Ludwig's angina
Ludwig's angina (Latin: Angina ludovici) is a type of severe cellulitis involving the floor of the mouth[2] and is often caused by bacterial sources.[1] Early in the infection, the floor of the mouth raises due to swelling, leading to difficulty swallowing saliva. As a result, patients may present with drooling and difficulty speaking.[3] As the condition worsens, the airway may be compromised and hardening of the spaces on both sides of the tongue may develop.[4] Overall, this condition has a rapid onset over a few hours.
| Ludwig's angina | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Angina Ludovici |
| Swelling in the submandibular area in a person with Ludwig's angina. | |
| Specialty | Otorhinolaryngology, oral and maxillofacial surgery |
| Symptoms | Fever, pain, a raised tongue, trouble swallowing, neck swelling[1] |
| Complications | Airway compromise[1] |
| Usual onset | Rapid[1] |
| Risk factors | Dental infection[1] |
| Diagnostic method | Based on symptoms and examination, CT scan[1] |
| Treatment | Antibiotics, corticosteroids, endotracheal intubation, tracheostomy[1] |
The majority of cases follow a dental infection.[3] Other causes include a parapharyngeal abscess, mandibular fracture, cut or piercing inside the mouth, or submandibular salivary stones.[5] The infection spreads through the connective tissue of the floor of the mouth and is normally caused by infectious and invasive organisms such as Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Bacteroides.[6]
Prevention is by appropriate dental care including management of dental infections. Initial treatment is generally with broad-spectrum antibiotics and corticosteroids.[1] In more advanced cases endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy may be required.[1]
With the advent of antibiotics in 1940s, improved oral and dental hygiene, and more aggressive surgical approaches for treatment, the risk of death due to Ludwig's angina has significantly reduced. It is named after a German physician, Wilhelm Frederick von Ludwig, who first described this condition in 1836.[7]
Signs and symptoms edit
Ludwig's angina is a form of severe, widespread cellulitis of the floor of the mouth, usually with bilateral involvement. Infection is usually primarily within the submandibular space, and the sublingual and submental spaces can also be involved. It presents with an acute onset and spreads very rapidly, therefore early diagnosis and immediate treatment planning is vital and lifesaving.[8] The external signs may include bilateral lower facial swelling around the jaw and upper neck. Signs inside the mouth may include elevation of the floor of mouth due to sublingual space involvement and posterior displacement of the tongue, creating the potential for a compromised airway.[8] Additional symptoms may include painful neck swelling, drooling, tooth pain, dysphagia, shortness of breath, fever, and general malaise.[9] Stridor, trismus, and cyanosis may also be seen when an impending airway crisis is nearing.[9]
Causes edit
The most prevalent cause of Ludwig's angina is dental related,[10] accounting for approximately 75–90% of cases.[10][11][12][13] Infections of the lower second and third molars are usually implicated due to their roots extending below the mylohyoid muscle.[10][14] Periapical abscesses of these teeth also result in lingual cortical penetration, leading to submandibular infection.[10]
Other causes such as oral ulcerations, infections secondary to oral malignancy, mandible fractures, sialolithiasis-related submandibular gland infections,[10] and penetrating injuries of the mouth floor[15] have also been documented as potential causes of Ludwig's angina. Patients with systemic illness, such as diabetes mellitus, malnutrition, compromised immune system, and organ transplantation are also commonly predisposed to Ludwig's angina.[13] A review reporting the incidence of illnesses associated with Ludwig angina found that 18% of cases involved diabetes mellitus, 9% involved acquired immune deficiency syndrome, and another 5% were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive.[16]
Diagnosis edit
Infections originating in the roots of teeth can be identified with a dental X-ray.[17][18] A CT scan of the neck with contrast material is used to identify deep neck space infections.[19] If there is suspicion of the infection of the chest cavity, a chest scan is sometimes done.[18]
Angioneurotic oedema,[20] lingual carcinoma and sublingual hematoma formation following anticoagulation should be ruled out as possible diagnoses.[19]
Microbiology edit
There are a few methods that can be used for determining the microbiology of Ludwig's angina. Traditionally, a culture sample is collected although it has some limitations, primarily being the time-consuming and sometimes unreliable results if the culture is not processed correctly.[21] Ludwig's angina is most often found to be polymicrobial and anaerobic.[2][22] Some of the commonly found microbes are Viridans streptococci, Staphylococci, Peptostreptococci, Prevotella, Porphyromonas and Fusobacterium.[2][22]
Treatment edit
For each patient, the treatment plan should be consider the patient's stage of infection, airway control, and comorbidities. Other things to consider include physician experience, available resources, and personnel are critical factors in formulation of a treatment plan.[23] There are four principles that guide the treatment of Ludwig's angina:[24] Sufficient airway management, early and aggressive antibiotic therapy, incision and drainage for any who fail medical management or form localized abscesses, and adequate nutrition and hydration support.
