fbpx
Wikipedia

Northern leopard frog

January 01, 1970

Lithobates pipiens[1][2][3][4] formerly Rana pipiens,[5][6] commonly known as the northern leopard frog, is a species of leopard frog from the true frog family, native to parts of Canada and the United States. It is the state amphibian of Minnesota and Vermont.

Northern leopard frog
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Ranidae
Genus: Lithobates
Species:
L. pipiens
Binomial name
Lithobates pipiens
(Schreber, 1782)
Range of L. pipiens

Description edit

 
Young northern leopard frog

The northern leopard frog is a fairly large species of frog, reaching about 11 cm (4.3 in) in snout-to-vent length. It varies from green to brown in dorsal color, with large, dark, circular spots on its back, sides, and legs.[7] Each spot is normally bordered by a lighter ring. A pair of dorsolateral folds starting from the back of the eye runs parallel to each other down the back. These dorsolateral folds are often lighter or occasionally pinkish in colour. Also, a pale stripe runs from the nostril, under the eye and tympanum, terminating at the shoulder. The ventral surface is white or pale green. The iris is golden and toes are webbed.

Tadpoles are dark brown or grey, with light blotches on the underside. The tail is pale tan.

Color variations edit

 
Two burnsi morphs, a green morph, and a brown morph of the northern leopard frog
 
Brown morph northern leopard frog in a wood chip pile in Iowa

The northern leopard frog has several different color variations, with the most common two being the green and the brown morphs, with another morph known as the burnsi morph. Individuals with the burnsi morph coloration lack spots on their backs, but may or may not retain them on their legs. They can be bright green or brown and have yellow dorsal folds.[8] Albinism also appears in this species, but is very rare.

Ecology and behavior edit

 
Near Welland Canal, Ontario

Northern leopard frogs have a wide range of habitats. They are found in permanent ponds, swamps, marshes, and slow-moving streams throughout forest, open, and urban areas.[9] They normally inhabit water bodies with abundant aquatic vegetation. In the summer, they often abandon ponds and move to grassy areas and lawns. They are well adapted to cold and can be found above 3,000 m (9,800 ft) above mean sea level. Males make a short, snore-like call from water during spring and summer. The northern leopard frog breeds in the spring (March–June). Up to 6500 eggs are laid in water, and tadpoles complete development within the breeding pond. Tadpoles are light brown with black spots, and development takes 70–110 days, depending on conditions. Metamorph frogs are 2–3 cm (0.79–1.18 in) long and resemble the adult.

This species was once quite common through parts of western Canada and the United States until declines started occurring during the 1970s. Although the definitive cause of this decline is unknown, habitat loss and fragmentation, environmental contaminants, introduced fish, drought, and disease have been proposed as mechanisms of decline and are likely preventing species' recovery in many areas.[7] Many populations of northern leopard frogs have not yet recovered from these declines.

Northern leopard frogs are preyed upon by many different animals, such as snakes, raccoons, other frogs, and even humans. They do not produce distasteful skin secretions and rely on speed to evade predation.

They eat a wide variety of animals, including crickets, flies, worms, and smaller frogs. Using their large mouths, they can even swallow birds and garter snakes. In one case, a bat was recorded as prey of this frog.[10] This species is similar to the pickerel frog (Lithobates palustris) and the southern leopard frog (Lithobates sphenocephalus).

Research edit

Medical edit

The northern leopard frog produces specific ribonucleases to its oocytes. Those enzymes are potential drugs for cancer. One such molecule, called ranpirnase (onconase), is in clinical trials as a treatment for pleural mesothelioma and lung tumors. Another, amphinase, has been described as a potential treatment for brain tumors.[11]

Neuroscience edit

The northern leopard frog has been a preferred species for making discoveries about basic properties of neurons since the 1950s. The neuromuscular junction of the sciatic nerve fibers of the sartorius muscle of this frog has been the source of initial data about the nervous system.[12][13][14][15][16][17][18]

Muscle physiology and biomechanics edit

The northern leopard frog is a popular species for in vitro experiments in muscle physiology and biomechanics due to the ease of accessibility for investigators in its native range and the ability of the sartorius muscle to stay alive in vitro for several hours. Furthermore, the reliance of the frog on two major modes of locomotion (jumping and swimming) allows for understanding how muscle properties contribute to organismal performance in each of these modes.

