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List of space telescopes

March 03, 2023

This list of space telescopes (astronomical space observatories) is grouped by major frequency ranges: gamma ray, x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave and radio. Telescopes that work in multiple frequency bands are included in all of the appropriate sections. Space telescopes that collect particles, such as cosmic ray nuclei and/or electrons, as well as instruments that aim to detect gravitational waves, are also listed. Missions with specific targets within the Solar System (e.g. the Sun and its planets), are excluded; see List of Solar System probes for these, and List of Earth observation satellites for missions targeting Earth.

Comparison between many space telescopes by diameter
Overview of active and future telescopes

Two values are provided for the dimensions of the initial orbit. For telescopes in Earth orbit, the min and max altitude are given in kilometers. For telescopes in solar orbit, the minimum distance (periapsis) and the maximum distance (apoapsis) between the telescope and the center of mass of the sun are given in astronomical units (AU).

Legend
   Active telescopes
   Defunct telescopes

Gamma ray

Further information: Gamma ray astronomy

Gamma ray telescopes collect and measure individual, high energy gamma rays from astrophysical sources. These are absorbed by the atmosphere, requiring that observations are done by high-altitude balloons or space missions. Gamma rays can be generated by supernovae, neutron stars, pulsars and black holes. Gamma ray bursts, with extremely high energies, have also been detected but have yet to be identified.[1]

Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Location Ref(s)
  Proton-1 USSR 16 Jul 1965 11 Oct 1965 Earth orbit (183-589 km) [2]
  Proton-2 USSR 2 Nov 1965 6 Feb 1966 Earth orbit (191-637 km) [2]
  Proton-4 USSR 16 Nov 1968 24 Jul 1969 Earth orbit (248-477 km) [3]
  Second Small Astronomy Satellite (SAS 2) NASA 15 Nov 1972 8 Jun 1973 Earth orbit (443–632 km) [4][5]
  Cos-B ESA 9 Aug 1975 25 Apr 1982 Earth orbit (339.6–99,876 km) [6][7][8]
  3rd High Energy Astronomy Observatory (HEAO 3) NASA 20 Sep 1979 29 May 1981 Earth orbit (486.4–504.9 km) [9][10][11]
  Granat CNRS & IKI 1 Dec 1989 25 May 1999 Earth orbit (2,000–200,000 km) [12][13][14]
  Gamma USSR, CNES, RSA 1 Jul 1990 1992 Earth orbit (375 km) [15]
  Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) NASA 5 Apr 1991 4 Jun 2000 Earth orbit (362–457 km) [16][17][18]
Low Energy Gamma Ray Imager (LEGRI) INTA 19 May 1997 Feb 2002 Earth orbit (600 km) [19][20]
  High Energy Transient Explorer 2 (HETE 2) NASA 9 Oct 2000 Mar 2008 Earth orbit (590–650 km) [21][22][23]
  International Gamma Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL) ESA 17 Oct 2002 — Earth orbit (639–153,000 km) [24][25]
  Swift Gamma Ray Burst Explorer NASA 20 Nov 2004 — Earth orbit (585–604 km) [26][27]
  Astrorivelatore Gamma ad Immagini LEggero (AGILE) ISA 23 Apr 2007 — Earth orbit (524–553 km) [28][29]
  Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope NASA 11 Jun 2008 — Earth orbit (555 km) [30]
  Gamma-Ray Burst Polarimeter (GAP) JAXA 21 May 2010 — Heliocentric orbit [31]

X-ray

Main article: List of X-ray space telescopes
Further information: X-ray astronomy

X-ray telescopes measure high-energy photons called X-rays. These can not travel a long distance through the atmosphere, meaning that they can only be observed high in the atmosphere or in space. Several types of astrophysical objects emit X-rays, from galaxy clusters, through black holes in active galactic nuclei to galactic objects such as supernova remnants, stars, and binary stars containing a white dwarf (cataclysmic variable stars), neutron star or black hole (X-ray binaries). Some Solar System bodies emit X-rays, the most notable being the Moon, although most of the X-ray brightness of the Moon arises from reflected solar X-rays. A combination of many unresolved X-ray sources is thought to produce the observed X-ray background.

Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Location Ref(s)
  Uhuru NASA 12 Dec 1970 Mar 1973 Earth orbit (531–572 km) [32][33][34]
  Astronomical Netherlands Satellite (ANS) SRON 30 Aug 1974 Jun 1976 Earth orbit (266–1176 km) [35][36]
  Ariel V SRC & NASA 15 Oct 1974 14 Mar 1980 Earth orbit (520 km) [37][38]
  Aryabhata ISRO 19 Apr 1975 23 Apr 1975 Earth orbit (563–619 km) [39]
  Third Small Astronomy Satellite (SAS-C) NASA 7 May 1975 Apr 1979 Earth orbit (509–516 km) [40][41][42]
  Cos-B ESA 9 Aug 1975 25 Apr 1982 Earth orbit (339.6–99,876 km) [6][7][8]
Cosmic Radiation Satellite (CORSA) ISAS 6 Feb 1976 6 Feb 1976 Failed launch [43][44]
  1st High Energy Astronomy Observatory (HEAO 1) NASA 12 Aug 1977 9 Jan 1979 Earth orbit (445 km) [45][46][47]
  Einstein Observatory (HEAO 2) NASA 13 Nov 1978 26 Apr 1981 Earth orbit (465–476 km) [48][49]
  Hakucho (CORSA-b) ISAS 21 Feb 1979 16 Apr 1985 Earth orbit (421–433 km) [50][51][52]
  3rd High Energy Astronomy Observatory (HEAO 3) NASA 20 Sep 1979 29 May 1981 Earth orbit (486.4–504.9 km) [9][10][11]
  Tenma (Astro-B) ISAS 20 Feb 1983 19 Jan 1989 Earth orbit (489–503 km) [53][54][55]
  Astron IKI 23 Mar 1983 Jun 1989 Earth orbit (2,000–200,000 km) [56][57][58]
  EXOSAT ESA 26 May 1983 8 Apr 1986 Earth orbit (347–191,709 km) [59][60][61]
  Ginga (Astro-C) ISAS 5 Feb 1987 1 Nov 1991 Earth orbit (517–708 km) [62][63][64]
  Granat CNRS & IKI 1 Dec 1989 25 May 1999 Earth orbit (2,000–200,000 km) [12][13][14]
ROSAT NASA & DLR 1 Jun 1990 12 Feb 1999 Re-entry 23 October 2011.[65]
Formerly Earth orbit (580 km)		 [66][67][68]
  Broad Band X-ray Telescope / Astro 1 NASA 2 Dec 1990 11 Dec 1990 Earth orbit (500 km) [69][70]
  Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics (ASCA, Astro-D) ISAS & NASA 20 Feb 1993 2 Mar 2001 Earth orbit (523.6–615.3 km) [71][72]
  Array of Low Energy X-ray Imaging Sensors (Alexis) LANL 25 Apr 1993 2005 Earth orbit (749–844 km) [73][74][75]
  Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) NASA 30 Dec 1995 3 Jan 2012 Earth orbit (409 km) [76][77][78]
  BeppoSAX ASI 30 Apr 1996 30 Apr 2002 Earth orbit (575–594 km) [79][80][81]
  A Broadband Imaging X-ray All-sky Survey (ABRIXAS) DLR 28 Apr 1999 1 Jul 1999 Earth orbit (549–598 km) [82][83][84]
  Chandra X-ray Observatory NASA 23 Jul 1999 — Earth orbit (9,942–140,000 km) [85][86]
  XMM-Newton ESA 10 Dec 1999 — Earth orbit (7,365–114,000 km) [87][88]
  High Energy Transient Explorer 2 (HETE 2) NASA 9 Oct 2000 Mar 2008 Earth orbit (590–650 km) [21][22][89]
  International Gamma Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL) ESA 17 Oct 2002 — Earth orbit (639–153,000 km) [24][25]
  Swift Gamma Ray Burst Explorer NASA 20 Nov 2004 — Earth orbit (585–604 km) [26][27]
  Suzaku (Astro-E2) JAXA & NASA 10 Jul 2005 2 Sep 2015 Earth orbit (550 km) [90][91]
  AGILE ISA 23 Apr 2007 — Earth orbit (524–553 km) [28][29]
  Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) NASA 13 Jun 2012 — Earth orbit (603.5 km) [92][93]
  Astrosat ISRO 28 Sep 2015 — Earth orbit (600–650 km) [94][95][96]
  Hitomi (Astro-H) JAXA 17 Feb 2016 28 Apr 2016 Earth orbit (575 km) [97][98][99]
  Mikhailo Lomonosov Moscow State University 28 Apr 2016 30 Jun 2018 Earth orbit (478–493 km) [100][101]
  Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER) NASA 7 Jun 2017 — International Space Station [102]
Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT) CNSA & CAS 14 Jun 2017 — Low Earth orbit (545–554.1 km) [103]
  Spektr-RG RSRI & MPE Jul 13, 2019 — Sun-Earth L2 [104]
  IXPE NASA 9 Dec 2021 — Low Earth orbit [105][106]

Ultraviolet

Further information: Ultraviolet astronomy

Ultraviolet telescopes make observations at ultraviolet wavelengths, i.e. between approximately 10 and 320 nm. Light at these wavelengths is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, so observations at these wavelengths must be performed from the upper atmosphere or from space.[107] Objects emitting ultraviolet radiation include the Sun, other stars and galaxies.[108]

Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Observing location Ref(s)
  OAO-2 (Stargazer) NASA 7 Dec 1968 Jan 1973 Earth orbit (749–758 km) [109][110]
Orion 1 and Orion 2 Space Observatories USSR 19 Apr 1971 (Orion 1); (Orion 2) 18 Dec 1973 1971; 1973 Earth orbit (Orion 1: 200–222 km; Orion 2: 188–247 km) [111][112]
  Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph (UVC) NASA 16 Apr 1972 23 Apr 1972 Descartes Highlands on lunar surface [113]
  OAO-3 Copernicus NASA 21 Aug 1972 Feb 1981 Earth orbit (713–724 km) [109]
  Astronomical Netherlands Satellite (ANS) SRON 30 Aug 1974 Jun 1976 Earth orbit (266–1176 km) [35][36]
  International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) ESA & NASA & SERC 26 Jan 1978 30 Sep 1996 Earth orbit (32,050–52,254 km) [114][115]
  Astron IKI 23 Mar 1983 Jun 1989 Earth orbit (2,000–200,000 km) [56][57][58]
  Hubble Space Telescope NASA & ESA 24 Apr 1990 — Earth orbit (586.47–610.44 km) [116]
  Broad Band X-ray Telescope / Astro 1 NASA 2 Dec 1990 11 Dec 1990 Earth orbit (500 km) [69][70]
  Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) NASA 7 Jun 1992 31 Jan 2001 Earth orbit (515–527 km) [117][118]
  Astro 2 NASA 2 Mar 1993 18 Mar 1993 Earth orbit (349–363 km) [119][120]
  Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) NASA & CNES & CSA 24 Jun 1999 12 Jul 2007 Earth orbit (752–767 km) [121][122]
  Cosmic Hot Interstellar Spectrometer (CHIPS) NASA 13 Jan 2003 11 Apr 2008 Earth orbit (578–594 km) [123][124]
  Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) NASA 28 Apr 2003 28 Jun 2013 Earth orbit (691–697 km) .[125][126][127]
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Satellite 4 (Kaistsat 4) KARI 27 Sep 2003 2007 ? Earth orbit (675–695 km) [128][129]
  Swift Gamma Ray Burst Explorer (Swift) NASA 20 Nov 2004 — Earth orbit (585–604 km) [26][27]
  Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) NASA 27 Jun 2013 — Earth orbit [130][131]
  Hisaki (SPRINT-A) JAXA 14 Sep 2013 — — [132]
Venus Spectral Rocket Experiment NASA 26 Nov 2013 reusable suborbital to 300 km [133]
Lunar-based ultraviolet telescope (LUT) CNSA 1 Dec 2013 — Lunar surface [134]
  Astrosat ISRO 28 Sep 2015 — Earth orbit (600–650 km) [95][94][96]
Spatial Heterodyne Interferometric Emission Line Dynamics Spectrometer (SHIELDS) NASA 19 Apr 2021 19 Apr 2021 Suborbital to 284.8 km [135]

UV ranges listed at Ultraviolet astronomy#Ultraviolet space telescopes.

Visible light

Further information: Visible-light astronomy

The oldest form of astronomy, optical or visible-light astronomy, observes wavelengths of light from approximately 400 to 700 nm.[136] Positioning an optical telescope in space eliminates the distortions and limitations that hamper that ground-based optical telescopes (see Astronomical seeing), providing higher resolution images. Optical telescopes are used to look at planets, stars, galaxies, planetary nebulae and protoplanetary disks, amongst many other things.[137]

Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Location Ref(s)
  Hipparcos ESA 8 Aug 1989 Mar 1993 Earth orbit (223–35,632 km) [138][139][140]
  Hubble Space Telescope NASA & ESA 24 Apr 1990 — Earth orbit (586.47–610.44 km) [116]
MOST CSA 30 Jun 2003 Mar 2019 Earth orbit (819–832 km) [141][142]
  Swift Gamma Ray Burst Explorer NASA 20 Nov 2004 — Earth orbit (585–604 km) [26][27]
  COROT CNES & ESA 27 Dec 2006 2013 Earth orbit (872–884 km) [143][144]
  Kepler NASA 6 Mar 2009 30 Oct 2018 Earth-trailing heliocentric orbit [145][146][147]
  BRITE constellation Austria, Canada, Poland 25 Feb 2013 - 19 Aug 2014 — Earth orbit [148]
Near Earth Object Surveillance Satellite (NEOSSat) CSA, DRDC 25 Feb 2013 — Sun-synchronous Earth orbit (776–792 km) [149][150]
Gaia (astrometry) ESA 19 Dec 2013 — Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point [151]
  Astrosat ISRO 28 Sep 2015 — Earth orbit (600–650 km) [94][95][96]
  Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) NASA 18 Apr 2018 — High Earth Orbit [152]
CHEOPS ESA 18 Dec 2019 — Sun-synchronous orbit [153]

Infrared and submillimetre

Main articles: Infrared astronomy and Submillimetre astronomy

Infrared light is of lower energy than visible light, hence is emitted by sources that are either cooler, or moving away from the observer (in present context: Earth) at high speed. As such, the following can be viewed in the infrared: cool stars (including brown dwarves), nebulae, and redshifted galaxies.[154]

Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Location Ref(s)
  IRAS NASA 25 Jan 1983 21 Nov 1983 Earth orbit (889–903 km) [155][156]
  Infrared Telescope in Space ISAS & NASDA 18 Mar 1995 25 Apr 1995 Earth orbit (486 km) [157][158]
Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) ESA 17 Nov 1995 16 May 1998 Earth orbit (1000–70500 km) [159][160][161]
  Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) USN 24 Apr 1996 26 Feb 1997 Earth orbit (900 km) [162]
  Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite (SWAS) NASA 6 Dec 1998 Last used in 2005 Earth orbit (638–651 km) [163][164]
  Wide Field Infrared Explorer (WIRE) NASA 5 Mar 1999 no observations Re-entered May 10, 2011[165] [166]
  Spitzer Space Telescope NASA 25 Aug 2003 30 Jan 2020[167] Solar orbit (0.98–1.02 AU) [168][169]
  Akari (Astro-F) JAXA 21 Feb 2006 24 Nov 2011[170] Earth orbit (586.47–610.44 km) [171][172]
  Herschel Space Observatory ESA & NASA 14 May 2009 [173] 29 Apr 2013[174] Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point [175][176][177]
  Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) NASA 14 Dec 2009 (hibernation Feb 2011 – Aug 2013) Earth orbit (500 km) [178][179][180]
CHEOPS ESA 18 Dec 2019 — Sun-synchronous orbit [153]
  James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) NASA/ESA/CSA 25 Dec 2021 — Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point [181]

