but contains both high and low notes, where the words and musical meter are equally important to be preferred by spiritual teachers.[41]

Rhetoric is discussed in chapter 4.17 of Manasollasa.[43] The text dedicates over 450 verses in chapter 4.18 to dance and describes types of dance forms, musical instruments that go with dance performances, and the occasions when dances were celebrated.[44] The text discusses six types of performers, their characteristics and their roles — Nata (actor), Nartaka (dancer), Nartaki (danseuse), Vaitalika (bard), Charana (wandering performer) and Kollatika (acrobat).[44] Their body movements (6 Anga, 8 Upanga and 6 Pratyanga) are explained with their significance. This discussion is similar to that found in Natya Shastra, a Sanskrit text composed around 1st-century BCE.[45] The text thereafter presents the 21 Sthanas and 26 Charis of the dance tradition.[45]

The discussion on dance movements is compiled by six categories — mimetic (natya), delicate (lasya), vigorous (tandava), acrobatic (visama), ludicrous (vikata) and graceful (laghu).[40]

The fourth sub-book also describes sports, such as fishing,[1] dog (greyhound-type) racing,[46] horse racing, elephant racing as well as archery, wrestling and athletics.[47][48] The text describes some unique team sports, such as a form of Indian polo involving two teams of eight members each.[49]

Games, arts and leisure: Krīḍā viṁśati

The last sub-book of the text discusses recreation through horticulture and the art of creating gardens,[50] painting, perfumery, architecture and the training and breeding of horses, elephants, lavakki (a type of quail), and other wildlife. A chapter is devoted to the royal sport of hunting deer or other wild game.[51] It deals with 35 ways of game hunting of deer, in addition to hunting with dogs, falconry and fishing.[52]

The garden design, asserts the text, should include rocks and raised mounds of summits, manicured with plants and trees of diverse varieties, artificial ponds and flowing brooks.[50] It describes the arrangement, the soils, the seeds, the distance between types of plants and trees, the methods of preparing manure, proper fertilizing and maintaining the garden, which plants and trees are best planted first, when to plant others, watering, signs of overwatering and underwatering, weeds, means of protecting the garden and other details.[50] Both public parks and woodland gardens are described, with about 40 types of trees recommended for the park in the Vana-krida chapter.[43][50]

Other arts and leisure activities described in the fifth sub-book include activities such as garland making and perfumery, wherein the flowers are arranged in patterns of pleasing colors and ones that delight the senses.[53] The text lists types of aromatic woods, such as sandalwood and their qualities.[54] The text describes the art of painting as three types — Viddha (representational), Aviddha (sketch, outline) and Bhava (narrative).[55][43] The text includes a recipe for making various types of paints,[56] as well as crayons for drawing, and then recommends the steps in making a drawing.[57]

The 12th-century text describes jewelry and make up of women including those applied to their eyelids, lashes, cheeks and forearms, mentioning styles and colors of Tilak on their foreheads.[43][58] In jewelry, those for hair and earrings are notable.[43][58]