Range edit

Northern leopard frogs occur from Great Slave Lake and Hudson Bay, Canada, south to Kentucky and New Mexico, USA.[19][20] It is also found in Panama, where it is endemic to the central cordillera and western Pacific lowlands, although this is most likely an undescribed species.[1] They occupy grasslands, lakeshores, and marshes.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2022). "Lithobates pipiens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T79079800A3072377. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  2. ^ Frost, Darrel (2011). "American Museum of Natural History: Amphibian Species of the World 5.5, an Online Reference". Herpetology. The American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
  3. ^ Frost, D.-R.; et al. (2009). "Response to the Point Of View of Gregory B. Pauly, David M. Hillis, and David C. Cannatella, by the Anuran Subcommittee of the SSRA/HL/ASIH Scientific and Standard English Names List". Herpetologica. 65 (2): 136–153. doi:10.1655/09-009R1.1. S2CID 55147982.
  4. ^ Integrated Taxonomic Information System [Internet] 2012. Lithobates pipiens [updated 2012 Sept; cited 2012 Dec 26] Available from: www.itis.gov/
  5. ^ Hillis & Wilcox (2005), Hillis (2007), Stuart (2008), Pauly et al. (2009), AmphibiaWeb (2016)
  6. ^ Yuan, Z.-Y.; et al. (2016). "Spatiotemporal diversification of the true frogs (genus Rana): A historical framework for a widely studied group of model organisms". Systematic Biology. 65 (5): 824–42. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syw055. PMID 27288482.
  7. ^ a b , National Geographic. Retrieved 2015-03-28
  8. ^ "Northern Leopard Frog Rana pipens". HerpNet. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
  9. ^ Northern Leopard Frog (Lithobates pipiens), Nevada Fish and Wildlife Office. Retrieved 2015-03-28.
  10. ^ Mikula, P (2015). "Fish and amphibians as bat predators". European Journal of Ecology. 1 (1): 71–80. doi:10.1515/eje-2015-0010.
  11. ^ Frog molecule could provide drug treatment for brain tumors
  12. ^ Fatt, P; Katz, B (1952). "Spontaneous subthreshold activity at motor nerve endings". The Journal of Physiology. 117 (1): 109–28. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004735. PMC 1392564. PMID 14946732.
  13. ^ Del Castillo, J; Katz, B (1954). "Quantal components of the end-plate potential". The Journal of Physiology. 124 (3): 560–73. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1954.sp005129. PMC 1366292. PMID 13175199.
  14. ^ Lettvin, J.Y.; Maturana, H.R.; McCulloch, W.S.; Pitts, W.H. (1959). "What the Frog's Eye Tells the Frog's Brain". Proceedings of the IRE. 47 (11): 1940–51. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1959.287207. S2CID 8739509.
  15. ^ Katz, B; Miledi, R (1965). "The Measurement of Synaptic Delay, and the Time Course of Acetylcholine Release at the Neuromuscular Junction". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. 161 (985): 483–95. Bibcode:1965RSPSB.161..483K. doi:10.1098/rspb.1965.0016. PMID 14278409. S2CID 8663912.
  16. ^ Kuffler, SW; Yoshikami, D (1975). "The number of transmitter molecules in a quantum: An estimate from iontophoretic application of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular synapse". The Journal of Physiology. 251 (2): 465–82. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1975.sp011103. PMC 1348438. PMID 171380.
  17. ^ Hille, B (1967). "The selective inhibition of delayed potassium currents in nerve by tetraethylammonium ion". The Journal of General Physiology. 50 (5): 1287–302. doi:10.1085/jgp.50.5.1287. PMC 2225709. PMID 6033586.
  18. ^ Anderson, CR; Stevens, CF (1973). "Voltage clamp analysis of acetylcholine produced end-plate current fluctuations at frog neuromuscular junction". The Journal of Physiology. 235 (3): 655–91. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1973.sp010410. PMC 1350786. PMID 4543940.
  19. ^ Stebbins, R.C. (1985). A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians. Second Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts.
  20. ^ Conant, R. and Collins, J.T. (1991). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians: Eastern and Central North America. Third Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts.

