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Hitomi (satellite)

March 03, 2023

Hitomi (Japanese: ひとみ), also known as ASTRO-H and New X-ray Telescope (NeXT), was an X-ray astronomy satellite commissioned by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) for studying extremely energetic processes in the Universe. The space observatory was designed to extend the research conducted by the Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics (ASCA) by investigating the hard X-ray band above 10 keV. The satellite was originally called New X-ray Telescope;[5] at the time of launch it was called ASTRO-H.[6] After it was placed in orbit and its solar panels deployed, it was renamed Hitomi.[7] The spacecraft was launched on 17 February 2016 and contact was lost on 26 March 2016, due to multiple incidents with the attitude control system leading to an uncontrolled spin rate and breakup of structurally weak elements.[8]

Hitomi (ひとみ)
Artist depiction of Hitomi satellite
NamesASTRO-H
New X-ray Telescope (NeXT)
Mission typeX-ray astronomy
OperatorJAXA
COSPAR ID2016-012A
SATCAT no.41337
Mission duration3 years (planned)
≈37 days and 16 hours (achieved)
Spacecraft properties
Launch mass2,700 kg (6,000 lb) [1]
DimensionsLength: 14 m (46 ft)
Power3500 watts
Start of mission
Launch date17 February 2016, 08:45 UTC[2]
RocketH-IIA 202, No. 30
Launch siteTanegashima Space Center
End of mission
DisposalDestroyed on orbit
Destroyed26 March 2016, ≈01:42 UTC [3]
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric orbit[4]
RegimeLow Earth orbit
Perigee altitude559.85 km (347.87 mi)
Apogee altitude581.10 km (361.08 mi)
Inclination31.01°
Period96.0 minutes
Instruments
SXSSoft X-ray Spectrometer
HXIHard X-ray Imager
SXISoft X-ray Imager
SGDSoft Gamma-ray Detector
← Suzaku (ASTRO-EII)
X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM) →
 

Name

The new name refers to the pupil of an eye, and to a legend of a painting of four dragons.[6] The word Hitomi generally means "eye", and specifically the pupil, or entrance window of the eye - the aperture. There is also an ancient legend that inspires the name Hitomi. "One day, many years ago, a painter was drawing four white dragons on a street. He finished drawing the dragons, but without "Hitomi". People who looked at the painting said "why don't you paint Hitomi, it is not complete. The painter hesitated, but people pressured him. The painter then drew Hitomi on two of the four dragons. Immediately, these dragons came to life and flew up into the sky. The two dragons without Hitomi remained still". The inspiration of this story is that Hitomi is regarded as the "One last, but most important part", and so we wish ASTRO-H to be the essential mission to solve mysteries of the universe in X-rays. Hitomi refers to the aperture of the eye, the part where incoming light is absorbed. From this, Hitomi reminds us of a black hole. We will observe Hitomi in the Universe using the Hitomi satellite.[9]

Objectives

Hitomi's objectives were to explore the large-scale structure and evolution of the universe, as well as the distribution of dark matter within galaxy clusters [10] and how the galaxy clusters evolve over time;[6] how matter behaves in strong gravitational fields [10] (such as matter inspiraling into black holes),[6] to explore the physical conditions in regions where cosmic rays are accelerated,[10] as well as observing supernovae.[6] In order to achieve this, it was designed to be capable of:[10]

  • Imaging and spectroscopic measurements with a hard X-ray telescope;[10]
  • Spectroscopic observations with an extremely high energy resolution using the micro-calorimeter;[10]
  • Sensitive wideband observations over the energy range 0.3-600 keV.[10]

It was the sixth of a series of JAXA X-ray satellites,[10] which started in 1979,[7] and it was designed to observe sources that are an order of magnitude fainter than its predecessor, Suzaku.[6] Its planned mission length was three years.[7] At the time of launch, two other large X-ray satellites were carrying out observations in orbit: the Chandra X-ray Observatory and XMM-Newton, both of which were launched in 1999.[6]

Instruments

 
Focusing X-rays with a Wolter Type-1 optical system

The probe carried four instruments and six detectors to observe photons with energies ranging from soft X-rays to gamma rays, with a high energy resolution.[10][7] Hitomi was built by an international collaboration led by JAXA with over 70 contributing institutions in Japan, the United States, Canada, and Europe,[10] and over 160 scientists.[11] With a mass of 2,700 kg (6,000 lb),[10][7] At launch, Hitomi was the heaviest Japanese X-ray mission.[1] The satellite is about 14 m (46 ft) in length.[7]

