This article is about the space telescope. For other uses, see IRAS (disambiguation).
The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (Dutch: Infrarood Astronomische Satelliet) (IRAS) was the first space telescope to perform a survey of the entire night sky at infraredwavelengths.[6] Launched on 25 January 1983,[3] its mission lasted ten months.[7] The telescope was a joint project of the United States (NASA), the Netherlands (NIVR), and the United Kingdom (SERC). Over 250,000 infrared sources were observed at 12, 25, 60, and 100 micrometer wavelengths.[7]
The success of IRAS led to interest in the 1985 Infrared Telescope (IRT) mission on the Space Shuttle, and the planned Shuttle Infrared Telescope Facility which eventually transformed into the Space Infrared Telescope Facility, SIRTF, which in turn was developed into the Spitzer Space Telescope, launched in 2003.[10] The success of early infrared space astronomy led to further missions, such as the Infrared Space Observatory (1990s) and the Hubble Space Telescope'sNICMOS instrument.
IRAS was the first observatory to perform an all-sky survey at infrared wavelengths. It mapped 96% of the sky four times, at 12, 25, 60 and 100 micrometers, with resolutions ranging from 30 arcseconds at 12 micrometers to 2 arcminutes at 100 micrometers. It discovered about 350,000 sources, many of which are still awaiting identification. About 75,000 of those are believed to be starburst galaxies, still enduring their star-formation stage. Many other sources are normal stars with disks of dust around them, possibly the early stage of planetary system formation. New discoveries included a dust disk around Vega and the first images of the Milky Way's core.
IRAS's life, like that of most infrared satellites that followed, was limited by its cooling system. To effectively work in the infrared domain, a telescope must be cooled to cryogenic temperatures. In IRAS's case, 73 kilograms (161 lb) of superfluidhelium kept the telescope at a temperature of 2 K (−271 °C; −456 °F), keeping the satellite cool by evaporation. IRAS was the first use of superfluids in space.[11] The on-board supply of liquid helium was depleted after 10 months on 21 November 1983, causing the telescope temperature to rise, preventing further observations. The spacecraft continues to orbit the Earth.
IRAS was designed to catalog fixed sources, so it scanned the same region of sky several times. Jack Meadows led a team at Leicester University, including John K. Davies and Simon F. Green, which searched the rejected sources for moving objects. This led to the discovery of three asteroids, including 3200 Phaethon (an Apollo asteroid and the parent body of the Geminidmeteor shower), six comets, and a huge dust trail associated with comet 10P/Tempel. The comets included 126P/IRAS, 161P/Hartley–IRAS, and comet IRAS–Araki–Alcock (C/1983 H1), which made a close approach to the Earth in 1983. Out of the six comets IRAS found, four were long period and two were short period comets.[7]
Discoveries
IRAS made its observations from Earth orbit in 1983
Overall, over a quarter million discrete targets were observed during its operations, both inside and beyond the Solar System.[7] In addition, new objects were discovered including asteroids and comets.[7] The observatory made headlines briefly with the announcement on 10 December 1983 of the discovery of an "unknown object" at first described as "possibly as large as the giant planet Jupiter and possibly so close to Earth that it would be part of this solar system".[12][13] Further analysis revealed that, of several unidentified objects, nine were distant galaxies and the tenth was "intergalactic cirrus".[14] None were found to be Solar System bodies.[14][15]
During its mission, IRAS (and later the Spitzer Space Telescope) detected odd infrared signatures around several stars. This led to the systems being targeted by the Hubble Space Telescope's NICMOS instrument between 1999 and 2006, but nothing was detected. In 2014, using new image processing techniques on the Hubble data, researchers discovered planetary disks around these stars.[16]
IRAS discovered six comets, out of total of 22 discoveries and recoveries of all comets that year.[7][17] This was a lot for this period, before the launch of SOHO in 1995, which would allow the discovery of many more comets in the next decade (it would detect 1000 comets in ten years).[18]
Several infrared space telescopes have continued and greatly expanded the study of the infrared Universe, such as the Infrared Space Observatory launched in 1995, the Spitzer Space Telescope launched in 2003, and the Akari Space Telescope launched in 2006.
A next generation of infrared space telescopes began when NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer launched on 14 December 2009 aboard a Delta II rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base. Known as WISE, the telescope provided results hundreds of times more sensitive than IRAS at the shorter wavelengths; it also had an extended mission dubbed NEOWISE beginning in October 2010 after its coolant supply ran out.