Reception

The Manasollasa has been called an important source on socio-cultural history of medieval India,[27] particularly for the history of food, drinks and cuisines[59] and of sports.[60] Mandakranta Bose, a professor on South Asian studies, describes the text to be of great interest because it is the earliest known text with details on dance genres in India.[61] A team consisting of Bruno Nettl, a professor of music and anthropology, has called Manasollasa an enormous treatise with large sections on music, dance and other performance arts.[62]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Nalini Sadhale and YL Nene (2005), On Fish in Manasollasa (c. 1131 AD), Asian Agri-History, Vol. 9, No. 3, pages 177–199
  2. ^ Sollasa, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany (2012)
  3. ^ a b c d Datta 1988, p. 1165.
  4. ^ McHugh 2012, p. 118.
  5. ^ Nalini Sadhale and YL Nene (2010), Bhudharakrida (Royal Enjoyment on a Pleasure-mound) in Manasollasa, Asian Agri-History, Vol. 14, No. 4, pages 319–335
  6. ^ Ullasa, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany (2012)
  7. ^ viMzati, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany (2012)
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h Banerji 1989, p. 238.
  9. ^ McHugh 2012, pp. 154–155.
  10. ^ a b Kincaid & Parasanisa 1918, pp. 32–33.
  11. ^ Dakshinamurti Stotra, Dakshinamurti Stotra A Mahadeva Sastri (1895), see Preface section
  12. ^ a b Scharfe 1989, p. 24.
  13. ^ a b Reddy 2014, pp. 99–101.
  14. ^ a b c Nalini Sadhale and YL Nene (2004), On Elephants in Manasollasa – 2. Diseases and Treatment, Asian Agri-History Vol. 8, No. 2, pages 115–127
  15. ^ a b c d Udgaonkar 1986, p. 25.
  16. ^ Joshi & Hebbali 2004.
  17. ^ McHugh 2012, pp. 118, 131–133.
  18. ^ Shrigondekar 1961, p. vi.
  19. ^ Shrigondekar 1961, p. 309.
  20. ^ a b MN Joshi (1985). "Social character of Someshvara III". Journal of the Karnataka University: Humanities. 29: 125–126.
  21. ^ a b c Campbell 1896, p. 221.
  22. ^ Udgaonkar 1986, pp. 25–26.
  23. ^ Derrett 1976, p. 439 with footnote 31a.
  24. ^ Scharfe 1989, p. 24, 118 with footnote 723.
  25. ^ Scharfe 1989, p. 136 with footnotes.
  26. ^ Scharfe 1989, p. 158 with footnotes.
  27. ^ a b Daniel R. Woolf (1998). A Global Encyclopedia of Historical Writing: A-J. Routledge. pp. 851–852. ISBN 978-0-8153-1514-8.
  28. ^ Mandagadde Rama Jois (1984). Legal and Constitutional History of India: Ancient legal, judicial, and constitutional system. Universal Law Publishing. p. 271. ISBN 978-81-7534-206-4.
  29. ^ a b K.T. Achaya (2003). The Story of Our Food. Orient Blackswan. p. 85. ISBN 978-81-7371-293-7.
  30. ^ Edward Farnworth (2008). Handbook of Fermented Functional Foods, 2nd Edition. Routledge. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-1-4200-5328-9.
  31. ^ Snodgrass 2004, p. 452.
  32. ^ Jyoti Prakash Tamang; Kasipathy Kailasapathy (2010). Fermented Foods and Beverages of the World. CRC Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-4200-9496-1.
  33. ^ Kamat 1980, p. 4.
  34. ^ a b c Kamat 1980, p. 6.
  35. ^ Kamat 1980, pp. 6–7.
  36. ^ Kamat 1980, p. 14.
  37. ^ Krondl, Michael (2011). Sweet Invention: A History of Dessert. Chicago Review Press. pp. 41–42. ISBN 9781556529542.
  38. ^ Chopra 1992, p. 97.
  39. ^ Emmie Te Nijenhuis (1974). Indian Music: History and Structure. BRILL. pp. 5–6. ISBN 90-04-03978-3.
  40. ^ a b Bose 1991, pp. 46–47, 141–142.
  41. ^ a b c Nijenhuis 1992, p. 67.
  42. ^ Nijenhuis 1992, pp. 67, 563 with footnotes 295–301.
  43. ^ a b c d e Shrigondekar 1961.
  44. ^ a b Bose 1991, p. 45.
  45. ^ a b Bose 1991, pp. 45–46.
  46. ^ Nalini Sadhale and YL Nene (2010), Sarameyavinoda in Manasollasa: Dogs for Recreation and Hunting, Asian Agri-History, Vol. 14, No. 3, pages 273–283
  47. ^ Kamat 1980, pp. 72–75.
  48. ^ K. R. Sundararajan; Bithika Mukerji (2003). Hindu Spirituality: Postclassical and Modern. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 425. ISBN 978-81-208-1937-5.
  49. ^ Kamat 1980, pp. 81–82.
  50. ^ a b c d Nalini Sadhale and YL Nene (2010), Bhudharakrida in Manasollasa, Asian Agri-History, Vol. 14, No. 4, pages 319–335
  51. ^ Geer 2008, p. 20.
  52. ^ Thapar 1998, p. 41.
  53. ^ McHugh 2012, p. 151–155.
  54. ^ McHugh 2012, p. 189–190.
  55. ^ Sivapriyananda (1999). "South Indian Drawings and Painted Sketches: Some Examples from Mysore". South Asian Studies. 15 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1080/02666030.1999.9628561.
  56. ^ Dube, R. K. (1991). "Gold powder: Its preparation". Gold Bulletin. Springer Science. 24 (3): 95–102. doi:10.1007/bf03214717.
  57. ^ Isabella Nardi (2007). The Theory of Citrasutras in Indian Painting: A Critical Re-evaluation of Their Uses and Interpretations. Routledge. pp. 123–. ISBN 978-1-134-16524-7.
  58. ^ a b Kamat 1980, pp. 27–28, 53–56.
  59. ^ Kamat 1980, pp. 1–9.
  60. ^ Joseph S. Alter (1992). The Wrestler's Body: Identity and Ideology in North India. University of California Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-520-91217-5.
  61. ^ Bose 1991, pp. 45, 216.
  62. ^ Bruno Nettl; et al. (1998). The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent. Routledge. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-8240-4946-1.

