Adults have short thin necks and legs, with a large head. The top of head and lower fore-neck are grey with a black streak centrally located on the chin and a small white shoulder strap on each side of the base neck.[4] The upper parts of the bird are pale with black streaks and arrowhead markings.[4] Bill is yellowish, the culmen brownish, the iris pale clayey specked with feet a yellowish clayey colour.[4] Wings are 10 inches and tail approximately 5.[4] The terminal thirds of their feathers are pale beige which creates a visual distinction between their quills and the rest of the upper parts.[4] Flight feathers are blackish with slender beige bars and the tips black.[4] Males have completely black underparts and show a tuft of rufous feathers on their nape during display.[5] Females look visually similar to males however, lack the blue-grey and black markings on their head.[4] Females have a white throat and the black underparts restricted to the belly.[3]
Taxonomyedit
The evolutionary relationships within the Otididae family evolution are still speculated, making their taxonomic levels ranging from subspecies to genera have some uncertainties.[6] The Savile's bustard belongs in the genus Lophotis, but was previously thought of belonging to the genus Eupodotis.[6] The Lophotis family has high conflict for its phylogenetic affinity.[6]
The Savile's bustard was discovered by Admiral Lynes and named after a former Governor of the Province of Darfur, Colonel R. V. Savile.[4]
Habitat and distributionedit
Found in the hotspots of the Bustard species which includes arid and semi-arid habitats.[7][8] They live in bush and light woodland, near dried pools and clearings, and flat shrubs with Aristida grass and Acacia raddiana.[8][9] This is similar to the rest of the family Otididae, which typically live in temperate and tropical lowland dry grassland habitats.[6]
Found in SW Mauritania and Senegal E through Mali, Burkina Faso, SW Niger, NE Nigeria, and Chad to C Sudan.[8] The Savile's bustard used to be thought as restricted to the Sahel biome but has now been seen to have expanded southwards.[3]
Behaviouredit
Vocalizationsedit
Savile's bustard has a clear and distinctive call, sounding like a whistled 'tuit thit'.[10] Males during display produce a short whistled note followed by a series of short whistles, which often accelerate, tuit! tutututututututut or thut thut-thut-thut-thutututututut.[10][5] They can also produce a series of frog-like notes in the same rhythm.[5]
Dietedit
Not much is known about this bustard's diet however it has been seen to be an important bird predator species to the grasshopper species, Senegalese Grasshopper in Senegal.[11]
Matingedit
The family Otididae exhibit lekking behaviour, with most species using exploding leks as their main mating strategy.[12][13] In exploding lekking, the males are further away from one another compared to traditionally in a classic lekking strategy.[10] In a few species of Otididae that have been studied, there does not appear to be any male parental care and males are thought to be displaying solitary or in dispersed groups during the breeding seasons.[12]
Movementedit
Savile's bustard is mostly a sedentary species however it has been noted that in the dry season (December–May) of the Park W in Niger they mov north out of Nigeria when it rains and in order to breed.[8] When they do move it is individually or in pairs in arid and semi-arid habitats.[5] They are relatively secretive and only fly infrequently and only for short distances.[5] This bustard freezes still when they are avoiding being detected by predators.[5]
Conservation statusedit
According to the IUCN Red List, the Savile's bustard is listed as least concern with their population trend being stable.[14] Due to this species large range, relatively high population densities, and no evidence of declines or substantial threats, it is not considered threatened.[14] It appears to be fairly common in the Yankuri Game Reserve, Nigeria.[10] The species was first recorded in N Cameroon in Nov 1995 [10] and in The Gambia in Sept 1996,[10] and in N Benin in Jan 2005.[15]
Despite this species having a stable population trend, many bustard species populations are at risk and declining due to agricultural changes, overgrazing, hunting, trapping, habitat loss, and droughts.[16]
Referencesedit
^BirdLife International (2017). "Lophotis savilei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22691955A118859689. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22691955A118859689.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
^ abcPetersen, B.S; Christensken, K.D; Jensen, F.P (2007). "Bird population densities along two precipitation gradients in Senegal and Niger" (PDF). Malimbus. 29 (2): 101–121.
^ abcdefghBowen, W. Wedgwood (1925). "The Game-Birds and Water-Fowl of the Sudan". University of Khartoum. 8: 85–95. JSTOR 41715518 – via JSTOR.
^ abcdefCollar, Nigel; Garcia, Ernest (2020-03-04). Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.). "Savile's Bustard (Eupodotis savilei)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.savbus1.01. S2CID 241875489.
^ abcdPitra, Christian; Lieckfeldt, Dietmar; Frahnert, Sylke; Fickel, Joerns (2002). "Phylogenetic Relationships and Ancestral Areas of the Bustards (Gruiformes: Otididae), Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA and Nuclear Intron Sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 (1): 63–74. doi:10.1006/mpev.2001.1078. PMID 12182403.
^Moreira, Francisco (2004). "Distribution patterns and conservation status of four bustard species (Family Otididae) in a montane grassland of South Africa". Biological Conservation. 118 (1): 91–100. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2003.07.011.