Two soft X-ray telescopes (SXT-S, SXT-I), with focal lengths of 5.6 m (18 ft), focus light onto a soft X-ray Spectrometer (SXS), provided by NASA, with an energy range of 0.4-12 keV for high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy,[10] and a soft X-ray imager (SXI), with an energy range of 0.3-12 keV.[10]

Two hard X-ray telescopes (HXT), with a focus length of 12 m (39 ft),[10][12] focus light onto two hard X-ray imagers (HXI),[10] with energy range 5-80 keV,[12] which are mounted on a plate placed at the end of the 6 m (20 ft) extendable optical bench (EOB) that is deployed once the satellite is in orbit.[10] The Canadian Space Agency (CSA) provided the Canadian ASTRO-H Metrology System (CAMS),[13][14] which is a laser alignment system that will be used to measure the distortions in the extendible optical bench.

Two soft Gamma-ray detectors (SGD), each containing three units, were mounted on two sides of the satellite, using non-focusing detectors to observe soft gamma-ray emission with energies from 60 to 600 KeV.[1][10]

The Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON) in collaboration with the University of Geneva provided the filter-wheel and calibration source for the spectrometer.[15][16]

Launch

The launch of the satellite was planned for 2013 as of 2008,[17] later revised to 2015 as of 2013.[11] As of early February 2016, it was planned for 12 February, but was delayed due to poor weather forecasts.[18]

Hitomi launched on 17 February 2016 at 08:45 UTC[6][7] into a low Earth orbit of approximately 575 km (357 mi).[10] The circular orbit had an orbital period of around 96 minutes, and an orbital inclination of 31.01°.[10] It was launched from the Tanegashima Space Center on board an H-IIA launch vehicle.[10][6] 14 minutes after launch, the satellite separated from the launch vehicle. The solar arrays later deployed according to plan, and it began its on-orbit checkout.[6]

Loss of spacecraft

On 27 March 2016, JAXA reported that communication with Hitomi had "failed from the start of its operation" on 26 March 2016 at 07:40 UTC.[19] On the same day, the U.S. Joint Space Operations Center (JSpOC) announced on Twitter that it had observed a breakup of the satellite into 5 pieces at 08:20 UTC on 26 March 2016,[20] and its orbit also suddenly changed on the same day.[21] Later analysis by the JSpOC found that the fragmentation likely took place around 01:42 UTC, but that there was no evidence the spacecraft had been struck by debris.[3] Between 26 and 28 March 2016, JAXA reported receiving three brief signals from Hitomi; while the signals were offset by 200 kHz from what was expected from Hitomi, their direction of origin and time of reception suggested they were legitimate.[22] Later analysis, however, determined that the signals were not from Hitomi but from an unknown radio source not registered with the International Telecommunication Union.[22][23]

JAXA stated they were working to recover communication and control over the spacecraft,[19] but that "the recovery will require months, not days".[24] Initially suggested possibilities for the communication loss is that a helium gas leak, battery explosion, or stuck-open thruster caused the satellite to start rotating, rather than a catastrophic failure.[21][25][26] JAXA announced on 1 April 2016 that Hitomi had lost attitude control at around 19:10 UTC on 25 March 2016. After analysing engineering data from just before the communication loss, however, no problems were noted with either the helium tank or batteries.[27]

The same day, JSpOC released orbital data for ten detected pieces of debris, five more than originally reported, including one piece that was large enough to initially be confused with the main body of the spacecraft.[28][29] Amateur trackers observed what was believed to be Hitomi tumbling in orbit, with reports of the main spacecraft body (Object A) rotating once every 1.3 or 2.6 seconds, and the next largest piece (Object L) rotating every 10 seconds.[29]

JAXA ceased efforts to recover the satellite on 28 April 2016, switching focus to anomaly investigation.[23][30] It was determined that the chain of events that led to the spacecraft's loss began with its inertial reference unit (IRU) reporting a rotation of 21.7° per hour at 19:10 UTC on 25 March 2016, though the vehicle was actually stable. The attitude control system attempted to use Hitomi's reaction wheels to counteract the non-existent spin, which caused the spacecraft to rotate in the opposite direction. Because the IRU continued to report faulty data, the reaction wheels began to accumulate excessive momentum, tripping the spacecraft's computer into taking the vehicle into "safe hold" mode. Attitude control then tried to use its thrusters to stabilise the spacecraft; the Sun sensor was unable to lock on to the Sun's position, and continued thruster firings caused Hitomi to rotate even faster due to an incorrect software setting. Because of this excessive rotation rate, early on 26 March 2016 several parts of the spacecraft broke away, likely including both solar arrays and the extended optical bench.[8][22]