On 29 January 2020, 23:39:35 UTC,[20] IRAS was expected to pass as closely as 12 meters [21] from the U.S. Air Force's Gravity Gradient Stabilization Experiment (GGSE-4) of 1967, another un-deorbited satellite left aloft; the 14.7-kilometer per second pass[22] had an estimated risk of collision of 5%. Further complications arose from the fact that GGSE-4 was outfitted with an 18 meter long stabilization boom that was in an unknown orientation and may have struck the satellite even if the spacecraft's main body did not.[23] Initial observations from amateur astronomers seemed to indicate that both satellites had survived the pass, with the California-based debris tracking organization LeoLabs later confirming that they had detected no new tracked debris following the incident.[24][25]
^Neugebauer, G.; Habing, H. J.; van Duinen, R.; Aumann, H. H.; Baud, B.; et al. (March 1984). "The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) mission" (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal, Part 2. 278: L1–L6. Bibcode:1984ApJ...278L...1N. doi:10.1086/184209. hdl:1887/6453.
^ abc"Infrared Astronomical Satellite". NASA. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
^"IRAS - Orbit". Heavens-Above. 19 November 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
^O'Toole, Thomas (30 December 1983). . The Washington Post. p. A1. Archived from the original on 1 February 2010.
^"Mystery heavenly body found close to Earth". The Gazette. Washington Post. 30 December 1983. p. A-1. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
^ abChester, Thomas J. (5 May 1998). . Caltech. Archived from the original on 2 February 2010.
^Plait, Phil (17 November 2010). "The Planet X Saga: Science". Bad Astronomy. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
^Harrington, J. D.; Villard, Ray (24 April 2014). "Astronomical Forensics Uncover Planetary Disks in NASA's Hubble Archive". NASA. NASA Release 14-114. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
^Marsden, B. G. (1986). "1986QJRAS..27..102M Page 102". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 27: 102. Bibcode:1986QJRAS..27..102M. Retrieved 2019-09-30.
^"Minor Planet Discoverers". Minor Planet Center. 4 September 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
^@LeoLabs_Space (29 January 2020). "Our latest data on the IRAS / GGSE 4 event" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^@LeoLabs_Space (29 January 2020). "Our latest update this morning for IRAS / GGSE 4" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^"2 satellites will narrowly avoid colliding at 32,800 MPH over Pittsburgh on Wednesday". Space.com. 28 January 2020.
^@LeoLabs_Space (29 January 2020). "Adjusted calculations for larger object size" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^@juliancd38 (29 January 2020). "Trails of both IRAS and GGSE4 continue unimpeded after intersection" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^@LeoLabs_Space (29 January 2020). "Latest data following the event shows no evidence of new debris" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
Bibliography
Beichman, C. A.; Neugebauer, G.; Habing, H. J.; Clegg, P. E.; Chester, T. J., eds. (1988). Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS): Catalogs and Atlases(PDF). Volume 1: Explanatory Supplement (2nd ed.). NASA Scientific and Technical Information Division.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Infrared Astronomical Satellite.
IRAS website by Caltech
IRAS Minor Planet Survey archive by the Planetary Science Institute
iras, this, article, about, space, telescope, other, uses, disambiguation, infrared, astronomical, satellite, dutch, infrarood, astronomische, satelliet, first, space, telescope, perform, survey, entire, night, infrared, wavelengths, launched, january, 1983, m. This article is about the space telescope For other uses see IRAS disambiguation The Infrared Astronomical Satellite Dutch Infrarood Astronomische Satelliet IRAS was the first space telescope to perform a survey of the entire night sky at infrared wavelengths 6 Launched on 25 January 1983 3 its mission lasted ten months 7 The telescope was a joint project of the United States NASA the Netherlands NIVR and the United Kingdom SERC Over 250 000 infrared sources were observed at 12 25 60 and 100 micrometer wavelengths 7 Infrared Astronomical Satellite Infrarood Astronomische SatellietIRAS montage with all sky imagesMission typeInfrared space observatoryOperatorNASA NIVR SERCCOSPAR ID1983 004ASATCAT no 13777Websiteirsa wbr ipac wbr caltech wbr edu wbr Missions wbr iras wbr htmlMission durationFinal 9 months 26 daysSpacecraft propertiesManufacturerBall Aerospace Fokker Space Hollandse SignaalLaunch mass1 083 kg 2 388 lb Dimensions3 60 3 24 2 05 m 11 8 10 6 6 7 ft 1 Start of missionLaunch date25 January 1983 21 17 1983 01 25UTC21 17 UTC 3 RocketDelta 3910Launch siteVandenberg SLC 2WEntered service9 February 1983 2 End of missionDisposalDecommissionedDeactivated21 November 1983 1983 11 22 3 Orbital parametersReference systemGeocentricRegimeSun