Further reading edit

  • AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/
  • Ankley GT, Tietge JE, DeFoe DL, Jensen KM, Holcombe GW, Durhan EJ, Diamond SA. (1998). "Effects of ultraviolet light and methoprene on survival and development of Rana pipiens ". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17 (12): 2530-2542. (abstract)*Hillis DM (1988). "Systematics of the Rana pipiens Complex: Puzzle and Paradigm". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 19: 39–63. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.19.110188.000351. JSTOR 2097147.
  • Hillis, D. M. (2007). (PDF). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 42 (2): 331–338. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.08.001. PMID 16997582. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2016-07-09.
  • Hillis, David M.; Frost, John S.; Wright, David A. (1983). "Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Rana pipiens Complex: A Biochemical Evaluation". Systematic Zoology. 32 (2): 132–43. doi:10.1093/sysbio/32.2.132. JSTOR 2413277.
  • Hillis, D. M.; Wilcox, T. P. (2005). "Phylogeny of the New World true frogs (Rana)". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 34 (2): 299–314. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.007. PMID 15619443.
  • Pauly, Greg B.; Hillis, David M.; Cannatella, David C. (2009). (PDF). Herpetologica. 65 (2): 115–128. doi:10.1655/08-031r1.1. S2CID 283839. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-26.
  • Schreber JCD von. (1782). "Beytrag zur Naturgeschichte der Frösche ". Der Naturforscher, Halle 18: 182-193. (Rana pipiens, new species). (in German).
  • Stuart, Bryan L (2008). "The phylogenetic problem of Huia (Amphibia: Ranidae)". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 46 (1): 49–60. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.09.016. PMID 18042407.
  • Yuan, Z.-Y.; Zhou, W.-W.; Chen, X.; Poyarkov, N. A.; Chen, H.-M.; Jang-Liaw, N.-H.; Chou, W.-H.; Iizuka, K.; Min, M.-S.; Kuzmin, S. L.; Zhang, Y.-P.; Cannatella, D. C.; Hillis, D. M.; Che, J. (2016). "Spatiotemporal diversification of the true frogs (genus Rana): A historical framework for a widely studied group of model organisms". Systematic Biology. 65 (5): 824–42. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syw055. PMID 27288482.

External links edit

  •   Data related to Lithobates pipiens at Wikispecies
  •   Media related to Lithobates pipiens at Wikimedia Commons
  • Northern Leopard Frog (Rana pipiens) — Natural Resources Canada.
  • AWD: Rana pipiens — animal diversity, University of Michigan.
  • BBC news: "Rana pipiens and the treatment of brain tumours."