Microwave

Further information: Radio astronomy

Microwave space telescopes have primarily been used to measure cosmological parameters from the Cosmic Microwave Background. They also measure synchrotron radiation, free-free emission and spinning dust from our Galaxy, as well as extragalactic compact sources and galaxy clusters through the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect.[182]

Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Location Ref(s)
  Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) NASA 18 Nov 1989 23 Dec 1993 Earth orbit (900 km) [183][184]
Odin Swedish Space Corporation 20 Feb 2001 — Earth orbit (622 km) [185][186]
  WMAP NASA 30 Jun 2001 Oct 2010 Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point [187]
Planck ESA 14 May 2009 Oct 2013 Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point(mission)
Heliocentric (Derelict)		 [176][188][189]

Radio

Further information: Radio astronomy and Very Long Baseline Interferometry

As the atmosphere is transparent for radio waves, radio telescopes in space are most useful for Very Long Baseline Interferometry: doing simultaneous observations of a source with both a satellite and a ground-based telescope and by correlating their signals to simulate a radio telescope the size of the separation between the two telescopes. Typical targets for observations include supernova remnants, masers, gravitational lenses, and starburst galaxies.[citation needed]

Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Location Ref(s)
  Highly Advanced Laboratory for Communications and Astronomy (HALCA, VSOP or MUSES-B) ISAS 12 Feb 1997 30 Nov 2005 Earth orbit (560–21,400 km) [190][191][192]
  Spektr-R (RadioAstron) ASC LPI 18 Jul 2011 11 Jan 2019 Earth orbit (10,000–390,000 km) [193][194][195]

Particle detection

Spacecraft and space-based modules that do particle detection, looking for cosmic rays and electrons. These can be emitted by the sun (Solar Energetic Particles), our galaxy (Galactic cosmic rays) and extragalactic sources (Extragalactic cosmic rays). There are also Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays from active galactic nuclei, those can be detected by ground-based detectors via their particle showers.

Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Location Ref(s)
  Proton-1 USSR 16 Jul 1965 11 Oct 1965 Earth orbit (589–183 km) [2]
  Proton-2 USSR 2 Nov 1965 6 Feb 1966 Earth orbit (637–191 km) [2]
  3rd High Energy Astrophysics Observatory (HEAO 3) NASA 20 Sep 1979 29 May 1981 Earth orbit (486.4–504.9 km) [9][10][11]
  SAMPEX NASA / DE 3 Jul 1992 30 Jun 2004 Earth orbit (512–687 km) [196]
  Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer 01 (AMS-01) NASA 2 Jun 1998 12 Jun 1998 Earth orbit (296 km) [197]
  Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics (PAMELA) ISA, INFN, RSA, DLR & SNSB 15 May 2006 7 Feb 2016 Earth orbit (350–610 km) [198][199]
  IBEX NASA 19 Oct 2008 — Earth orbit (86,000–259,000 km) [200]
  Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer 02 (AMS-02) NASA 16 May 2011 — Earth orbit (353 km) on ISS [201]
Dark Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) CNSA & CAS 17 Dec 2015 — Earth orbit (500 km) [202]

Gravitational waves

A type of telescope that detects gravitational waves; ripples in space-time generated by colliding neutron stars or black holes.

Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Location Ref(s)
  LISA Pathfinder ESA 3 Dec 2015 30 Jun 2017 Heliocentric orbit [203]

To be launched

Photo Name Space agency Planned

launch date

Terminated Location Ref(s)
International Lunar Observatory Precursor (ILO-X) International Lunar Observatory Association Q1 2019 — South Pole–Aitken basin [204][205][206]
  X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat) ISRO/RRI Q2 2023 — Low Earth orbit [207][208]
Aditya-L1 ISRO/IUCAA/IIA 2023 — Halo orbit (Sun–Earth L1 Lagrange point) [207][208]
X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM) JAXA 2023 — Low Earth orbit [209][210]
  Euclid ESA Q3 2023 — Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point [211][212]
TOLIMAN NASA 2023 — Low Earth orbit [213]
  Xuntian CNSA/CAS late 2023 — Low Earth orbit [214]
  SPHEREx NASA 2025 — Planned: Earth orbit [215]
Astrosat-2 ISRO/IUCAA 2025 — Near-equatorial orbit [216]
PLATO ESA 2026 — Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point [217]
  Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope; WFIRST) NASA/DOE 2027 — Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point [218]
ARIEL ESA 2029 — Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point [219]
Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics (Athena) ESA/NASA/JAXA 2035 — Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point [220]
  Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) ESA 2037 — Heliocentric orbit [221]
Habitable Worlds Observatory NASA 2035/2040 — — [222][223]
Great Observatory Technology Maturation Program (GOMAP) NASA >2040 — — [222]
New Great Observatories NASA >2040 — — [222]