Replacement

Reports of a Hitomi replacement mission first surfaced on 21 June 2016.[31] According to an article from Kyodo News, JAXA was considering a launch of "Hitomi 2" in the early 2020s aboard Japan's new H3 launch vehicle.[31] The spacecraft would be a near-copy of Hitomi.[31] However, a 27 June 2016 article from The Nikkei stated that some within the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology believed it was too early to grant funding for a Hitomi replacement.[32] The article also noted that NASA had expressed support for a replacement mission led by Japan.

On 14 July 2016, JAXA published a press release regarding the ongoing study of a successor.[33] According to the press release, the spacecraft would be a remanufacture but with countermeasures reflecting Hitomi's loss, and would be launched in 2020 on a H-IIA launch vehicle. The scientific mission of the "ASTRO-H Successor" would be based around the SXS instrument.[33] The Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Hiroshi Hase, stated during a press conference on 15 July 2016 that funding for Hitomi's successor will be allocated in the fiscal year 2017 budget request,[34] and that he intends to accept the successor mission on the condition that the investigation of Hitomi's destruction is completed and measures to prevent recurrence are done accordingly.[35] The X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM) was approved by JAXA and NASA in April 2017, with launch planned in 2023.[36]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Insight into the Hot Universe: X-ray Astronomy Satellite ASTRO-H" (PDF). JAXA. November 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  2. ^ Graham, William (17 February 2016). "Japanese H-IIA rocket launches ASTRO-H mission". NASASpaceFlight,com. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  3. ^ a b Gruss, Mike (29 March 2016). "U.S. Air Force: No evidence malfunctioning Japanese satellite was hit by debris". SpaceNews. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  4. ^ "ASTRO H - Orbit". Heavens Above. 27 March 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  5. ^ . NASA. Archived from the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2016.   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Wall, Mike (17 February 2016). "Japan Launches X-Ray Observatory to Study Black Holes, Star Explosions". SPACE.com. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g "Successful launch of Hitomi". University of Cambridge. 17 February 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  8. ^ a b Clark, Stephen (18 April 2016). "Attitude control failures led to break-up of Japanese astronomy satellite". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  9. ^ "X-ray Astronomy Satellite (ASTRO-H) Solar Array Paddles Deployment and Name Decided". JAXA. 16 February 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t . JAXA. 2015. Archived from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  11. ^ a b "The ASTRO-H X-ray observatory" (PDF). JAXA. March 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  12. ^ a b . JAXA. 2015. Archived from the original on 28 June 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
  13. ^ "The Canadian ASTRO-H Metrology System". Saint Mary's University.
  14. ^ "Canada Partners on Japanese X-ray Space Observatory". Canadian Space Agency. 3 August 2011.
  15. ^ "SRON - ASTRO-H". Netherlands Institute for Space Research. 2010. Retrieved 31 March 2010.
  16. ^ . University of Geneva. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2010.
  17. ^ "NASA Selects Explorer Mission of Opportunity Investigations". NASA. 20 June 2008. from the original on 26 June 2008. Retrieved 23 June 2008.   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  18. ^ "Launch of Japanese X-ray observatory postponed". Spaceflight Now. 11 February 2016.
  19. ^ a b "Communication failure of X-ray Astronomy Satellite "Hitomi" (ASTRO-H)". JAXA. 27 March 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  20. ^ Joint Space Operations Center [@18SPCS] (27 March 2016). "JSpOC ID'd 2 breakups..." (Tweet). Retrieved 27 March 2016 – via Twitter.
  21. ^ a b Drake, Nadia (27 March 2016). "Japan Loses Contact With Newest Space Telescope". No Place Like Home. National Geographic. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  22. ^ a b c "Supplemental Handout on the Operation Plan of the X-ray Astronomy Satellite ASTRO-H (Hitomi)" (PDF). JAXA. 28 April 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
  23. ^ a b . Associated Press. 29 April 2016. Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  24. ^ Foust, Jeff (30 March 2016). "JAXA believes still possible to recover Hitomi". SpaceNews. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  25. ^ "Japan: Trouble Reaching Innovative New Space Satellite". ABC News. The Associated Press. 27 March 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  26. ^ Misra, Ria; Ouellette, Jennifer (30 March 2016). "Japan's Lost Black Hole Satellite Just Reappeared and Nobody Knows What Happened to It". Gizmodo. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  27. ^ "Debris appeared after Hitomi failed to keep position, JAXA says". The Japan Times. Jiji Press. 2 April 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  28. ^ "10 pieces from Astro-H break-up..." Twitter.com. Joint Space Operations Center. 1 April 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  29. ^ a b "New Orbital Data and Observations Dim Hopes for Japanese Hitomi Spacecraft". Spaceflight101.com. 2 April 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  30. ^ "Operation Plan of X-ray Astronomy Satellite ASTRO-H (Hitomi)". NASA. 28 April 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  31. ^ a b c (in Japanese). Kyodo News. 22 June 2016. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  32. ^ "ＪＡＸＡ、「ひとみ」代替機の検討浮上 文科省は慎重". The Nikkei (in Japanese). 27 June 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  33. ^ a b "Ｘ線天文衛星ASTRO‐H「ひとみ」の後継機の検討について" (PDF) (in Japanese). JAXA. 14 July 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  34. ^ "衛星「ひとみ」後継機、17年度に開発着手を 文科相". The Nikkei (in Japanese). 15 July 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  35. ^ (in Japanese). Jiji Press. 15 July 2016. Archived from the original on 16 July 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  36. ^ "Japanese-NASA X-ray Observatory Stands Tall as Testing Begins". NASA. 19 July 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2022.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to ASTRO-H.
  • Hitomi website by JAXA
  • by JAXA's Institute of Space and Astronautical Science
  • Hitomi website by NASA