Bibliography

  • Banerji, Sures Chandra (1989). A Companion to Sanskrit Literature: Spanning a Period of Over Three Thousand Years, Containing Brief Accounts of Authors, Works, Characters, Technical Terms, Geographical Names, Myths, Legends, and Several Appendices. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0063-2.
  • Bose, Mandakranta (1991). Movement and Mimesis: The Idea of Dance in the Sanskritic Tradition. Kluwer Academic, Netherlands. ISBN 978-0-7923-1325-0.
  • Campbell, James (1896). Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Volume 1, Part 2. Government Central Press, Bombay Presidency, British India.
  • Chopra, Pran Nath (1992). Encyclopaedia of India: Karnataka. Rima Pub.
  • Datta, Amaresh (1988). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 978-81-260-1194-0.
  • Derrett, J. Duncan M. (1976). Essays in Classical and Modern Hindu Law. BRILL Academic. ISBN 90-04-04475-2.
  • Geer, Alexandra van der (16 October 2008). Animals in Stone: Indian Mammals Sculptured Through Time. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-474-4356-8.
  • Joshi; Hebbali (2004). Mānasollāsa and Āyurveda. Sharada Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-85616-97-1.
  • Kamat, Jyotsna K. (1980). Social Life in Medieval Karnāṭaka. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-0-8364-0554-5.
  • McHugh, James (2012). Sandalwood and Carrion: Smell in Indian Religion and Culture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-991632-0.
  • Nijenhuis, Emmie te (1992). Saṅgītaśiromaṇi: A Medieval Handbook of Indian Music. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-09498-9.
  • Reddy, Prabhavati C. (2014). Hindu Pilgrimage: Shifting Patterns of Worldview of Srisailam in South India. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-80631-8.
  • Scharfe, Hartmut (1989). Handbuch der Orientalistik: Indien. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-09060-6.
  • Shrigondekar, GK (1961). Manasollasa of King Somesvara (Volume 3) (in Sanskrit). Oriental Institute, Baroda.
  • Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2004). Encyclopedia of Kitchen History. Routledge. ISBN 1-135-45571-6.
  • Thapar, Romesh (1998). Seminar. R. Thapur.
  • Udgaonkar, P.B. (1986). Political Institutions & Administration. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-81-208-2087-6.

External links

  • Dube, R. K. (1990). "Aspects of Powder Technology in Ancient and Medieval India". Powder Metallurgy. 33 (2): 119–125. Bibcode:1990PowM...33..119D. doi:10.1179/pom.1990.33.2.119. (Presents powder manufacturing processes mentioned in Manasollasa)
  • Walter Kaufmann (1965), Rasa, Rāga-Mālā and Performance Times in North Indian Rāgas, Ethnomusicology (Presents music theories in Natyasastra and Manasollasa)
  • Elise B. Barnett (1970), Special Bibliography: Art Music of India, Ethnomusicology
  • Scan of volume 1 (1925) of Shrigondekar's printed edition of the Manasollasa, University of Kentucky (in Sanskrit, first 4 vimshati) with English introduction

