"Darja" redirects here. For the village in Iran, see Darreh Ja. For the Romanian village of Dârja, see Panticeu.
Maghrebi Arabic (Arabic: الْلهجَة الْمَغاربِيَة, Western Arabic; as opposed to Eastern or Mashriqi Arabic) is a vernacularArabicdialect continuum spoken in the Maghreb—western Islamic Africa and, in the past, Islamic Iberia and Sicily. It includes Moroccan, Algerian, Tunisian, Libyan, Hassaniya, Maltese, and, previously, Andalusi and Siculo-Arabic. It is known locally as ad-Dārija[a] (Arabic: الدارجة; meaning "common or everyday dialect"[1]). This serves to differentiate the spoken vernacular from Standard Arabic.[2] Maghrebi Arabic has a predominantly Semitic and Arabic vocabulary,[3] although it contains a few Berber loanwords which represent 2–3% of the vocabulary of Libyan Arabic, 8–9% of Algerian and Tunisian Arabic, and 10–15% of Moroccan Arabic.[4] The Maltese language is believed to have its source in a language spoken in Muslim Sicily that ultimately originates from Tunisia, as it contains some typical Maghrebi Arabic areal characteristics.[5]
Darija, Derija or Delja (Arabic: الدارجة) means "everyday/colloquial dialect";[6] it is also rendered as ed-dārija, derija or darja. It refers to any of the varieties of colloquial Maghrebi Arabic. Although it is also common in Algeria and Tunisia to refer to the Maghrebi Arabic varieties directly as languages, similarly it is also common in Egypt and Lebanon to refer to the Mashriqi Arabic varieties directly as languages. For instance, Algerian Arabic would be referred as Dzayri (Algerian) and Tunisian Arabic as Tounsi (Tunisian), and Egyptian Arabic would be referred as Masri (Egyptian) and Lebanese Arabic as Lubnani (Lebanese).
In contrast, the colloquial dialects of more eastern Arab countries, such as Egypt, Jordan and Sudan, are usually known as al-‘āmmīya (العامية), though Egyptians may also refer to their dialects as al-logha-d-darga.
CharacteristicsEdit
The varieties of Maghrebi Arabic form a dialect continuum. The degree of mutual intelligibility is high between geographically adjacent dialects (such as local dialects spoken in Eastern Morocco and Western Algeria or Eastern Algeria and North Tunisia or South Tunisia and Western Libya), but lower between dialects that are further apart, e.g. between Moroccan and Tunisian Darija. Conversely, Moroccan Darija and particularly Algerian Derja cannot be easily understood by Eastern Arabic speakers (from Egypt, Sudan, Levant, Iraq, and Arabian peninsula) in general.[7]
Maghrebi Arabic continues to evolve by integrating new French or English words, notably in technical fields, or by replacing old French and Italian/Spanish ones with Modern Standard Arabic words within some circles; more educated and upper-class people who code-switch between Maghrebi Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic have more French and Italian/Spanish loanwords, especially the latter came from the time of al-Andalus. Maghrebi dialects all use n- as the first-personsingularprefix on verbs, distinguishing them from Levantine dialects and Modern Standard Arabic.
Relationship with Modern Standard Arabic and Berber languagesEdit
Modern Standard Arabic (Arabic: الفصحى, romanized: al-fuṣḥá) is the primary language used in the government, legislation and judiciary of countries in the Maghreb. Maghrebi Arabic is mainly a spoken and vernacular dialect, although it occasionally appears in entertainment and advertising in urban areas of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. In Algeria, where Maghrebi Arabic was taught as a separate subject under French colonization, some textbooks in the dialect exist but they are no longer officially endorsed by the Algerian authorities. Maghrebi Arabic has a mostly SemiticArabic vocabulary.[3] It contains a few Berber loanwords which represent 2–3% of the vocabulary of Libyan Arabic, 8–9% of Algerian and Tunisian Arabic, and 10–15% of Moroccan Arabic.[4][8] The dialect may also possess a substratum of Punic.[9]
Latin substratumEdit
Additionally, Maghrebi Arabic has a Latin substratum, which may have been derived from the African Romance that was used as an urban lingua franca during the Byzantine Empire period.[10] Morphologically, this substratum brought the plural noun morphemes -əsh/-osh that are common in northern Moroccan dialects[11] and probably the gender merging in the second person singular of personal pronouns verbs for example in Andalusian Arabic.[12] The lexicon derives many words form Latin, e.g. the Moroccan/Algerian/Tunisian شَاقُور, shāqūr, 'hatchet' from secūris (this could also be derived from Spanish segur);[13] babbūsh: ببوش, lit. 'snail' from babōsus and falus: فلوس, lit. 'chick' from pullus through Berber afullus.[14]
Relationship with other languagesEdit
Maghrebi Arabic speakers frequently borrow words from French (in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia), Spanish (in northern Morocco and northwestern Algerian) and Italian (in Libya and Tunisia) and conjugate them according to the rules of their dialects with some exceptions (like passive voice for example). As it is not always written, there is no standard and it is free to change quickly and to pick up new vocabulary from neighboring languages. This is comparable to the evolution of Middle English after the Norman conquest.