March 03, 2023
hitomi, satellite, hitomi, japanese, ひとみ, also, known, astro, telescope, next, astronomy, satellite, commissioned, japan, aerospace, exploration, agency, jaxa, studying, extremely, energetic, processes, universe, space, observatory, designed, extend, research,. Hitomi Japanese ひとみ also known as ASTRO H and New X ray Telescope NeXT was an X ray astronomy satellite commissioned by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency JAXA for studying extremely energetic processes in the Universe The space observatory was designed to extend the research conducted by the Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics ASCA by investigating the hard X ray band above 10 keV The satellite was originally called New X ray Telescope 5 at the time of launch it was called ASTRO H 6 After it was placed in orbit and its solar panels deployed it was renamed Hitomi 7 The spacecraft was launched on 17 February 2016 and contact was lost on 26 March 2016 due to multiple incidents with the attitude control system leading to an uncontrolled spin rate and breakup of structurally weak elements 8 Hitomi ひとみ Artist depiction of Hitomi satelliteNamesASTRO HNew X ray Telescope NeXT Mission typeX ray astronomyOperatorJAXACOSPAR ID2016 012ASATCAT no 41337Mission duration3 years planned 37 days and 16 hours achieved Spacecraft propertiesLaunch mass2 700 kg 6 000 lb 1 DimensionsLength 14 m 46 ft Power3500 wattsStart of missionLaunch date17 February 2016 08 45 UTC 2 RocketH IIA 202 No 30Launch siteTanegashima Space CenterEnd of missionDisposalDestroyed on orbitDestroyed26 March 2016 01 42 UTC 3 Orbital parametersReference systemGeocentric orbit 4 RegimeLow Earth orbitPerigee altitude559 85 km 347 87 mi Apogee altitude581 10 km 361 08 mi Inclination31 01 Period96 0 minutesInstrumentsSXSSoft X ray SpectrometerHXIHard X ray ImagerSXISoft X ray ImagerSGDSoft Gamma ray DetectorX ray astronomy satellite in Japan Suzaku ASTRO EII X Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission XRISM Contents 1 Name 2 Objectives 3 Instruments 4 Launch 5 Loss of spacecraft 6 Replacement 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksName EditThe new name refers to the pupil of an eye and to a legend of a painting of four dragons 6 The word Hitomi generally means eye and specifically the pupil or entrance window of the eye the aperture There is also an ancient legend that inspires the name Hitomi One day many years ago a painter was drawing four white dragons on a street He finished drawing the dragons but without Hitomi People who looked at the painting said why don t you paint Hitomi it is not complete The painter hesitated but people pressured him The painter then drew Hitomi on two of the four dragons Immediately these dragons came to life and flew up into the sky The two dragons without Hitomi remained still The inspiration of this story is that Hitomi is regarded as the One last but most important part and so we wish ASTRO H to be the essential mission to solve mysteries of the universe in X rays Hitomi refers to the aperture of the eye the part where incoming light is absorbed From this Hitomi reminds us of a black hole We will observe Hitomi in the Universe using the Hitomi satellite 9 Objectives EditHitomi s objectives were to explore the large scale structure and evolution of the universe as well as the distribution of dark matter within galaxy clusters 10 and how the galaxy clusters evolve over time 6 how matter behaves in strong gravitational fields 10 such as matter inspiraling into black holes 6 to explore the physical conditions in regions where cosmic rays are accelerated 10 as well as observing supernovae 6 In order to achieve this it was designed to be capable of 10 Imaging and spectroscopic measurements with a hard X ray telescope 10 Spectroscopic observations with an extremely high energy resolution using the micro calorimeter 10 Sensitive wideband observations over the energy range 0 3 600 keV 10 It was the sixth of a series of JAXA X ray satellites 10 which started