January 01, 1970
northern, leopard, frog, lithobates, pipiens, formerly, rana, pipiens, commonly, known, northern, leopard, frog, species, leopard, frog, from, true, frog, family, native, parts, canada, united, states, state, amphibian, minnesota, vermont, conservation, status. Lithobates pipiens 1 2 3 4 formerly Rana pipiens 5 6 commonly known as the northern leopard frog is a species of leopard frog from the true frog family native to parts of Canada and the United States It is the state amphibian of Minnesota and Vermont Northern leopard frog Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Amphibia Order Anura Family Ranidae Genus Lithobates Species L pipiens Binomial name Lithobates pipiens Schreber 1782 Range of L pipiens Contents 1 Description 2 Color variations 3 Ecology and behavior 4 Research 4 1 Medical 4 2 Neuroscience 4 3 Muscle physiology and biomechanics 5 Range 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksDescription edit nbsp Young northern leopard frog The northern leopard frog is a fairly large species of frog reaching about 11 cm 4 3 in in snout to vent length It varies from green to brown in dorsal color with large dark circular spots on its back sides and legs 7 Each spot is normally bordered by a lighter ring A pair of dorsolateral folds starting from the back of the eye runs parallel to each other down the back These dorsolateral folds are often lighter or occasionally pinkish in colour Also a pale stripe runs from the nostril under the eye and tympanum terminating at the shoulder The ventral surface is white or pale green The iris is golden and toes are webbed Tadpoles are dark brown or grey with light blotches on the underside The tail is pale tan Color variations edit nbsp Two burnsi morphs a green morph and a brown morph of the northern leopard frog nbsp Brown morph northern leopard frog in a wood chip pile in Iowa The northern leopard frog has several different color variations with the most common two being the green and the brown morphs with another morph known as the burnsi morph Individuals with the burnsi morph coloration lack spots on their backs but may or may not retain them on their legs They can be bright green or brown and have yellow dorsal folds 8 Albinism also appears in this species but is very rare Ecology and behavior edit nbsp Near Welland Canal Ontario Northern leopard frogs have a wide range of habitats They are found in permanent ponds swamps marshes and slow moving streams throughout forest open and urban areas 9 They normally inhabit water bodies with abundant aquatic vegetation In the summer they often abandon ponds and move to grassy areas and lawns They are well adapted to cold and can be found above 3 000 m 9 800 ft above mean sea level Males make a short snore like call from water during spring and summer The northern leopard frog breeds in the spring March June Up to 6500 eggs are laid in water and tadpoles complete development within the breeding pond Tadpoles are light brown with black spots and development takes 70 110 days depending on conditions Metamorph frogs are 2 3 cm 0 79 1 18 in long and resemble the adult This species was once quite common through parts of western Canada and the United States until declines started occurring during the 1970s Although the definitive cause of this decline is unknown habitat loss and fragmentation environmental contaminants introduced fish drought and disease have been proposed as mechanisms of decline and are likely preventing species recovery in many areas 7 Many populations of northern leopard frogs have not yet recovered from these declines Northern leopard frogs are preyed upon by many different animals such as snakes raccoons other frogs and even humans They do not produce distasteful skin secretions and rely on speed to evade predation They eat a wide variety of animals including crickets flies worms and smaller frogs Using their large mouths they can even swallow birds and garter snakes In one case a bat was recorded as prey of this frog 10 This species is similar to the pickerel frog Lithobates palustris and the southern leopard frog Lithobates sphenocephalus Research editMedical edit The northern leopard frog produces specific ribonucleases to its oocytes Those enzymes are potential drugs for cancer One such molecule called ranpirnase onconase is in clinical trials as a treatment for pleural mesothelioma and lung tumors Another amphinase has been described as a potential treatment for brain tumors 11 Neuroscience edit The northern leopard frog has been a preferred species for making discoveries about basic properties of neurons since the 1950s The neuromuscular junction of the sciatic nerve fibers of the sartorius muscle of this frog has been the source of initial data about the nervous system 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Muscle physiology and biomechanics edit The northern leopard frog is a popular species for in vitro experiments in muscle physiology and biomechanics due to the ease of accessibility for investigators in its native range and the ability of the sartorius muscle to stay alive in vitro for several hours Furthermore the reliance of the frog on two major modes of locomotion jumping and swimming allows for understanding how muscle properties contribute to organismal performance in each of these modes Range editNorthern leopard frogs occur from Great Slave Lake and Hudson Bay Canada south to Kentucky and New Mexico USA 19 20 It is also found in Panama where it is endemic to the central cordillera and western Pacific lowlands although this is most likely an undescribed species 1 They occupy grasslands lakeshores and marshes See also edit nbsp Frogs portal Southern leopard frog Plains leopard frog Rio Grande leopard frog Lowland leopard frog Relict leopard frog American bullfrog Pickerel frogReferences