See also

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External links

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March 03, 2023
list, space, telescopes, this, list, space, telescopes, astronomical, space, observatories, grouped, major, frequency, ranges, gamma, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave, radio, telescopes, that, work, multiple, frequency, bands, included, appropriate, s. This list of space telescopes astronomical space observatories is grouped by major frequency ranges gamma ray x ray ultraviolet visible infrared microwave and radio Telescopes that work in multiple frequency bands are included in all of the appropriate sections Space telescopes that collect particles such as cosmic ray nuclei and or electrons as well as instruments that aim to detect gravitational waves are also listed Missions with specific targets within the Solar System e g the Sun and its planets are excluded see List of Solar System probes for these and List of Earth observation satellites for missions targeting Earth The Hubble Space Telescope Comparison between many space telescopes by diameter Overview of active and future telescopes Two values are provided for the dimensions of the initial orbit For telescopes in Earth orbit the min and max altitude are given in kilometers For telescopes in solar orbit the minimum distance periapsis and the maximum distance apoapsis between the telescope and the center of mass of the sun are given in astronomical units AU Legend Active telescopes Defunct telescopesContents 1 Gamma ray 2 X ray 3 Ultraviolet 4 Visible light 5 Infrared and submillimetre 6 Microwave 7 Radio 8 Particle detection 9 Gravitational waves 10 To be launched 11 See also 12 References 13 External linksGamma ray EditFurther information Gamma ray astronomy Gamma ray telescopes collect and measure individual high energy gamma rays from astrophysical sources These are absorbed by the atmosphere requiring that observations are done by high altitude balloons or space missions Gamma rays can be generated by supernovae neutron stars pulsars and black holes Gamma ray bursts with extremely high energies have also been detected but have yet to be identified 1 Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Location Ref s Proton 1 USSR 16 Jul 1965 11 Oct 1965 Earth orbit 183 589 km 2 Proton 2 USSR 2 Nov 1965 6 Feb 1966 Earth orbit 191 637 km 2 Proton 4 USSR 16 Nov 1968 24 Jul 1969 Earth orbit 248 477 km 3 Second Small Astronomy Satellite SAS 2 NASA 15 Nov 1972 8 Jun 1973 Earth orbit 443 632 km 4 5 Cos B ESA 9 Aug 1975 25 Apr 1982 Earth orbit 339 6 99 876 km 6 7 8 3rd High Energy Astronomy Observatory HEAO 3 NASA 20 Sep 1979 29 May 1981 Earth orbit 486 4 504 9 km 9 10 11 Granat CNRS amp IKI 1 Dec 1989 25 May 1999 Earth orbit 2 000 200 000 km 12 13 14 Gamma USSR CNES RSA 1 Jul 1990 1992 Earth orbit 375 km 15 Compton Gamma Ray Observatory CGRO NASA 5 Apr 1991 4 Jun 2000 Earth orbit 362 457 km 16 17 18 Low Energy Gamma Ray Imager LEGRI INTA 19 May 1997 Feb 2002 Earth orbit 600 km 19 20 High Energy Transient Explorer 2 HETE 2 NASA 9 Oct 2000 Mar 2008 Earth orbit 590 650 km 21 22 23 International Gamma Ray Astrophysics Laboratory INTEGRAL ESA 17 Oct 2002 Earth orbit 639 153 000 km 24 25 Swift Gamma Ray Burst Explorer NASA 20 Nov 2004 Earth orbit 585 604 km 26 27 Astrorivelatore Gamma ad Immagini LEggero AGILE ISA 23 Apr 2007 Earth orbit 524 553 km 28 29 Fermi Gamma ray Space Telescope NASA 11 Jun 2008 Earth orbit 555 km 30 Gamma Ray Burst Polarimeter GAP JAXA 21 May 2010 Heliocentric orbit 31 X ray EditMain article List of X ray space telescopes Further information X ray astronomy X ray telescopes measure high energy photons called X rays These can not travel a long distance through the atmosphere meaning that they can only be observed high in the atmosphere or in space Several types of astrophysical objects emit X rays from galaxy clusters through black holes in active galactic nuclei to galactic objects such as supernova remnants stars and binary stars containing a white dwarf cataclysmic variable stars neutron star or black hole X ray binaries Some Solar System bodies emit X rays the most notable being the Moon although most of the X ray brightness of the Moon arises from reflected solar X rays A combination of many unresolved X ray sources is thought to produce the observed X ray background Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Location