in 1979 7 and it was designed to observe sources that are an order of magnitude fainter than its predecessor Suzaku 6 Its planned mission length was three years 7 At the time of launch two other large X ray satellites were carrying out observations in orbit the Chandra X ray Observatory and XMM Newton both of which were launched in 1999 6 Instruments Edit Focusing X rays with a Wolter Type 1 optical system The probe carried four instruments and six detectors to observe photons with energies ranging from soft X rays to gamma rays with a high energy resolution 10 7 Hitomi was built by an international collaboration led by JAXA with over 70 contributing institutions in Japan the United States Canada and Europe 10 and over 160 scientists 11 With a mass of 2 700 kg 6 000 lb 10 7 At launch Hitomi was the heaviest Japanese X ray mission 1 The satellite is about 14 m 46 ft in length 7 Two soft X ray telescopes SXT S SXT I with focal lengths of 5 6 m 18 ft focus light onto a soft X ray Spectrometer SXS provided by NASA with an energy range of 0 4 12 keV for high resolution X ray spectroscopy 10 and a soft X ray imager SXI with an energy range of 0 3 12 keV 10 Two hard X ray telescopes HXT with a focus length of 12 m 39 ft 10 12 focus light onto two hard X ray imagers HXI 10 with energy range 5 80 keV 12 which are mounted on a plate placed at the end of the 6 m 20 ft extendable optical bench EOB that is deployed once the satellite is in orbit 10 The Canadian Space Agency CSA provided the Canadian ASTRO H Metrology System CAMS 13 14 which is a laser alignment system that will be used to measure the distortions in the extendible optical bench Two soft Gamma ray detectors SGD each containing three units were mounted on two sides of the satellite using non focusing detectors to observe soft gamma ray emission with energies from 60 to 600 KeV 1 10 The Netherlands Institute for Space Research SRON in collaboration with the University of Geneva provided the filter wheel and calibration source for the spectrometer 15 16 Launch EditThe launch of the satellite was planned for 2013 as of 2008 17 later revised to 2015 as of 2013 11 As of early February 2016 it was planned for 12 February but was delayed due to poor weather forecasts 18 Hitomi launched on 17 February 2016 at 08 45 UTC 6 7 into a low Earth orbit of approximately 575 km 357 mi 10 The circular orbit had an orbital period of around 96 minutes and an orbital inclination of 31 01 10 It was launched from the Tanegashima Space Center on board an H IIA launch vehicle 10 6 14 minutes after launch the satellite separated from the launch vehicle The solar arrays later deployed according to plan and it began its on orbit checkout 6 Loss of spacecraft EditOn 27 March 2016 JAXA reported that communication with Hitomi had failed from the start of its operation on 26 March 2016 at 07 40 UTC 19 On the same day the U S Joint Space Operations Center JSpOC announced on Twitter that it had observed a breakup of the satellite into 5 pieces at 08 20 UTC on 26 March 2016 20 and its orbit also suddenly changed on the same day 21 Later analysis by the JSpOC found that the fragmentation likely took place around 01 42 UTC but that there was no evidence the spacecraft had been struck by debris 3 Between 26 and 28 March 2016 JAXA reported receiving three brief signals from Hitomi while the signals were offset by 200 kHz from what was expected from Hitomi their direction of origin and time of reception suggested they were legitimate 22 Later analysis however determined that the signals were not from Hitomi but from an unknown radio source not registered with the International Telecommunication Union 22 23 JAXA stated they were working to recover communication and control over the spacecraft 19 but that the recovery will require months not days 24 Initially suggested possibilities for the communication loss is that a helium gas leak battery explosion or stuck open thruster caused the satellite to start rotating rather than a catastrophic failure 21 25 26 