edit a b c IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group 2022 Lithobates pipiens IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022 e T79079800A3072377 Retrieved 14 December 2022 Frost Darrel 2011 American Museum of Natural History Amphibian Species of the World 5 5 an Online Reference Herpetology The American Museum of Natural History Retrieved 2013 02 17 Frost D R et al 2009 Response to the Point Of View of Gregory B Pauly David M Hillis and David C Cannatella by the Anuran Subcommittee of the SSRA HL ASIH Scientific and Standard English Names List Herpetologica 65 2 136 153 doi 10 1655 09 009R1 1 S2CID 55147982 Integrated Taxonomic Information System Internet 2012 Lithobates pipiens updated 2012 Sept cited 2012 Dec 26 Available from www itis gov Hillis amp Wilcox 2005 Hillis 2007 Stuart 2008 Pauly et al 2009 AmphibiaWeb 2016 Yuan Z Y et al 2016 Spatiotemporal diversification of the true frogs genus Rana A historical framework for a widely studied group of model organisms Systematic Biology 65 5 824 42 doi 10 1093 sysbio syw055 PMID 27288482 a b Northern Leopard Frog Rana pipiens National Geographic Retrieved 2015 03 28 Northern Leopard Frog Rana pipens HerpNet Retrieved 2013 10 30 Northern Leopard Frog Lithobates pipiens Nevada Fish and Wildlife Office Retrieved 2015 03 28 Mikula P 2015 Fish and amphibians as bat predators European Journal of Ecology 1 1 71 80 doi 10 1515 eje 2015 0010 Frog molecule could provide drug treatment for brain tumors Fatt P Katz B 1952 Spontaneous subthreshold activity at motor nerve endings The Journal of Physiology 117 1 109 28 doi 10 1113 jphysiol 1952 sp004735 PMC 1392564 PMID 14946732 Del Castillo J Katz B 1954 Quantal components of the end plate potential The Journal of Physiology 124 3 560 73 doi 10 1113 jphysiol 1954 sp005129 PMC 1366292 PMID 13175199 Lettvin J Y Maturana H R McCulloch W S Pitts W H 1959 What the Frog s Eye Tells the Frog s Brain Proceedings of the IRE 47 11 1940 51 doi 10 1109 JRPROC 1959 287207 S2CID 8739509 Katz B Miledi R 1965 The Measurement of Synaptic Delay and the Time Course of Acetylcholine Release at the Neuromuscular Junction Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 161 985 483 95 Bibcode 1965RSPSB 161 483K doi 10 1098 rspb 1965 0016 PMID 14278409 S2CID 8663912 Kuffler SW Yoshikami D 1975 The number of transmitter molecules in a quantum An estimate from iontophoretic application of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular synapse The Journal of Physiology 251 2 465 82 doi 10 1113 jphysiol 1975 sp011103 PMC 1348438 PMID 171380 Hille B 1967 The selective inhibition of delayed potassium currents in nerve by tetraethylammonium ion The Journal of General Physiology 50 5 1287 302 doi 10 1085 jgp 50 5 1287 PMC 2225709 PMID 6033586 Anderson CR Stevens CF 1973 Voltage clamp analysis of acetylcholine produced end plate current fluctuations at frog neuromuscular junction The Journal of Physiology 235 3 655 91 doi 10 1113 jphysiol 1973 sp010410 PMC 1350786 PMID 4543940 Stebbins R C 1985 A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians Second Edition Houghton Mifflin Company Boston Massachusetts Conant R and Collins J T 1991 A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians Eastern and Central North America Third Edition Houghton Mifflin Company Boston Massachusetts Further reading editAmphibiaWeb available at http amphibiaweb org Ankley GT Tietge JE DeFoe DL Jensen KM Holcombe GW Durhan EJ Diamond SA 1998 Effects of ultraviolet light and methoprene on survival and development of Rana pipiens Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17 12 2530 2542 abstract Hillis DM 1988 Systematics of the Rana pipiens Complex Puzzle and Paradigm Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 19 39 63 doi 10 1146 annurev es 19 110188 000351 JSTOR 2097147 Hillis D M 2007 Constraints in naming parts of the Tree of Life PDF Mol Phylogenet Evol 42 2 331 338 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2006 08 001 PMID 16997582 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 09 27 Retrieved 2016 07 09 Hillis David M Frost John S Wright David A 1983 Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Rana pipiens Complex A Biochemical Evaluation Systematic Zoology 32 2 132 43 doi 10 1093 sysbio 32 2 132 JSTOR 2413277 Hillis D M Wilcox T P 2005 Phylogeny of the New World true frogs Rana Mol Phylogenet Evol 34 2 299 314 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2004 10 007 PMID 15619443 Pauly Greg B Hillis David M Cannatella David C 2009 Taxonomic freedom and the role of official lists of species names PDF Herpetologica 65 2 115 128 doi 10 1655 08 031r1 1 S2CID 283839 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 07 26 Schreber JCD von 1782 Beytrag zur Naturgeschichte der Frosche Der Naturforscher Halle 18 182 193 Rana pipiens new species in German Stuart Bryan L 2008 The phylogenetic problem of Huia Amphibia Ranidae Mol Phylogenet Evol 46 1 49 60 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2007 09 016 PMID 18042407 Yuan Z Y Zhou W W Chen X Poyarkov N A Chen H M Jang Liaw N H Chou W H Iizuka K Min M S Kuzmin S L Zhang Y P Cannatella D C Hillis D M Che J 2016 Spatiotemporal diversification of the true frogs genus Rana A historical framework for a widely studied group of model organisms Systematic Biology 65 5 824 42 doi 10 1093 sysbio syw055 PMID 27288482 External links edit nbsp Data related to Lithobates pipiens at Wikispecies nbsp Media related to Lithobates pipiens at Wikimedia Commons Northern Leopard Frog Rana pipiens Natural Resources Canada AWD Rana pipiens animal diversity University of Michigan BBC news Rana pipiens and the treatment of brain tumours Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Northern leopard frog amp oldid 1216708305, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.