January 30, 2023
manasollasa, mānasollāsa, also, known, abhilashitartha, chintamani, early, 12th, century, sanskrit, text, composed, kalyani, chalukya, king, someshvara, ruled, present, karnataka, encyclopedic, work, covering, topics, such, polity, governance, ethics, economic. The Manasollasa also known as Abhilashitartha Chintamani is an early 12th century Sanskrit text composed by the Kalyani Chalukya king Someshvara III who ruled in present day Karnataka It is an encyclopedic work covering topics such as polity governance ethics economics astronomy astrology rhetoric veterinary medicine horticulture perfumes food architecture games painting poetry dance and music The text is a valuable source of socio cultural information on 11th and 12th century India The encyclopedic treatise is structured as five sub books with a cumulative total of 100 chapters It is notable for its extensive discussion of arts particularly music and dance It is also notable for including chapters on food recipes and festivals many of which are a part of modern Indian culture Another medieval era Sanskrit text with the title Manasollasa also exists consisting of devotional praise hymns stotra and it is different from the encyclopedic treatise Contents 1 Nomenclature 2 Date and author 3 Structure 4 Contents 4 1 Kingdom and qualifications of a king Rajyapraptikaraṇa 4 2 Governance economics and political stability Rajyasya Sthairyakaraṇa 4 3 Food and entertainment Bhartur Upabhogakaraṇa 4 4 Joy and delight Pramoda karaṇa 4 5 Games arts and leisure Kriḍa viṁsati 5 Reception 6 See also 7 References 7 1 Bibliography 8 External linksNomenclature Edit 12th century fish recipe Cut fishes into pieces and wash them well Cook along with tamarind juice Sprinkle well with wheat flour Fry in heated oil till brown Add rock salt Sprinkle powdered cardamom and pepper Manasollasa 3 1530 1531 1 The title Manasollasa म नस ल ल स is a compound Sanskrit word consisting of manas मनस or mind and ullasa उल ल स or rejoicing delighting 2 It means the joy delighter or entertainer of the mind 3 4 Alternatively the compound word can be broken as manasa and ullasa which mean happiness of mind 5 6 The work is divided into five sub books suffixed as Viṁsati vinshati व शत which means 20 and refers to the 20 chapters in the sub book 7 In modern scholarship it is referred by IAST spellings Manasollasa 8 and Manasollasa 9 It is also known as the Abhilashitartha Chintamani Abhilaṣitartha Cintamaṇi literally the precious gem that fulfills wish 10 3 This text title is spelled Manasollasa 8 and there is another medieval era Indian text with the title Manasollasa Sanskrit म नस ल ल स written in Stotra poetry of praise style related to Dakshinamurti very different in scope and attributed to Adi Shankara or Suresvara 11 Date and author EditThe text was completed in 1129 CE by Someshvara III He became the king in 1127 10 was part of the Kalyani Chalukya dynasty and the third king in this dynasty The year in which he ascended the throne is approximate and some scholars state it to be 1125 CE 12 The author hailed from the medieval Deccan region consisting of large parts of modern Karnataka Telangana western Andhra Pradesh and southern Maharashtra 1 Epigraphical evidence suggests that the dynasty made numerous land grants and financial awards to the causes of Shaivism and monastic scholarship 13 These monasteries in the Indian peninsula became centers of the study of the Vedas and Hindu philosophies such as the Nyaya school 13 Someshvara III composed this text in the initial years of his kingship 8 Structure Edit Veterinary care for Elephants All those diseases of elephants caused by Vata and Pitta are cured without fail by a mixture of Guduchi two types of Parnika two types of Meda Jivaka and Rishabha two types of Kakoli Ashvagandha Vidari and Shatavari either in powder paste or decoction form Manasollasa 2 649 650 14 The Manasollasa is an encyclopedic treatise written in poetic verse style 3 8 It is structured into five sub books and cumulatively contains 100 chapters The five Vinshatis sub book of 20s are Rajyapraptikaraṇa Rajyasya Sthairyakaraṇa Bhartur Upabhogakaraṇa Pramoda karaṇa and the Kriḍa viṁsati 8 15 Each chapter deals