synchronousSemi major axis7 270 69 km 4 517 80 mi Eccentricity0 001857Perigee altitude879 05 km 546 22 mi Apogee altitude906 05 km 562 99 mi Inclination98 95 degPeriod102 8 minMean motion14 00 rev dayEpoch19 November 2016 04 15 30 UTC 4 Main telescopeTypeRitchey Chretien 5 Diameter57 cm 22 in 5 Focal length545 cm 215 in f 9 56 5 Collecting area2 019 cm2 312 9 sq in 5 WavelengthsLong wavelength to far infraredInstrumentsSASurvey ArrayLRSLow Resolution SpectrometerCPCChopped Photometric Channel Support for the processing and analysis of data from IRAS was contributed from the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center at the California Institute of Technology Currently the Infrared Science Archive at IPAC holds the IRAS archive 8 9 The success of IRAS led to interest in the 1985 Infrared Telescope IRT mission on the Space Shuttle and the planned Shuttle Infrared Telescope Facility which eventually transformed into the Space Infrared Telescope Facility SIRTF which in turn was developed into the Spitzer Space Telescope launched in 2003 10 The success of early infrared space astronomy led to further missions such as the Infrared Space Observatory 1990s and the Hubble Space Telescope s NICMOS instrument Contents 1 Mission 2 Discoveries 2 1 Asteroid discoveries 3 Later surveys 4 2020 near miss 5 See also 6 References 6 1 Bibliography 7 External linksMission Edit Launch of IRAS in 1983 False color image of comet IRAS Araki Alcock by IRAS Infrared all sky survey by IRAS IRAS was the first observatory to perform an all sky survey at infrared wavelengths It mapped 96 of the sky four times at 12 25 60 and 100 micrometers with resolutions ranging from 30 arcseconds at 12 micrometers to 2 arcminutes at 100 micrometers It discovered about 350 000 sources many of which are still awaiting identification About 75 000 of those are believed to be starburst galaxies still enduring their star formation stage Many other sources are normal stars with disks of dust around them possibly the early stage of planetary system formation New discoveries included a dust disk around Vega and the first images of the Milky Way s core IRAS s life like that of most infrared satellites that followed was limited by its cooling system To effectively work in the infrared domain a telescope must be cooled to cryogenic temperatures In IRAS s case 73 kilograms 161 lb of superfluid helium kept the telescope at a temperature of 2 K 271 C 456 F keeping the satellite cool by evaporation IRAS was the first use of superfluids in space 11 The on board supply of liquid helium was depleted after 10 months on 21 November 1983 causing the telescope temperature to rise preventing further observations The spacecraft continues to orbit the Earth IRAS was designed to catalog fixed sources so it scanned the same region of sky several times Jack Meadows led a team at Leicester University including John K Davies and Simon F Green which searched the rejected sources for moving objects This led to the discovery of three asteroids including 3200 Phaethon an Apollo asteroid and the parent body of the Geminid meteor shower six comets and a huge dust trail associated with comet 10P Tempel The comets included 126P IRAS 161P Hartley IRAS and comet IRAS Araki Alcock C 1983 H1 which made a close approach to the Earth in 1983 Out of the six comets IRAS found four were long period and two were short period comets 7 Discoveries Edit IRAS made its observations from Earth orbit in 1983 Overall over a quarter million discrete targets were observed during its operations both inside and beyond the Solar System 7 In addition new objects were discovered including asteroids and comets 7 The observatory made headlines briefly with the announcement on 10 December 1983 of the discovery of an unknown object at first described as possibly as large as the giant planet Jupiter and possibly so close to Earth that it would be part of this solar system 12 13 Further analysis revealed that of several unidentified objects nine were distant galaxies and the tenth was intergalactic cirrus 14 None were found to be Solar System bodies 14 15 During its mission IRAS and later the Spitzer Space Telescope detected odd infrared signatures around several stars This led to the systems being targeted by the Hubble Space Telescope s NICMOS instrument between 1999 and 2006 but nothing was detected In 2014 using new image processing techniques on the Hubble data researchers discovered planetary disks around these stars 16 IRAS discovered six comets out of total of 22 discoveries and recoveries of all comets that year 7 17 This was a lot for this period before the launch of SOHO in 1995 which would allow the discovery of many more comets in the next decade it would detect 1000 comets in ten years 18 Asteroid discoveries Edit Minor planets discovered 4 19 3200 Phaethon 11 October 1983 list3728 IRAS 23 August 1983 list 10714 1983 QG 31 August 1983 list 100004 1983 VA 1 November 1983 listLater surveys EditSeveral infrared space telescopes have continued and greatly expanded the study of the infrared