^ abcdDa'an, Samson (2010). "Increased Abundance of Savile's Bustard Lophotis Savilei in East-Central Nigeria" (PDF). Malimbus: 103–04.
^Borrow, Nik; Demey, Ron (2004). Birds of Western Africa. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN9780691123219.
^ abcdefPayne, R.B; Payne, L.L; Barlow, C. R (1997). "Observation of Savile's Bustard Eupodotis savilei in The Gambia" (PDF). Malimbus. 19: 97–99.
^Axelsen, J⊘rgen Aagaard; Petersen, Bo Svenning; Maiga, Idrissa Halidou; Niassy, Abdoulaye; Badji, Kemo; Ouambama, Zakaria; S⊘nderskov, Mette; Kooyman, Christiaan (2009). "Simulation studies of Senegalese Grasshopper ecosystem interactions II: the role of egg pod predators and birds". International Journal of Pest Management. 55 (2): 99–112. doi:10.1080/09670870802617171. ISSN 0967-0874. S2CID 84759631.
^ abB., Morales, M. (2001). Exploded leks: what bustards can teach us. OCLC 704104429.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Riou, Samuel; Combreau, Olivier (2014-05-23). "Male territories and the lek-like mating system of MacQueen's Bustard Chlamydotis macqueenii". Journal of Ornithology. 155 (4): 959–967. doi:10.1007/s10336-014-1082-4. ISSN 2193-7192. S2CID 17896854.
^ ab"Lophotis savilei: BirdLife International". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2017-1.rlts.t22691955a111720426.en. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
^Dowsett-Lemaire, Francois; Robert J, Dowsett (2015). "Exploration ornithologique du Bénin en mars-mai 2015" (PDF). Dowsett-Lemaire Misc. 84: 17.
^Bailey, T. A.; Samour, J. H.; Naldo, J.; Howlett, J. C.; Tarik, M. (1996). "Causes of Morbidity in Bustards in the United Arab Emirates". Avian Diseases. 40 (1): 121–129. doi:10.2307/1592381. ISSN 0005-2086. JSTOR 1592381. PMID 8713025.
BirdLife International 2004. Eupodotis savilei. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 24 July 2007.
October 30, 2023
savile, bustard, lophotis, savilei, species, bird, family, otididae, otididae, world, understudied, family, birds, mostly, found, afro, tropical, regions, found, burkina, faso, cameroon, chad, ivory, coast, gambia, mali, mauritania, niger, nigeria, senegal, su. Savile s bustard Lophotis savilei is a species of bird in the family Otididae Otididae are an Old World and understudied family of birds mostly found in Afro Tropical regions 3 It is found in Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Ivory Coast Gambia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal and Sudan Savile s bustardConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 CITES Appendix II CITES 2 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClade DinosauriaClass AvesOrder OtidiformesFamily OtididaeGenus LophotisSpecies L savileiBinomial nameLophotis savileiLynes 1920 Range of Lophotis savilei Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 3 Habitat and distribution 4 Behaviour 4 1 Vocalizations 4 2 Diet 4 3 Mating 4 4 Movement 5 Conservation status 6 ReferencesDescription editAdults have short thin necks and legs with a large head The top of head and lower fore neck are grey with a black streak centrally located on the chin and a small white shoulder strap on each side of the base neck 4 The upper parts of the bird are pale with black streaks and arrowhead markings 4 Bill is yellowish the culmen brownish the iris pale clayey specked with feet a yellowish clayey colour 4 Wings are 10 inches and tail approximately 5 4 The terminal thirds of their feathers are pale beige which creates a visual distinction between their quills and the rest of the upper parts 4 Flight feathers are blackish with slender beige bars and the tips black 4 Males have completely black underparts and show a tuft of rufous feathers on their nape during display 5 Females look visually similar to males however lack the blue grey and black markings on their head 4 Females have a white throat and the black underparts restricted to the belly 3 Taxonomy editThe evolutionary relationships within the Otididae family evolution are still speculated making their taxonomic levels ranging from subspecies to genera have some uncertainties 6 The Savile s bustard belongs in the genus Lophotis but was previously thought of belonging to the genus Eupodotis 6 The Lophotis family has high conflict for its phylogenetic affinity 6 The Savile s bustard was discovered by Admiral Lynes and named after a former Governor of the Province of Darfur Colonel R V Savile 4 Habitat and distribution editFound in the hotspots of the Bustard species which includes arid and semi arid habitats 7 8 They live in bush and light woodland near dried pools and clearings and flat shrubs with Aristida grass and Acacia raddiana 8 9 This is similar to the rest of the family Otididae which typically live in temperate and tropical lowland dry grassland habitats 6 Found in SW Mauritania and Senegal E through Mali Burkina Faso SW Niger NE Nigeria and Chad to C Sudan 8 The Savile s bustard used to be thought as restricted to the Sahel biome but has now been seen to have expanded southwards 3 Behaviour editVocalizations edit Savile s bustard has a clear and distinctive call sounding like a whistled tuit thit 10 Males during display produce a short whistled note followed by a series of