^Darja, Derdja, Derja, Derija or Darija, depending on the region's dialect
ReferencesEdit
^Wehr, Hans (1979). A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic: (Arab.-Engl.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 319. ISBN3447020024. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
^Harrell, Richard Slade (2004). A Dictionary of Moroccan Arabic: Moroccan-English. Georgetown University Press. p. 18. ISBN1589011031. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
^ abElimam, Abdou (2009). Du Punique au Maghribi :Trajectoires d'une langue sémito-méditerranéenne(PDF). Synergies Tunisie.
^ abWexler, Paul (2012-02-01). The Non-Jewish Origins of the Sephardic Jews. State University of New York Press. ISBN978-1-4384-2393-7.
^Borg, Albert; Azzopardi-Alexander, Marie (2013). Maltese. Routledge. p. xiii. ISBN978-1136855283. OCLC 1294538052. OL 37974130M. Wikidata Q117189264. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
^Wehr, Hans (2011). A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic.; Harrell, Richard S. (1966). Dictionary of Moroccan Arabic.
^Tilmatine, Mohand (1999). "Substrat et convergences: Le berbère et l'arabe nord-africain". Estudios de dialectología norteafricana y andalusí (in French). 4: 99–119.
^Benramdane, Farid (1998). "Le maghribi, langue trois fois millénaire de Elimam, Abdou (Éd. ANEP, Alger 1997)". Insaniyat (6): 129–130. doi:10.4000/insaniyat.12102. S2CID 161182954. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
^Sayahi, Lotfi (2014). Diglossia and Language Contact: Language Variation and Change in North Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 26. ISBN978-0521119368. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
^Aguadé, Jorge (2018). The Maghrebi dialects of Arabic. p. 34. doi:10.1093/OSO/9780198701378.003.0002. ISBN978-0-19-870137-8. Wikidata Q117189070. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
^Corriente, Federico (29 September 2012). A Descriptive and Comparative Grammar of Andalusi Arabic. pp. 142–143. ISBN978-90-04-22742-2. OL 25253097M. Wikidata Q117189169.
^Cf. Singer, Hans R. (1 June 1984). Grammatik der arabischen Mundart der Medina von Tunis (in German). Berlin, New York City: De Gruyter. p. 129. doi:10.1515/9783110834703. ISBN978-3-11-003435-6. OL 2348842M. Wikidata Q117189196.
^Aguadé, Jorge (2018). The Maghrebi dialects of Arabic. p. 35. doi:10.1093/OSO/9780198701378.003.0002. ISBN978-0-19-870137-8. Wikidata Q117189070. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
Further readingEdit
Singer, Hans-Rudolf (1980) “Das Westarabische oder Maghribinische” in Wolfdietrich Fischer and Otto Jastrow (eds.) Handbuch der arabischen Dialekte. Otto Harrassowitz: Wiesbaden. 249–76.