JAXA announced on 1 April 2016 that Hitomi had lost attitude control at around 19 10 UTC on 25 March 2016 After analysing engineering data from just before the communication loss however no problems were noted with either the helium tank or batteries 27 The same day JSpOC released orbital data for ten detected pieces of debris five more than originally reported including one piece that was large enough to initially be confused with the main body of the spacecraft 28 29 Amateur trackers observed what was believed to be Hitomi tumbling in orbit with reports of the main spacecraft body Object A rotating once every 1 3 or 2 6 seconds and the next largest piece Object L rotating every 10 seconds 29 JAXA ceased efforts to recover the satellite on 28 April 2016 switching focus to anomaly investigation 23 30 It was determined that the chain of events that led to the spacecraft s loss began with its inertial reference unit IRU reporting a rotation of 21 7 per hour at 19 10 UTC on 25 March 2016 though the vehicle was actually stable The attitude control system attempted to use Hitomi s reaction wheels to counteract the non existent spin which caused the spacecraft to rotate in the opposite direction Because the IRU continued to report faulty data the reaction wheels began to accumulate excessive momentum tripping the spacecraft s computer into taking the vehicle into safe hold mode Attitude control then tried to use its thrusters to stabilise the spacecraft the Sun sensor was unable to lock on to the Sun s position and continued thruster firings caused Hitomi to rotate even faster due to an incorrect software setting Because of this excessive rotation rate early on 26 March 2016 several parts of the spacecraft broke away likely including both solar arrays and the extended optical bench 8 22 Replacement EditReports of a Hitomi replacement mission first surfaced on 21 June 2016 31 According to an article from Kyodo News JAXA was considering a launch of Hitomi 2 in the early 2020s aboard Japan s new H3 launch vehicle 31 The spacecraft would be a near copy of Hitomi 31 However a 27 June 2016 article from The Nikkei stated that some within the Ministry of Education Culture Sports Science and Technology believed it was too early to grant funding for a Hitomi replacement 32 The article also noted that NASA had expressed support for a replacement mission led by Japan On 14 July 2016 JAXA published a press release regarding the ongoing study of a successor 33 According to the press release the spacecraft would be a remanufacture but with countermeasures reflecting Hitomi s loss and would be launched in 2020 on a H IIA launch vehicle The scientific mission of the ASTRO H Successor would be based around the SXS instrument 33 The Minister of Education Culture Sports Science and Technology Hiroshi Hase stated during a press conference on 15 July 2016 that funding for Hitomi s successor will be allocated in the fiscal year 2017 budget request 34 and that he intends to accept the successor mission on the condition that the investigation of Hitomi s destruction is completed and measures to prevent recurrence are done accordingly 35 The X Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission XRISM was approved by JAXA and NASA in April 2017 with launch planned in 2023 36 See also Edit Astronomy portal Spaceflight portalList of X ray space telescopes X ray astronomy List of software bugsReferences Edit a b c Insight into the Hot Universe X ray Astronomy Satellite ASTRO H PDF JAXA November 2015 Retrieved 27 March 2016 Graham William 17 February 2016 Japanese H IIA rocket launches ASTRO H mission NASASpaceFlight com Retrieved 27 March 2016 a b Gruss Mike 29 March 2016 U S Air Force No evidence malfunctioning Japanese satellite was hit by debris SpaceNews Retrieved 5 April 2016 ASTRO H Orbit Heavens Above 27 March 2016 Retrieved 27 March 2016 Hitomi ASTRO H NASA Archived from the original on 29 July 2016 Retrieved 27 March 2016 This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain a b c d e f