Ref s Uhuru NASA 12 Dec 1970 Mar 1973 Earth orbit 531 572 km 32 33 34 Astronomical Netherlands Satellite ANS SRON 30 Aug 1974 Jun 1976 Earth orbit 266 1176 km 35 36 Ariel V SRC amp NASA 15 Oct 1974 14 Mar 1980 Earth orbit 520 km 37 38 Aryabhata ISRO 19 Apr 1975 23 Apr 1975 Earth orbit 563 619 km 39 Third Small Astronomy Satellite SAS C NASA 7 May 1975 Apr 1979 Earth orbit 509 516 km 40 41 42 Cos B ESA 9 Aug 1975 25 Apr 1982 Earth orbit 339 6 99 876 km 6 7 8 Cosmic Radiation Satellite CORSA ISAS 6 Feb 1976 6 Feb 1976 Failed launch 43 44 1st High Energy Astronomy Observatory HEAO 1 NASA 12 Aug 1977 9 Jan 1979 Earth orbit 445 km 45 46 47 Einstein Observatory HEAO 2 NASA 13 Nov 1978 26 Apr 1981 Earth orbit 465 476 km 48 49 Hakucho CORSA b ISAS 21 Feb 1979 16 Apr 1985 Earth orbit 421 433 km 50 51 52 3rd High Energy Astronomy Observatory HEAO 3 NASA 20 Sep 1979 29 May 1981 Earth orbit 486 4 504 9 km 9 10 11 Tenma Astro B ISAS 20 Feb 1983 19 Jan 1989 Earth orbit 489 503 km 53 54 55 Astron IKI 23 Mar 1983 Jun 1989 Earth orbit 2 000 200 000 km 56 57 58 EXOSAT ESA 26 May 1983 8 Apr 1986 Earth orbit 347 191 709 km 59 60 61 Ginga Astro C ISAS 5 Feb 1987 1 Nov 1991 Earth orbit 517 708 km 62 63 64 Granat CNRS amp IKI 1 Dec 1989 25 May 1999 Earth orbit 2 000 200 000 km 12 13 14 ROSAT NASA amp DLR 1 Jun 1990 12 Feb 1999 Re entry 23 October 2011 65 Formerly Earth orbit 580 km 66 67 68 Broad Band X ray Telescope Astro 1 NASA 2 Dec 1990 11 Dec 1990 Earth orbit 500 km 69 70 Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics ASCA Astro D ISAS amp NASA 20 Feb 1993 2 Mar 2001 Earth orbit 523 6 615 3 km 71 72 Array of Low Energy X ray Imaging Sensors Alexis LANL 25 Apr 1993 2005 Earth orbit 749 844 km 73 74 75 Rossi X ray Timing Explorer RXTE NASA 30 Dec 1995 3 Jan 2012 Earth orbit 409 km 76 77 78 BeppoSAX ASI 30 Apr 1996 30 Apr 2002 Earth orbit 575 594 km 79 80 81 A Broadband Imaging X ray All sky Survey ABRIXAS DLR 28 Apr 1999 1 Jul 1999 Earth orbit 549 598 km 82 83 84 Chandra X ray Observatory NASA 23 Jul 1999 Earth orbit 9 942 140 000 km 85 86 XMM Newton ESA 10 Dec 1999 Earth orbit 7 365 114 000 km 87 88 High Energy Transient Explorer 2 HETE 2 NASA 9 Oct 2000 Mar 2008 Earth orbit 590 650 km 21 22 89 International Gamma Ray Astrophysics Laboratory INTEGRAL ESA 17 Oct 2002 Earth orbit 639 153 000 km 24 25 Swift Gamma Ray Burst Explorer NASA 20 Nov 2004 Earth orbit 585 604 km 26 27 Suzaku Astro E2 JAXA amp NASA 10 Jul 2005 2 Sep 2015 Earth orbit 550 km 90 91 AGILE ISA 23 Apr 2007 Earth orbit 524 553 km 28 29 Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array NuSTAR NASA 13 Jun 2012 Earth orbit 603 5 km 92 93 Astrosat ISRO 28 Sep 2015 Earth orbit 600 650 km 94 95 96 Hitomi Astro H JAXA 17 Feb 2016 28 Apr 2016 Earth orbit 575 km 97 98 99 Mikhailo Lomonosov Moscow State University 28 Apr 2016 30 Jun 2018 Earth orbit 478 493 km 100 101 Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer NICER NASA 7 Jun 2017 International Space Station 102 Hard X ray Modulation Telescope HXMT CNSA amp CAS 14 Jun 2017 Low Earth orbit 545 554 1 km 103 Spektr RG RSRI amp MPE Jul 13 2019 Sun Earth L2 104 IXPE NASA 9 Dec 2021 Low Earth orbit 105 106 Ultraviolet EditFurther information Ultraviolet astronomy Ultraviolet telescopes make observations at ultraviolet wavelengths i e between approximately 10 and 320 nm Light at these wavelengths is absorbed by the Earth s atmosphere so observations at these wavelengths must be performed from the upper atmosphere or from space 107 Objects emitting ultraviolet radiation include the Sun other stars and galaxies 108 Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Observing location Ref s OAO 2 Stargazer NASA 7 Dec 1968 Jan 1973 Earth orbit 749 758 km 109 110 Orion 1 and Orion 2 Space Observatories USSR 19 Apr 1971 Orion 1 Orion 2 18 Dec 1973 1971 1973 Earth orbit Orion 1 200 222 km Orion 2 188 247 km 111 112 Far Ultraviolet Camera Spectrograph UVC NASA 16 Apr 1972 23 Apr 1972 Descartes Highlands on lunar surface 113 OAO 3 Copernicus NASA 21 Aug 1972 Feb 1981 Earth orbit 713 724 km 109 Astronomical Netherlands Satellite ANS SRON 30 Aug 1974 Jun 1976 Earth orbit 266 1176 km 35 36 International Ultraviolet Explorer IUE ESA amp NASA amp SERC 26 Jan 1978 30 Sep 1996 Earth orbit 32 050 52 254 km 114 115 Astron IKI 23 Mar 1983 Jun 1989 Earth orbit 2 000 200 000 km 56 57 58 Hubble Space Telescope NASA amp ESA 24 Apr 1990 