October 05, 2023
maghrebi, arabic, people, maghrebi, arabs, darja, redirects, here, village, iran, darreh, romanian, village, dârja, panticeu, arabic, ال, لهج, ال, غارب, western, arabic, opposed, eastern, mashriqi, arabic, vernacular, arabic, dialect, continuum, spoken, maghre. For the people see Maghrebi Arabs Darja redirects here For the village in Iran see Darreh Ja For the Romanian village of Darja see Panticeu Maghrebi Arabic Arabic ال لهج ة ال م غارب ي ة Western Arabic as opposed to Eastern or Mashriqi Arabic is a vernacular Arabic dialect continuum spoken in the Maghreb western Islamic Africa and in the past Islamic Iberia and Sicily It includes Moroccan Algerian Tunisian Libyan Hassaniya Maltese and previously Andalusi and Siculo Arabic It is known locally as ad Darija a Arabic الدارجة meaning common or everyday dialect 1 This serves to differentiate the spoken vernacular from Standard Arabic 2 Maghrebi Arabic has a predominantly Semitic and Arabic vocabulary 3 although it contains a few Berber loanwords which represent 2 3 of the vocabulary of Libyan Arabic 8 9 of Algerian and Tunisian Arabic and 10 15 of Moroccan Arabic 4 The Maltese language is believed to have its source in a language spoken in Muslim Sicily that ultimately originates from Tunisia as it contains some typical Maghrebi Arabic areal characteristics 5 Maghrebi ArabicDarija Western ArabicNorth African Arabicاللهجات المغاربيةRegionMaghrebLanguage familyAfro Asiatic SemiticCentral SemiticArabicMaghrebi ArabicDialectsAlgerian Arabic Moroccan Arabic Libyan Arabic Tunisian Arabic Jebli Arabic Jijel Arabic Hassaniya Arabic Saharan Arabic Andalusi Arabic Siculo Arabic Evolved Into Maltese Writing systemArabic abjadLanguage codesISO 639 3 Glottolognort3191 Contents 1 Name 2 Characteristics 2 1 Relationship with Modern Standard Arabic and Berber languages 2 2 Latin substratum 2 3 Relationship with other languages 3 Varieties 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further readingName EditDarija Derija or Delja Arabic الدارجة means everyday colloquial dialect 6 it is also rendered as ed darija derija or darja It refers to any of the varieties of colloquial Maghrebi Arabic Although it is also common in Algeria and Tunisia to refer to the Maghrebi Arabic varieties directly as languages similarly it is also common in Egypt and Lebanon to refer to the Mashriqi Arabic varieties directly as languages For instance Algerian Arabic would be referred as Dzayri Algerian and Tunisian Arabic as Tounsi Tunisian and Egyptian Arabic would be referred as Masri Egyptian and Lebanese Arabic as Lubnani Lebanese In contrast the colloquial dialects of more eastern Arab countries such as Egypt Jordan and Sudan are usually known as al ammiya العامية though Egyptians may also refer to their dialects as al logha d darga Characteristics EditThe varieties of Maghrebi Arabic form a dialect continuum The degree of mutual intelligibility is high between geographically adjacent dialects such as local dialects spoken in Eastern Morocco and Western Algeria or Eastern Algeria and North Tunisia or South Tunisia and Western Libya but lower between dialects that are further apart e g between Moroccan and Tunisian Darija Conversely Moroccan Darija and particularly Algerian Derja cannot be easily understood by Eastern Arabic speakers from Egypt Sudan Levant Iraq and Arabian peninsula in general 7 Maghrebi Arabic continues to evolve by integrating new French or English words notably in technical fields or by replacing old French and Italian Spanish ones with Modern Standard Arabic words within some circles more educated and upper class people who code switch between Maghrebi Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic have more French and Italian Spanish loanwords especially the latter came from the time of al Andalus Maghrebi dialects all use n as the first person singular prefix on verbs distinguishing them from Levantine dialects and Modern Standard Arabic Relationship with Modern Standard Arabic and Berber languages Edit Modern Standard Arabic Arabic الفصحى romanized al fuṣḥa is the primary language used in the government legislation and judiciary of countries in the Maghreb Maghrebi Arabic is mainly a spoken and vernacular dialect although it occasionally appears in entertainment and advertising in urban areas of Algeria Morocco and Tunisia In Algeria where Maghrebi Arabic was taught as a separate subject under French colonization some textbooks in the dialect exist but they are no longer officially endorsed by the Algerian authorities Maghrebi Arabic has a mostly Semitic Arabic vocabulary 3 It contains a few Berber loanwords which represent 2 3 of the vocabulary of