g h i j Wall Mike 17 February 2016 Japan Launches X Ray Observatory to Study Black Holes Star Explosions SPACE com Retrieved 27 March 2016 a b c d e f g Successful launch of Hitomi University of Cambridge 17 February 2016 Retrieved 27 March 2016 a b Clark Stephen 18 April 2016 Attitude control failures led to break up of Japanese astronomy satellite Spaceflight Now Retrieved 21 April 2016 X ray Astronomy Satellite ASTRO H Solar Array Paddles Deployment and Name Decided JAXA 16 February 2016 Retrieved 7 March 2021 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Astro H Overview JAXA 2015 Archived from the original on 23 December 2016 Retrieved 27 March 2016 a b The ASTRO H X ray observatory PDF JAXA March 2013 Retrieved 27 March 2016 a b ASTRO H Hard X ray Imaging System JAXA 2015 Archived from the original on 28 June 2016 Retrieved 29 October 2015 The Canadian ASTRO H Metrology System Saint Mary s University Canada Partners on Japanese X ray Space Observatory Canadian Space Agency 3 August 2011 SRON ASTRO H Netherlands Institute for Space Research 2010 Retrieved 31 March 2010 European Science Support Centre for Hitomi University of Geneva Archived from the original on 12 March 2016 Retrieved 31 March 2010 NASA Selects Explorer Mission of Opportunity Investigations NASA 20 June 2008 Archived from the original on 26 June 2008 Retrieved 23 June 2008 This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Launch of Japanese X ray observatory postponed Spaceflight Now 11 February 2016 a b Communication failure of X ray Astronomy Satellite Hitomi ASTRO H JAXA 27 March 2016 Retrieved 27 March 2016 Joint Space Operations Center 18SPCS 27 March 2016 JSpOC ID d 2 breakups Tweet Retrieved 27 March 2016 via Twitter a b Drake Nadia 27 March 2016 Japan Loses Contact With Newest Space Telescope No Place Like Home National Geographic Retrieved 27 March 2016 a b c Supplemental Handout on the Operation Plan of the X ray Astronomy Satellite ASTRO H Hitomi PDF JAXA 28 April 2016 Retrieved 13 June 2016 a b Japan abandons costly X ray satellite lost in space Associated Press 29 April 2016 Archived from the original on 13 September 2016 Retrieved 29 April 2016 Foust Jeff 30 March 2016 JAXA believes still possible to recover Hitomi SpaceNews Retrieved 5 April 2016 Japan Trouble Reaching Innovative New Space Satellite ABC News The Associated Press 27 March 2016 Retrieved 27 March 2016 Misra Ria Ouellette Jennifer 30 March 2016 Japan s Lost Black Hole Satellite Just Reappeared and Nobody Knows What Happened to It Gizmodo Retrieved 5 April 2016 Debris appeared after Hitomi failed to keep position JAXA says The Japan Times Jiji Press 2 April 2016 Retrieved 5 April 2016 10 pieces from Astro H break up Twitter com Joint Space Operations Center 1 April 2016 Retrieved 5 April 2016 a b New Orbital Data and Observations Dim Hopes for Japanese Hitomi Spacecraft Spaceflight101 com 2 April 2016 Retrieved 5 April 2016 Operation Plan of X ray Astronomy Satellite ASTRO H Hitomi NASA 28 April 2016 Retrieved 28 April 2016 a b c 衛星 ひとみ2 打ち上げへ 20年代前半目標に再挑戦 in Japanese Kyodo News 22 June 2016 Archived from the original on 16 September 2016 Retrieved 18 July 2016 ＪＡＸＡ ひとみ 代替機の検討浮上 文科省は慎重 The Nikkei in Japanese 27 June 2016 Retrieved 18 July 2016 a b Ｘ線天文衛星ASTRO H ひとみ の後継機の検討について PDF in Japanese JAXA 14 July 2016 Retrieved 18 July 2016 衛星 ひとみ 後継機 17年度に開発着手を 文科相 The Nikkei in Japanese 15 July 2016 Retrieved 18 July 2016 ひとみ 後継機を容認 概算要求盛り込む 馳文科相 in Japanese Jiji Press 15 July 2016 Archived from the original on 16 July 2016 Retrieved 18 July 2016 Japanese NASA X ray Observatory Stands Tall as Testing Begins NASA 19 July 2022 Retrieved 19 July 2022 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to ASTRO H Hitomi website by JAXA Hitomi website by JAXA s Institute of Space and Astronautical Science Hitomi website by NASA Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hitomi satellite amp oldid 1141872817, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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