Earth orbit 586 47 610 44 km 116 Broad Band X ray Telescope Astro 1 NASA 2 Dec 1990 11 Dec 1990 Earth orbit 500 km 69 70 Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer EUVE NASA 7 Jun 1992 31 Jan 2001 Earth orbit 515 527 km 117 118 Astro 2 NASA 2 Mar 1993 18 Mar 1993 Earth orbit 349 363 km 119 120 Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer FUSE NASA amp CNES amp CSA 24 Jun 1999 12 Jul 2007 Earth orbit 752 767 km 121 122 Cosmic Hot Interstellar Spectrometer CHIPS NASA 13 Jan 2003 11 Apr 2008 Earth orbit 578 594 km 123 124 Galaxy Evolution Explorer GALEX NASA 28 Apr 2003 28 Jun 2013 Earth orbit 691 697 km 125 126 127 Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Satellite 4 Kaistsat 4 KARI 27 Sep 2003 2007 Earth orbit 675 695 km 128 129 Swift Gamma Ray Burst Explorer Swift NASA 20 Nov 2004 Earth orbit 585 604 km 26 27 Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph IRIS NASA 27 Jun 2013 Earth orbit 130 131 Hisaki SPRINT A JAXA 14 Sep 2013 132 Venus Spectral Rocket Experiment NASA 26 Nov 2013 reusable suborbital to 300 km 133 Lunar based ultraviolet telescope LUT CNSA 1 Dec 2013 Lunar surface 134 Astrosat ISRO 28 Sep 2015 Earth orbit 600 650 km 95 94 96 Spatial Heterodyne Interferometric Emission Line Dynamics Spectrometer SHIELDS NASA 19 Apr 2021 19 Apr 2021 Suborbital to 284 8 km 135 UV ranges listed at Ultraviolet astronomy Ultraviolet space telescopes Visible light EditFurther information Visible light astronomy The oldest form of astronomy optical or visible light astronomy observes wavelengths of light from approximately 400 to 700 nm 136 Positioning an optical telescope in space eliminates the distortions and limitations that hamper that ground based optical telescopes see Astronomical seeing providing higher resolution images Optical telescopes are used to look at planets stars galaxies planetary nebulae and protoplanetary disks amongst many other things 137 Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Location Ref s Hipparcos ESA 8 Aug 1989 Mar 1993 Earth orbit 223 35 632 km 138 139 140 Hubble Space Telescope NASA amp ESA 24 Apr 1990 Earth orbit 586 47 610 44 km 116 MOST CSA 30 Jun 2003 Mar 2019 Earth orbit 819 832 km 141 142 Swift Gamma Ray Burst Explorer NASA 20 Nov 2004 Earth orbit 585 604 km 26 27 COROT CNES amp ESA 27 Dec 2006 2013 Earth orbit 872 884 km 143 144 Kepler NASA 6 Mar 2009 30 Oct 2018 Earth trailing heliocentric orbit 145 146 147 BRITE constellation Austria Canada Poland 25 Feb 2013 19 Aug 2014 Earth orbit 148 Near Earth Object Surveillance Satellite NEOSSat CSA DRDC 25 Feb 2013 Sun synchronous Earth orbit 776 792 km 149 150 Gaia astrometry ESA 19 Dec 2013 Sun Earth L2 Lagrange point 151 Astrosat ISRO 28 Sep 2015 Earth orbit 600 650 km 94 95 96 Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite TESS NASA 18 Apr 2018 High Earth Orbit 152 CHEOPS ESA 18 Dec 2019 Sun synchronous orbit 153 Infrared and submillimetre EditMain articles Infrared astronomy and Submillimetre astronomy Infrared light is of lower energy than visible light hence is emitted by sources that are either cooler or moving away from the observer in present context Earth at high speed As such the following can be viewed in the infrared cool stars including brown dwarves nebulae and redshifted galaxies 154 Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Location Ref s IRAS NASA 25 Jan 1983 21 Nov 1983 Earth orbit 889 903 km 155 156 Infrared Telescope in Space ISAS amp NASDA 18 Mar 1995 25 Apr 1995 Earth orbit 486 km 157 158 Infrared Space Observatory ISO ESA 17 Nov 1995 16 May 1998 Earth orbit 1000 70500 km 159 160 161 Midcourse Space Experiment MSX USN 24 Apr 1996 26 Feb 1997 Earth orbit 900 km 162 Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite SWAS NASA 6 Dec 1998 Last used in 2005 Earth orbit 638 651 km 163 164 Wide Field Infrared Explorer WIRE NASA 5 Mar 1999 no observations Re entered May 10 2011 165 166 Spitzer Space Telescope NASA 25 Aug 2003 30 Jan 2020 167 Solar orbit 0 98 1 02 AU 168 169 Akari Astro F JAXA 21 Feb 2006 24 Nov 2011 170 Earth orbit 586 47 610 44 km 171 172 Herschel Space Observatory ESA amp NASA 14 May 2009 173 29 Apr 2013 174 Sun Earth L2 Lagrange point 175 176 177 Wide field Infrared Survey Explorer WISE NASA 14 Dec 2009 hibernation Feb 2011 Aug 2013 Earth orbit 500 km 178 179 180 CHEOPS ESA 18 Dec 2019 Sun synchronous orbit 153 James Webb Space Telescope JWST NASA ESA