with a specific topic ranging from gaining a kingdom its governance economics infrastructure architecture medicine 16 cuisine ornaments perfumery and love games 17 sports jewelry painting music and dance 3 8 18 A major part of the text is dedicated to music and musical instruments with 2500 verses dedicated to it 8 The number of sloka s in this work are Twenty book 15 Viṁsati Chapters Adhyaya Verses Sloka I Rajyapraptikaraṇa 20 308II Rajyasya Sthairyakaraṇa 20 1300III Bhartur Upabhogakaraṇa 20 1820IV Pramoda karaṇa 20 3219V Kriḍa viṁsati 20 1375 19 Contents EditKingdom and qualifications of a king Rajyapraptikaraṇa Edit The Rajyapraptikarana sub book describes the qualifications of a king and ministers their duties and moral characteristics that enable the king to rule a stable prosperous kingdom 15 20 The chapter asserts that the king should be truthful avoid anger be virtuous and lead by example 20 The king ministers and citizens should states the Manasollasa s first sub book refrain from injury to others practice self restraint and generosity have faith in gods feed and support the poor and helpless and be friendly 21 The king according to the text should honour his ancestors and all guests 15 Governance economics and political stability Rajyasya Sthairyakaraṇa Edit The second sub book Rajyasya Sthairyakaraṇa Vimshati is dedicated to governance and economic matters to help a king retain the kingdom 21 22 It describes the ministers and their qualifications the maintenance equipment and training of an army with a Senapati general to command the army the priests and astrologer as advisors to the king the treasury and methods of taxation 21 J Duncan M Derrett a professor of Oriental Laws states that chapter 2 8 of the text discusses three kinds of constitutions and recommends that the king should delegate large responsibilities to his ministers a system that implied that the kingdom was virtually ruled through the ministers 23 The Manasollasa gives a significant role to an astrologer in the council of advisors to the king who would forecast the auspicious time to respond to an attack which Hartmut Scharfe a professor of Indo European Studies states proved disastrous during foreign Muslim invasion of the Deccan peninsula 24 The delegated form of governance in the existing or acquired provinces is recommended by the text with the qualification that the province should be ruled by someone born there However all ministers in immediate vicinity of the king must be born in the long established state 25 The king states the text must watch out and act against bureaucrats and officials who torment his subjects 26 The text cautions that the king should prevent abuse of his subjects from officials robbers enemies king s favorites and his own greed 12 This sub book also describes types of shulka taxation 27 In the fourth chapter it explains the tax collected at port of entry on goods that arrive at the border 28 The second sub book includes chapters on veterinary care of animals such as horses and elephants who served the army Many veterinary ailments are described ranging from fever to injury to stomach upsets and the proper nourishment care of the animals as well as formulations of medicines are outlined in the verses of chapter 2 6 for example 14 The text includes the names of over 40 herbs used for recipes of veterinary care 14 Food and entertainment Bhartur Upabhogakaraṇa Edit The 12th century text describes foods that continue to be part of modern Indian tradition Above clockwise from top left in Sanskrit Dosaka Dosa Iddarika and Vataka Idli and vada Parika Pakora and Kshiravata Dahi vada 29 30 The Manasollasa contains recipes of vegetarian and non vegetarian cuisines which according to Mary Ellen Snodgrass the editor of Encyclopedia of Kitchen History preceded the cookbook writing history in Europe by a century 31 While the text is not the first among Indian books to describe fermented foods it contains a range of cuisines based on fermentation of cereals and flours 29 32 Among meat dishes the text does not include the meat of cow horse elephant parrot peacock or eggs It describes cuisines based on pork venison goat meat and fish among others 33 The text asserts