Airway management edit
Airway management has been found to be the most important factor in treating patients with Ludwig's angina,[25] i.e. it is the "primary therapeutic concern".[26] Airway compromise is known to be the leading cause of death from Ludwig's angina.[5]
- The basic method to achieve this is to allow the patient to sit in an upright position with supplemental oxygen provided by masks or nasal prongs.[25] Patient's airway can rapidly deteriorate and therefore close observation and preparation for more invasive methods such as endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy[25] if needed is vital.
- If the oxygen saturation levels are adequate and antimicrobials have been given, simple airway observation can be done.[25] This is a suitable method to adopt in the management of children, as a retrospective study described that only 10% of children required airway control. However, a tracheostomy was performed on 52% of those affected with Ludwig's angina over 15 years old.[27]
- If more invasive or surgical airway control is necessary, there are multiple things to consider[5]
- Flexible nasotracheal intubation require skills and experience.[5]
- If nasotracheal intubation is not possible, cricothyrotomy and tracheostomy under local anaesthetic can be done. This procedure is carried out on patients with advanced stage of Ludwig's angina.[5]
- Endotracheal intubation has been found to be in association with high failure rate with acute deterioration in respiratory status.[5]
- Elective tracheostomy is described as a safer and more logical method of airway management in patients with fully developed Ludwig's angina.[28]
- Fibre-optic nasoendoscopy can also be used, especially for patients with floor of mouth swellings.[25]
Antibiotics edit
- Antibiotic therapy is empirical, it is given until culture and sensitivity results are obtained.[25] The empirical therapy should be effective against both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria species commonly involved in Ludwig's angina.[25] Only when culture and sensitivity results return should therapy be tailored to the specific requirements of the patient.[25]
- Empirical coverage should consist of either a penicillin with a B-lactamase inhibitor such as amoxicillin/ticarcillin with clavulanic acid or a Beta-lactamase resistant antibiotic such as cefoxitin, cefuroxime, imipenem or meropenem.[25] This should be given in combination with a drug effective against anaerobes such as clindamycin or metronidazole.[25]
- Parenteral antibiotics are suggested until the patient is no longer febrile for at least 48 hours.[25] Oral therapy can then commence to last for two weeks, with amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or metronidazole.[25]
Incision and drainage edit
- Surgical incision and drainage are the main methods in managing severe and complicated deep neck infections that fail to respond to medical management within 48 hours.[25]
- It is indicated in cases of:[25]
- Airway compromise
- Septicaemia
- Deteriorating condition
- Descending infection
- Diabetes mellitus
- Palpable or radiographic evidence of abscess formation
- Bilateral submandibular incisions should be carried out in addition to a midline submental incision. Access to the supramylohyoid spaces can be gained by blunt dissection through the mylohyoid muscle from below.[25]
- Penrose drains are recommended in both supramylohyoid and inframylohyoid spaces bilaterally. In addition, through and through drains from the submandibular space to the submental space on both sides should be placed as well.[25]
- The incision and drainage process is completed with the debridement of necrotic tissue and thorough irrigation.[25]
- It is necessary to mark drains in order to identify their location. They should be sutured with loops as well so it will be possible to advance them without re-anaesthetizing the patient while drains are re-sutured to the skin.[25]
- An absorbent dressing is then applied. A bandnet dressing retainer can be constructed so as to prevent the use of tape.[25]
Other things to consider edit
Nutritional support edit