CSA 25 Dec 2021 Sun Earth L2 Lagrange point 181 Microwave EditFurther information Radio astronomy Microwave space telescopes have primarily been used to measure cosmological parameters from the Cosmic Microwave Background They also measure synchrotron radiation free free emission and spinning dust from our Galaxy as well as extragalactic compact sources and galaxy clusters through the Sunyaev Zel dovich effect 182 Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Location Ref s Cosmic Background Explorer COBE NASA 18 Nov 1989 23 Dec 1993 Earth orbit 900 km 183 184 Odin Swedish Space Corporation 20 Feb 2001 Earth orbit 622 km 185 186 WMAP NASA 30 Jun 2001 Oct 2010 Sun Earth L2 Lagrange point 187 Planck ESA 14 May 2009 Oct 2013 Sun Earth L2 Lagrange point mission Heliocentric Derelict 176 188 189 Radio EditFurther information Radio astronomy and Very Long Baseline Interferometry As the atmosphere is transparent for radio waves radio telescopes in space are most useful for Very Long Baseline Interferometry doing simultaneous observations of a source with both a satellite and a ground based telescope and by correlating their signals to simulate a radio telescope the size of the separation between the two telescopes Typical targets for observations include supernova remnants masers gravitational lenses and starburst galaxies citation needed Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Location Ref s Highly Advanced Laboratory for Communications and Astronomy HALCA VSOP or MUSES B ISAS 12 Feb 1997 30 Nov 2005 Earth orbit 560 21 400 km 190 191 192 Spektr R RadioAstron ASC LPI 18 Jul 2011 11 Jan 2019 Earth orbit 10 000 390 000 km 193 194 195 Particle detection EditSpacecraft and space based modules that do particle detection looking for cosmic rays and electrons These can be emitted by the sun Solar Energetic Particles our galaxy Galactic cosmic rays and extragalactic sources Extragalactic cosmic rays There are also Ultra high energy cosmic rays from active galactic nuclei those can be detected by ground based detectors via their particle showers Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Location Ref s Proton 1 USSR 16 Jul 1965 11 Oct 1965 Earth orbit 589 183 km 2 Proton 2 USSR 2 Nov 1965 6 Feb 1966 Earth orbit 637 191 km 2 3rd High Energy Astrophysics Observatory HEAO 3 NASA 20 Sep 1979 29 May 1981 Earth orbit 486 4 504 9 km 9 10 11 SAMPEX NASA DE 3 Jul 1992 30 Jun 2004 Earth orbit 512 687 km 196 Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer 01 AMS 01 NASA 2 Jun 1998 12 Jun 1998 Earth orbit 296 km 197 Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light nuclei Astrophysics PAMELA ISA INFN RSA DLR amp SNSB 15 May 2006 7 Feb 2016 Earth orbit 350 610 km 198 199 IBEX NASA 19 Oct 2008 Earth orbit 86 000 259 000 km 200 Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer 02 AMS 02 NASA 16 May 2011 Earth orbit 353 km on ISS 201 Dark Matter Particle Explorer DAMPE CNSA amp CAS 17 Dec 2015 Earth orbit 500 km 202 Gravitational waves EditA type of telescope that detects gravitational waves ripples in space time generated by colliding neutron stars or black holes Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Location Ref s LISA Pathfinder ESA 3 Dec 2015 30 Jun 2017 Heliocentric orbit 203 To be launched EditPhoto Name Space agency Planned launch date Terminated Location Ref s International Lunar Observatory Precursor ILO X International Lunar Observatory Association Q1 2019 South Pole Aitken basin 204 205 206 X ray Polarimeter Satellite XPoSat ISRO RRI Q2 2023 Low Earth orbit 207 208 Aditya L1 ISRO IUCAA IIA 2023 Halo orbit Sun Earth L1 Lagrange point 207 208 X Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission XRISM JAXA 2023 Low Earth orbit 209 210 Euclid ESA Q3 2023 Sun Earth L2 Lagrange point 211 212 TOLIMAN NASA 2023 Low Earth orbit 213 Xuntian CNSA CAS late 2023 Low Earth orbit 214 SPHEREx NASA 2025 Planned Earth orbit 215 Astrosat 2 ISRO IUCAA 2025 Near equatorial orbit 216 PLATO ESA 2026 Sun Earth L2 Lagrange point 217 Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope WFIRST NASA DOE 2027 Sun Earth L2 Lagrange point 218 ARIEL ESA 2029 Sun Earth L2 Lagrange point 219 Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics Athena ESA NASA JAXA 2035 Sun Earth L2 Lagrange point 220 Laser Interferometer Space Antenna LISA ESA 2037 Heliocentric orbit 221 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