that fresh water is Amrita nectar of cuisine and Visha poison otherwise 34 Someshvara III recommends fresh water from rains autumn springs summer rivers and lakes winter for daily use after it has been filtered with a clean cloth The text recommends boiling the water before use and using the water so in a day 34 For drinking if boiling is not possible the text recommends alternate purification method based on Triphala and then adding a piece of mango patala or champaka flower or powder of camphor for flavor and delight 34 The text mentions fresh coconut water and drinks called Panakas 35 The art of preparing wine is described in Manasollasa from grape and sugarcane with unusual sources being based on brewing of Talimadya palm Narikelasava coconut and Khajurasava date 36 It includes recipes for the king s favorite sweets In addition to milk based sweets it includes recipes for fried sweets like golamu a doughnut made with wheat flour a rice flour based sweet similar to the modern pantua and ledikeni and gharika fried cakes made of black gram flour 37 Joy and delight Pramoda karaṇa Edit The fourth sub book of Manasollasa deals with entertainment such as music dance songs and competitive sports The text covers dance and music in exclusive chapters dedicating far more verses to these two topics than first two sub books combined 8 38 This may reflect the importance of performance arts in 12th century India since Someshvara III s son and successor to the throne king Jagadekamalla II also wrote a famed treatise Sangita chudamani literally crown jewel of music 39 The text discusses many dance forms including Tandava or the vigorous style left and Lasya or the delicate style right of Kathak 40 The text describes types of songs and music instruments and dances along with occasions of their performance 41 The Tripadi states the text in chapter 4 16 was performed during harvesting and husking season the Shatpadi was performed by folk story tellers the Dhavala sung at marriages while festivals such as Holi were celebrated with Mangala and Caccari genre of songs and music 42 The Charya asserts the text were songs of meditation 41 The text claims Gana ग न to be a form of popular music and that Geet that is neither fast nor slow but contains both high and low notes where the words and musical meter are equally important to be preferred by spiritual teachers 41 Rhetoric is discussed in chapter 4 17 of Manasollasa 43 The text dedicates over 450 verses in chapter 4 18 to dance and describes types of dance forms musical instruments that go with dance performances and the occasions when dances were celebrated 44 The text discusses six types of performers their characteristics and their roles Nata actor Nartaka dancer Nartaki danseuse Vaitalika bard Charana wandering performer and Kollatika acrobat 44 Their body movements 6 Anga 8 Upanga and 6 Pratyanga are explained with their significance This discussion is similar to that found in Natya Shastra a Sanskrit text composed around 1st century BCE 45 The text thereafter presents the 21 Sthanas and 26 Charis of the dance tradition 45 The discussion on dance movements is compiled by six categories mimetic natya delicate lasya vigorous tandava acrobatic visama ludicrous vikata and graceful laghu 40 The fourth sub book also describes sports such as fishing 1 dog greyhound type racing 46 horse racing elephant racing as well as archery wrestling and athletics 47 48 The text describes some unique team sports such as a form of Indian polo involving two teams of eight members each 49 Games arts and leisure Kriḍa viṁsati Edit The last sub book of the text discusses recreation through horticulture and the art of creating gardens 50 painting perfumery architecture and the training and breeding of horses elephants lavakki a type of quail and other wildlife A chapter is devoted to the royal sport of hunting deer or other wild game 51 It deals with 35 ways of game hunting of deer in addition to hunting with dogs falconry and fishing 52 The garden design asserts the text should include rocks and raised mounds of summits manicured with plants and trees of diverse varieties artificial ponds and flowing brooks 50 It describes the arrangement the