Adequate nutrition and hydration support is essential in any patient following surgery, particularly young children.[24] In this case, pain and swelling in the neck region would usually cause difficulties in eating or swallowing, hence reducing patient's food and fluid intake. Patients must therefore be well-nourished and hydrated to promote wound healing and to fight off infection.[29]
Post-operative care edit
Extubation, which is the removal of endotracheal tube to liberate the patient from mechanical ventilation, should only be done when the patient's airway is proved to be patent, allowing adequate breathing. This is indicated by a decrease in swelling and patient's capability of breathing adequately around an uncuffed endotracheal tube with the lumen blocked.[29]
During the hospital stay, patient's condition will be closely monitored by:
- carrying out cultures and sensitivity tests to decide if any changes need to be made to patient's antibiotic course
- observing for signs of further infection or sepsis including fevers, hypotension, and tachycardia
- monitoring patient's white blood cell count – a decrease implies effective and sufficient drainage
- repeating CT scans to prove patient's restored health status or if infection extends, the anatomical areas that are affected.[29]
Etymology edit
The term "angina", is derived from the Latin word angere, which means "choke"; and the Greek word ankhone, which means "strangle". Placing it into context, Ludwig's angina refers to the feeling of strangling and choking, secondary to obstruction of the airway, which is the most serious potential complication of this condition.[22]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Gottlieb, M; Long, B; Koyfman, A (May 2018). "Clinical Mimics: An Emergency Medicine-Focused Review of Streptococcal Pharyngitis Mimics". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 54 (5): 619–629. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.01.031. PMID 29523424.
- ^ a b c Candamourty R, Venkatachalam S, Babu MR, Kumar GS (July 2012). "Ludwig's Angina - An emergency: A case report with literature review". Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine. 3 (2): 206–8. doi:10.4103/0976-9668.101932. PMC 3510922. PMID 23225990.
- ^ a b Coulthard P, Horner K, Sloan P, Theaker ED (2013-05-17). Master dentistry (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7020-4600-1. OCLC 786161764.
- ^ Kremer MJ, Blair T (December 2006). "Ludwig angina: forewarned is forearmed". AANA Journal. 74 (6): 445–51. PMID 17236391.
- ^ a b c d e f Saifeldeen K, Evans R (March 2004). "Ludwig's angina". Emergency Medicine Journal. 21 (2): 242–3. doi:10.1136/emj.2003.012336. PMC 1726306. PMID 14988363.
- ^ The atlas of emergency medicine. Kevin J. Knoop, Lawrence B Stack, Alan B Storrow, R. Jason Thurman (Fifth ed.). New York. 2021. ISBN 978-1-260-13495-7. OCLC 1145903874.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Murphy SC (October 1996). "The person behind the eponym: Wilhelm Frederick von Ludwig (1790-1865)". Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine. 25 (9): 513–5. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0714.1996.tb00307.x. PMID 8959561.
- ^ a b Candamourty, Ramesh; Venkatachalam, Suresh; Babu, M. R. Ramesh; Kumar, G. Suresh (2012). "Ludwig's Angina – An emergency: A case report with literature review". Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine. 3 (2): 206–208. doi:10.4103/0976-9668.101932. ISSN 0976-9668. PMC 3510922. PMID 23225990.
- ^ a b Saifeldeen, K.; Evans, R. (2004-03-01). "Ludwig's angina". Emergency Medicine Journal. 21 (2): 242–243. doi:10.1136/emj.2003.012336. ISSN 1472-0205. PMC 1726306. PMID 14988363.
- ^ a b c d e Current therapy in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Bagheri, Shahrokh C., Bell, R. Bryan., Khan, Husain Ali. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. 2012. ISBN 9781416025276. OCLC 757994410.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Moreland, L. W.; Corey, J.; McKenzie, R. (February 1988). "Ludwig's angina. Report of a case and review of the literature". Archives of Internal Medicine. 148 (2): 461–466. doi:10.1001/archinte.1988.00380020205027. ISSN 0003-9926. PMID 3277567.