short whistles which often accelerate tuit tutututututututut or thut thut thut thut thutututututut 10 5 They can also produce a series of frog like notes in the same rhythm 5 Diet edit Not much is known about this bustard s diet however it has been seen to be an important bird predator species to the grasshopper species Senegalese Grasshopper in Senegal 11 Mating edit The family Otididae exhibit lekking behaviour with most species using exploding leks as their main mating strategy 12 13 In exploding lekking the males are further away from one another compared to traditionally in a classic lekking strategy 10 In a few species of Otididae that have been studied there does not appear to be any male parental care and males are thought to be displaying solitary or in dispersed groups during the breeding seasons 12 Movement edit Savile s bustard is mostly a sedentary species however it has been noted that in the dry season December May of the Park W in Niger they mov north out of Nigeria when it rains and in order to breed 8 When they do move it is individually or in pairs in arid and semi arid habitats 5 They are relatively secretive and only fly infrequently and only for short distances 5 This bustard freezes still when they are avoiding being detected by predators 5 Conservation status editAccording to the IUCN Red List the Savile s bustard is listed as least concern with their population trend being stable 14 Due to this species large range relatively high population densities and no evidence of declines or substantial threats it is not considered threatened 14 It appears to be fairly common in the Yankuri Game Reserve Nigeria 10 The species was first recorded in N Cameroon in Nov 1995 10 and in The Gambia in Sept 1996 10 and in N Benin in Jan 2005 15 Despite this species having a stable population trend many bustard species populations are at risk and declining due to agricultural changes overgrazing hunting trapping habitat loss and droughts 16 References edit BirdLife International 2017 Lophotis savilei IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017 e T22691955A118859689 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2017 3 RLTS T22691955A118859689 en Retrieved 17 November 2021 Appendices CITES cites org Retrieved 2022 01 14 a b c Petersen B S Christensken K D Jensen F P 2007 Bird population densities along two precipitation gradients in Senegal and Niger PDF Malimbus 29 2 101 121 a b c d e f g h Bowen W Wedgwood 1925 The Game Birds and Water Fowl of the Sudan University of Khartoum 8 85 95 JSTOR 41715518 via JSTOR a b c d e f Collar Nigel Garcia Ernest 2020 03 04 Del Hoyo Josep Elliott Andrew Sargatal Jordi Christie David De Juana Eduardo eds Savile s Bustard Eupodotis savilei Birds of the World doi 10 2173 bow savbus1 01 S2CID 241875489 a b c d Pitra Christian Lieckfeldt Dietmar Frahnert Sylke Fickel Joerns 2002 Phylogenetic Relationships and Ancestral Areas of the Bustards Gruiformes Otididae Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA and Nuclear Intron Sequences Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 23 1 63 74 doi 10 1006 mpev 2001 1078 PMID 12182403 Moreira Francisco 2004 Distribution patterns and conservation status of four bustard species Family Otididae in a montane grassland of South Africa Biological Conservation 118 1 91 100 doi 10 1016 j biocon 2003 07 011 a b c d Da an Samson 2010 Increased Abundance of Savile s Bustard Lophotis Savilei in East Central Nigeria PDF Malimbus 103 04 Borrow Nik Demey Ron 2004 Birds of Western Africa New Jersey Princeton University Press ISBN 9780691123219 a b c d e f Payne R B Payne L L Barlow C R 1997 Observation of Savile s Bustard Eupodotis savilei in The Gambia PDF Malimbus 19 97 99 Axelsen J rgen Aagaard Petersen Bo Svenning Maiga Idrissa Halidou Niassy Abdoulaye Badji Kemo Ouambama Zakaria S nderskov Mette Kooyman Christiaan 2009 Simulation studies of Senegalese Grasshopper ecosystem interactions II the role of egg pod predators and birds International Journal of Pest Management 55 2 99 112 doi 10 1080 09670870802617171 ISSN 0967 0874 S2CID 84759631 a b B Morales M 2001 Exploded leks what bustards can teach us OCLC 704104429 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Riou Samuel Combreau Olivier 2014 05 23 Male territories and the lek like mating system of MacQueen s Bustard Chlamydotis macqueenii Journal of Ornithology 155 4 959 967 doi 10 1007 s10336 014 1082 4 ISSN 2193 7192 S2CID 17896854 a b Lophotis savilei BirdLife International IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 10 01 doi 10 2305 iucn uk 2017 1 rlts t22691955a111720426 en Retrieved 2021 11 13 Dowsett Lemaire Francois Robert J Dowsett 2015 Exploration ornithologique du Benin en mars mai 2015 PDF Dowsett Lemaire Misc 84 17 Bailey T A Samour J H Naldo J Howlett J C Tarik M 1996 Causes of Morbidity in Bustards in the United Arab Emirates Avian Diseases 40 1 121 129 doi 10 2307 1592381 ISSN 0005 2086 JSTOR 1592381 PMID 8713025 BirdLife International 2004 Eupodotis savilei 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Downloaded on 24 July 2007 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Savile 27s bustard amp oldid 1175197525, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