soils the seeds the distance between types of plants and trees the methods of preparing manure proper fertilizing and maintaining the garden which plants and trees are best planted first when to plant others watering signs of overwatering and underwatering weeds means of protecting the garden and other details 50 Both public parks and woodland gardens are described with about 40 types of trees recommended for the park in the Vana krida chapter 43 50 Other arts and leisure activities described in the fifth sub book include activities such as garland making and perfumery wherein the flowers are arranged in patterns of pleasing colors and ones that delight the senses 53 The text lists types of aromatic woods such as sandalwood and their qualities 54 The text describes the art of painting as three types Viddha representational Aviddha sketch outline and Bhava narrative 55 43 The text includes a recipe for making various types of paints 56 as well as crayons for drawing and then recommends the steps in making a drawing 57 The 12th century text describes jewelry and make up of women including those applied to their eyelids lashes cheeks and forearms mentioning styles and colors of Tilak on their foreheads 43 58 In jewelry those for hair and earrings are notable 43 58 Reception EditThe Manasollasa has been called an important source on socio cultural history of medieval India 27 particularly for the history of food drinks and cuisines 59 and of sports 60 Mandakranta Bose a professor on South Asian studies describes the text to be of great interest because it is the earliest known text with details on dance genres in India 61 A team consisting of Bruno Nettl a professor of music and anthropology has called Manasollasa an enormous treatise with large sections on music dance and other performance arts 62 See also EditSushruta Samhita Charaka Samhita Culture of India Indian cookbooksReferences Edit a b c Nalini Sadhale and YL Nene 2005 On Fish in Manasollasa c 1131 AD Asian Agri History Vol 9 No 3 pages 177 199 Sollasa Sanskrit English Dictionary Koeln University Germany 2012 a b c d Datta 1988 p 1165 McHugh 2012 p 118 Nalini Sadhale and YL Nene 2010 Bhudharakrida Royal Enjoyment on a Pleasure mound in Manasollasa Asian Agri History Vol 14 No 4 pages 319 335 Ullasa Sanskrit English Dictionary Koeln University Germany 2012 viMzati Sanskrit English Dictionary Koeln University Germany 2012 a b c d e f g h Banerji 1989 p 238 McHugh 2012 pp 154 155 a b Kincaid amp Parasanisa 1918 pp 32 33 sfn error no target CITEREFKincaidParasanisa1918 help Dakshinamurti Stotra Dakshinamurti Stotra A Mahadeva Sastri 1895 see Preface section a b Scharfe 1989 p 24 a b Reddy 2014 pp 99 101 a b c Nalini Sadhale and YL Nene 2004 On Elephants in Manasollasa 2 Diseases and Treatment Asian Agri History Vol 8 No 2 pages 115 127 a b c d Udgaonkar 1986 p 25 Joshi amp Hebbali 2004 McHugh 2012 pp 118 131 133 Shrigondekar 1961 p vi Shrigondekar 1961 p 309 a b MN Joshi 1985 Social character of Someshvara III Journal of the Karnataka University Humanities 29 125 126 a b c Campbell 1896 p 221 Udgaonkar 1986 pp 25 26 Derrett 1976 p 439 with footnote 31a Scharfe 1989 p 24 118 with footnote 723 Scharfe 1989 p 136 with footnotes Scharfe 1989 p 158 with footnotes a b Daniel R Woolf 1998 A Global Encyclopedia of Historical Writing A J Routledge pp 851 852 ISBN 978 0 8153 1514 8 Mandagadde Rama Jois 1984 Legal and Constitutional History of India Ancient legal judicial and constitutional system Universal Law Publishing p 271 ISBN 978 81 7534 206 4 a b K T Achaya 2003 The Story of Our Food Orient Blackswan p 85 ISBN 978 81 7371 293 7 Edward Farnworth 2008 Handbook of Fermented Functional Foods 2nd Edition Routledge pp 15 16 ISBN 978 1 4200 5328 9 Snodgrass 2004 p 452 Jyoti Prakash Tamang Kasipathy Kailasapathy 2010 Fermented Foods and Beverages of the World CRC Press p 16 ISBN 978 1 4200 9496 1 Kamat 1980 p 4 a b c Kamat 1980 p 6 Kamat 1980 pp 6 7 Kamat 1980 p 14 Krondl Michael 2011 Sweet Invention A History of Dessert Chicago Review Press pp 41 42 ISBN 9781556529542 Chopra 1992 p 97 Emmie Te Nijenhuis 1974 Indian Music History and Structure BRILL pp 5 6 ISBN 90 04 03978 3 a b Bose 1991 pp 46 47 141 142 a b c