- ^ Sethi, D. S.; Stanley, R. E. (February 1994). "Deep neck abscesses--changing trends". The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 108 (2): 138–143. doi:10.1017/S0022215100126106. ISSN 0022-2151. PMID 8163915. S2CID 45325553.
- ^ a b Chou, Yu-Kung; Lee, Chao-Yi; Chao, Hai-Hsuan (December 2007). "An upper airway obstruction emergency: Ludwig angina". Pediatric Emergency Care. 23 (12): 892–896. doi:10.1097/pec.0b013e31815c9d4a. ISSN 1535-1815. PMID 18091599. S2CID 2891390.
- ^ Prince, Jim McMorran, Damian Crowther, Stew McMorran, Steve Youngmin, Ian Wacogne, Jon Pleat, Clive. "Ludwig's angina - General Practice Notebook". gpnotebook.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-02-17.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Peterson's Principles of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2nd Ed 2004". Scribd. Retrieved 2018-02-17.
- ^ Moreland, Larry W. (1988-02-01). "Ludwig's Angina". Archives of Internal Medicine. 148 (2): 461–6. doi:10.1001/archinte.1988.00380020205027. ISSN 0003-9926. PMID 3277567.
- ^ Spitalnic SJ, Sucov A (July 1995). "Ludwig's angina: case report and review". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 13 (4): 499–503. doi:10.1016/0736-4679(95)80007-7. PMID 7594369.
- ^ a b Bagheri SC (2014). Clinical Review of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: A Case-Based Approach (Second ed.). St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier. pp. 95–118. ISBN 978-0-323-17127-4.
- ^ a b Crespo AN, Chone CT, Fonseca AS, Montenegro MC, Pereira R, Milani JA (November 2004). "Clinical versus computed tomography evaluation in the diagnosis and management of deep neck infection". Sao Paulo Medical Journal. 122 (6): 259–63. doi:10.1590/S1516-31802004000600006. PMID 15692720.
- ^ Ohn, May H.; Wadhwa, Roopma (2021), "Angioneurotic Edema", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 32809446, retrieved 2021-11-15
- ^ Siqueira JF, Rôças IN (April 2013). "Microbiology and treatment of acute apical abscesses". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 26 (2): 255–73. doi:10.1128/CMR.00082-12. PMC 3623375. PMID 23554416.
- ^ a b c Costain N, Marrie TJ (February 2011). "Ludwig's Angina". The American Journal of Medicine. 124 (2): 115–7. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.08.004. PMID 20961522.
- ^ Shockley WW (May 1999). "Ludwig angina: a review of current airway management". Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery. 125 (5): 600. doi:10.1001/archotol.125.5.600. PMID 10326825.
- ^ a b c Chou YK, Lee CY, Chao HH (December 2007). "An upper airway obstruction emergency: Ludwig angina". Pediatric Emergency Care. 23 (12): 892–6. doi:10.1097/pec.0b013e31815c9d4a. PMID 18091599. S2CID 2891390.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Bagheri SC, Bell RB, Khan HA (2011). Current Therapy in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 1092–1098. ISBN 978-1-4160-2527-6.
- ^ Moreland LW, Corey J, McKenzie R (February 1988). "Ludwig's angina. Report of a case and review of the literature". Archives of Internal Medicine. 148 (2): 461–6. doi:10.1001/archinte.1988.00380020205027. PMID 3277567.
- ^ Kurien M, Mathew J, Job A, Zachariah N (June 1997). "Ludwig's angina". Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 22 (3): 263–5. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2273.1997.00014.x. PMID 9222634.
- ^ Parhiscar A, Har-El G (November 2001). "Deep neck abscess: a retrospective review of 210 cases". The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 110 (11): 1051–4. doi:10.1177/000348940111001111. PMID 11713917. S2CID 40027551.
- ^ a b c Bagheri SC, Bell RB, Khan HA (2012). Current Therapy in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4160-2527-6. OCLC 757994410.