Libyan Arabic 8 9 of Algerian and Tunisian Arabic and 10 15 of Moroccan Arabic 4 8 The dialect may also possess a substratum of Punic 9 Latin substratum Edit Additionally Maghrebi Arabic has a Latin substratum which may have been derived from the African Romance that was used as an urban lingua franca during the Byzantine Empire period 10 Morphologically this substratum brought the plural noun morphemes esh osh that are common in northern Moroccan dialects 11 and probably the gender merging in the second person singular of personal pronouns verbs for example in Andalusian Arabic 12 The lexicon derives many words form Latin e g the Moroccan Algerian Tunisian ش اق ور shaqur hatchet from securis this could also be derived from Spanish segur 13 babbush ببوش lit snail from babōsus and falus فلوس lit chick from pullus through Berber afullus 14 Relationship with other languages Edit Maghrebi Arabic speakers frequently borrow words from French in Morocco Algeria and Tunisia Spanish in northern Morocco and northwestern Algerian and Italian in Libya and Tunisia and conjugate them according to the rules of their dialects with some exceptions like passive voice for example As it is not always written there is no standard and it is free to change quickly and to pick up new vocabulary from neighboring languages This is comparable to the evolution of Middle English after the Norman conquest Varieties EditVarieties of Arabic Pre Hilalian Arabic dialects Hilalian dialects Judeo Arabic dialects Koines Algerian Arabic Moroccan Arabic Judeo Moroccan Arabic Tunisian Arabic Libyan Arabic Judeo Tripolitanian Arabic Jebli Arabic Jijel Arabic Andalusi Arabic extinct Siculo Arabic extinct Maltese language descended from Sicilian Arabic but influenced lexically by Sicilian Italian French and more recently English Western Bedouin Hassaniya Arabic Saharan ArabicSee also EditPortals nbsp Africa nbsp Languages Maghrebi Arabs Varieties of Arabic Moroccan Arabic Languages of AfricaNotes Edit Darja Derdja Derja Derija or Darija depending on the region s dialectReferences Edit Wehr Hans 1979 A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic Arab Engl Otto Harrassowitz Verlag p 319 ISBN 3447020024 Retrieved 30 September 2017 Harrell Richard Slade 2004 A Dictionary of Moroccan Arabic Moroccan English Georgetown University Press p 18 ISBN 1589011031 Retrieved 30 September 2017 a b Elimam Abdou 2009 Du Punique au Maghribi Trajectoires d une langue semito mediterraneenne PDF Synergies Tunisie a b Wexler Paul 2012 02 01 The Non Jewish Origins of the Sephardic Jews State University of New York Press ISBN 978 1 4384 2393 7 Borg Albert Azzopardi Alexander Marie 2013 Maltese Routledge p xiii ISBN 978 1136855283 OCLC 1294538052 OL 37974130M Wikidata Q117189264 Retrieved 17 March 2023 Wehr Hans 2011 A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic Harrell Richard S 1966 Dictionary of Moroccan Arabic Zaidan Omar F Callison Burch Chris 2014 Arabic Dialect Identification Computational Linguistics 40 1 171 202 doi 10 1162 COLI a 00169 Tilmatine Mohand 1999 Substrat et convergences Le berbere et l arabe nord africain Estudios de dialectologia norteafricana y andalusi in French 4 99 119 Benramdane Farid 1998 Le maghribi langue trois fois millenaire de Elimam Abdou Ed ANEP Alger 1997 Insaniyat 6 129 130 doi 10 4000 insaniyat 12102 S2CID 161182954 Retrieved 12 February 2015 Sayahi Lotfi 2014 Diglossia and Language Contact Language Variation and Change in North Africa Cambridge University Press p 26 ISBN 978 0521119368 Retrieved 13 December 2017 Aguade Jorge 2018 The Maghrebi dialects of Arabic p 34 doi 10 1093 OSO 9780198701378 003 0002 ISBN 978 0 19 870137 8 Wikidata Q117189070 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a journal ignored help Corriente Federico 29 September 2012 A Descriptive and Comparative Grammar of Andalusi Arabic pp 142 143 ISBN 978 90 04 22742 2 OL 25253097M Wikidata Q117189169 Cf Singer Hans R 1 June 1984 Grammatik der arabischen Mundart der Medina von Tunis in German Berlin New York City De Gruyter p 129 doi 10 1515 9783110834703 ISBN 978 3 11 003435 6 OL 2348842M Wikidata Q117189196 Aguade Jorge 2018 The Maghrebi dialects of Arabic p 35 doi 10 1093 OSO 9780198701378 003 0002 ISBN 978 0 19 870137 8 Wikidata Q117189070 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a journal ignored help Further reading EditSinger Hans Rudolf 1980 Das Westarabische oder Maghribinische in Wolfdietrich Fischer and Otto Jastrow eds Handbuch der arabischen Dialekte Otto Harrassowitz Wiesbaden 249 76 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Maghrebi Arabic amp oldid 1172941160, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