Universe such as the Infrared Space Observatory launched in 1995 the Spitzer Space Telescope launched in 2003 and the Akari Space Telescope launched in 2006 A next generation of infrared space telescopes began when NASA s Wide field Infrared Survey Explorer launched on 14 December 2009 aboard a Delta II rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base Known as WISE the telescope provided results hundreds of times more sensitive than IRAS at the shorter wavelengths it also had an extended mission dubbed NEOWISE beginning in October 2010 after its coolant supply ran out A planned mission is NASA s Near Earth Object Surveillance Mission NEOSM which is a successor to the NEOWISE mission 2020 near miss EditOn 29 January 2020 23 39 35 UTC 20 IRAS was expected to pass as closely as 12 meters 21 from the U S Air Force s Gravity Gradient Stabilization Experiment GGSE 4 of 1967 another un deorbited satellite left aloft the 14 7 kilometer per second pass 22 had an estimated risk of collision of 5 Further complications arose from the fact that GGSE 4 was outfitted with an 18 meter long stabilization boom that was in an unknown orientation and may have struck the satellite even if the spacecraft s main body did not 23 Initial observations from amateur astronomers seemed to indicate that both satellites had survived the pass with the California based debris tracking organization LeoLabs later confirming that they had detected no new tracked debris following the incident 24 25 See also EditGGSE 4 Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment an infrared sky survey on COBE 1989 Infrared astronomy List of asteroid discovering observatories List of largest infrared telescopes List of minor planet discoverers Discovering dedicated institutions Category IRAS catalogue objectsReferences Edit Beichman 1988 p II 1 Neugebauer G Habing H J van Duinen R Aumann H H Baud B et al March 1984 The Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS mission PDF The Astrophysical Journal Part 2 278 L1 L6 Bibcode 1984ApJ 278L 1N doi 10 1086 184209 hdl 1887 6453 a b c Infrared Astronomical Satellite NASA Retrieved 19 November 2016 IRAS Orbit Heavens Above 19 November 2016 Retrieved 19 November 2016 a b c d Beichman 1988 p II 8 Beichman 1988 p I 1 a b c d e f Schmadel Lutz D 2007 3728 IRAS Dictionary of Minor Planet Names Springer Berlin Heidelberg p 315 doi 10 1007 978 3 540 29925 7 3725 ISBN 978 3 540 00238 3 Infrared Astronomical Satellite Infrared Processing and Analysis Center Caltech Retrieved 19 November 2016 Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS NASA IPAC Infrared Science Archive Caltech Retrieved 19 November 2016 Early History Spitzer Space Telescope NASA Archived from the original on 2 August 2020 Retrieved 30 November 2016 Rowan Robinson Michael 1993 Ripples in the Cosmos W H Freeman and Company p 75 ISBN 0 7167 4503 8 O Toole Thomas 30 December 1983 Mystery Heavenly Body Discovered The Washington Post p A1 Archived from the original on 1 February 2010 Mystery heavenly body found close to Earth The Gazette Washington Post 30 December 1983 p A 1 Retrieved 16 October 2012 a b Chester Thomas J 5 May 1998 No Tenth Planet Yet From IRAS Caltech Archived from the original on 2 February 2010 Plait Phil 17 November 2010 The Planet X Saga Science Bad Astronomy Retrieved 5 March 2011 Harrington J D Villard Ray 24 April 2014 Astronomical Forensics Uncover Planetary Disks in NASA s Hubble Archive NASA NASA Release 14 114 Retrieved 30 November 2016 Marsden B G 1986 1986QJRAS 27 102M Page 102 Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 27 102 Bibcode 1986QJRAS 27 102M Retrieved 2019 09 30 NASA History s Greatest Comet Hunter Discovers 1 000th Comet www nasa gov Retrieved 2019 09 30 Minor Planet Discoverers Minor Planet Center 4 September 2016 Retrieved 11 November 2016 LeoLabs Space 29 January 2020 Our latest data on the IRAS GGSE 4 event Tweet via Twitter LeoLabs Space 29 January 2020 Our latest update this morning for IRAS GGSE 4 Tweet via Twitter 2 satellites will narrowly avoid colliding at 32 800 MPH over Pittsburgh on Wednesday Space com 28 January 2020 LeoLabs Space 29 January 2020 Adjusted calculations for larger object size Tweet via Twitter juliancd38 29 January 2020 Trails of both IRAS and GGSE4 continue unimpeded after intersection Tweet via Twitter LeoLabs Space 29 January 2020 Latest data following the event shows no evidence of new debris Tweet via Twitter Bibliography Edit Beichman C A Neugebauer G Habing H J Clegg P E Chester T J eds 1988 Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS Catalogs and Atlases PDF Volume 1 Explanatory Supplement 2nd ed NASA Scientific and Technical Information Division External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS website by Caltech IRAS Minor Planet Survey archive by the Planetary Science Institute IRAS survey at WikiSky org Portals Astronomy Stars Spaceflight Outer space Solar System Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title IRAS amp oldid 1133786143, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