Nijenhuis 1992 p 67 Nijenhuis 1992 pp 67 563 with footnotes 295 301 a b c d e Shrigondekar 1961 a b Bose 1991 p 45 a b Bose 1991 pp 45 46 Nalini Sadhale and YL Nene 2010 Sarameyavinoda in Manasollasa Dogs for Recreation and Hunting Asian Agri History Vol 14 No 3 pages 273 283 Kamat 1980 pp 72 75 K R Sundararajan Bithika Mukerji 2003 Hindu Spirituality Postclassical and Modern Motilal Banarsidass Publ p 425 ISBN 978 81 208 1937 5 Kamat 1980 pp 81 82 a b c d Nalini Sadhale and YL Nene 2010 Bhudharakrida in Manasollasa Asian Agri History Vol 14 No 4 pages 319 335 Geer 2008 p 20 Thapar 1998 p 41 McHugh 2012 p 151 155 McHugh 2012 p 189 190 Sivapriyananda 1999 South Indian Drawings and Painted Sketches Some Examples from Mysore South Asian Studies 15 1 1 13 doi 10 1080 02666030 1999 9628561 Dube R K 1991 Gold powder Its preparation Gold Bulletin Springer Science 24 3 95 102 doi 10 1007 bf03214717 Isabella Nardi 2007 The Theory of Citrasutras in Indian Painting A Critical Re evaluation of Their Uses and Interpretations Routledge pp 123 ISBN 978 1 134 16524 7 a b Kamat 1980 pp 27 28 53 56 Kamat 1980 pp 1 9 Joseph S Alter 1992 The Wrestler s Body Identity and Ideology in North India University of California Press p 16 ISBN 978 0 520 91217 5 Bose 1991 pp 45 216 Bruno Nettl et al 1998 The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music South Asia the Indian subcontinent Routledge p 24 ISBN 978 0 8240 4946 1 Bibliography Edit Banerji Sures Chandra 1989 A Companion to Sanskrit Literature Spanning a Period of Over Three Thousand Years Containing Brief Accounts of Authors Works Characters Technical Terms Geographical Names Myths Legends and Several Appendices Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 978 81 208 0063 2 Bose Mandakranta 1991 Movement and Mimesis The Idea of Dance in the Sanskritic Tradition Kluwer Academic Netherlands ISBN 978 0 7923 1325 0 Campbell James 1896 Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency Volume 1 Part 2 Government Central Press Bombay Presidency British India Chopra Pran Nath 1992 Encyclopaedia of India Karnataka Rima Pub Datta Amaresh 1988 Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature Sahitya Akademi ISBN 978 81 260 1194 0 Derrett J Duncan M 1976 Essays in Classical and Modern Hindu Law BRILL Academic ISBN 90 04 04475 2 Geer Alexandra van der 16 October 2008 Animals in Stone Indian Mammals Sculptured Through Time BRILL ISBN 978 90 474 4356 8 Joshi Hebbali 2004 Manasollasa and Ayurveda Sharada Publishing House ISBN 978 81 85616 97 1 Kamat Jyotsna K 1980 Social Life in Medieval Karnaṭaka Abhinav Publications ISBN 978 0 8364 0554 5 McHugh James 2012 Sandalwood and Carrion Smell in Indian Religion and Culture Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 991632 0 Nijenhuis Emmie te 1992 Saṅgitasiromaṇi A Medieval Handbook of Indian Music BRILL ISBN 90 04 09498 9 Reddy Prabhavati C 2014 Hindu Pilgrimage Shifting Patterns of Worldview of Srisailam in South India Routledge ISBN 978 1 317 80631 8 Scharfe Hartmut 1989 Handbuch der Orientalistik Indien BRILL ISBN 90 04 09060 6 Shrigondekar GK 1961 Manasollasa of King Somesvara Volume 3 in Sanskrit Oriental Institute Baroda Snodgrass Mary Ellen 2004 Encyclopedia of Kitchen History Routledge ISBN 1 135 45571 6 Thapar Romesh 1998 Seminar R Thapur Udgaonkar P B 1986 Political Institutions amp Administration Motilal Banarsidass Publ ISBN 978 81 208 2087 6 External links EditDube R K 1990 Aspects of Powder Technology in Ancient and Medieval India Powder Metallurgy 33 2 119 125 Bibcode 1990PowM 33 119D doi 10 1179 pom 1990 33 2 119 Presents powder manufacturing processes mentioned in Manasollasa Walter Kaufmann 1965 Rasa Raga Mala and Performance Times in North Indian Ragas Ethnomusicology Presents music theories in Natyasastra and Manasollasa Elise B Barnett 1970 Special Bibliography Art Music of India Ethnomusicology Scan of volume 1 1925 of Shrigondekar s printed edition of the Manasollasa University of Kentucky in Sanskrit first 4 vimshati with English introduction Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Manasollasa amp oldid 1126991607, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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