fbpx
Wikipedia

List of massacres in the Croatian War of Independence

The following is a list of massacres that occurred in the Croatian War of Independence. Numbers may be approximate.

Name Date Location Deaths Notes
Tenja massacre July–November 1991 Tenja 29 Members of the Serbian Volunteer Guard, JNA forces, and local Serb TO police units killed 29 Croat civilians the village of Tenja.[1]
Osijek killings July–December 1991 Osijek 11 Serb civilians killed by Croat paramilitaries, led by Branimir Glavaš.[2]
Operation Stinger 26-27 July 1991 Banovina 22 Forces of the SAO Krajina, an unrecognized Croatian Serb region, killed 22 Croat civilians as well as captured policemen in Glina, Kozibrod and Struga, where the rebel Serb forces employed a human shield consisting of Croat civilians taken from their homes in Struga and the nearby village of Zamlača.
Struga and Kuljani killings 26 July 1991 Struga and Kuljani, near Dvor 17 Rebel Serb forces killed seventeen Croat civilians in Struga and Kuljani, near Dvor. This is reportedly believed to be the first mass-killings of civilians during the Croatian War of Independence.[3]
Aljmaš massacre August 1991 Aljmaš 58 JNA and Serb paramilitaries killed 58 Croat civilians.[4]
Dalj massacre 1 August 1991-May 1992 Dalj 135 SAO and TO forces target Croatian police and ZNG POWs, Croat and Hungarian civilians.
Sarvaš massacre 2 August 1991 Sarvaš 9 Croatian police and ZNG forces massacre 9 Serb civilians after attacking the village.[5]
Lovinac massacre 8 August 1991 Lovinac 5 SAO Krajina paramilitary units massacred 5 elderly Croat civilians in Lovinac.[6]
Kraljevčani and Pecki killings 14 and 16 August 1991 Kraljevčani and Pecki [hr], near Petrinja 9 Serb paramilitaries killed five Croat civilians in Kraljevčani and then another four Croat civilians in nearby Pecki [hr].[7]
Pakrac killings 19 August 1991 – 1992 Pakrac municipality 176 Croats killed by JNA and Serb paramilitary groups during the occupation of Pakrac and surrounding areas.[8]
Banija villages killings 22 August 1991 Blinjski Kut and neighbouring villages 15 ZNG forces killed 15 Serb civilians and POWs.[2]
Berak killings September 1991 Berak, Croatia 56 Fifty-six Croats killed by Serb forces throughout September 1991, during the Battle of Vukovar.[9]
Četekovac massacre 3 September 1991 Četekovac, Balinci, Čoljug, near Podravska Slatina 22 Serb paramilitaries massacred 20 Croat civilians and 2 PoWs.[10]
Sajmište killings 5 September 1991 Sajmište [hr], Vukovar 120 JNA and Serb paramilitaries killed 120 Croat civilians after seizing the Sajmište suburb, during the Battle of Vukovar.[11]
Toranj massacre 8 September 1991 Toranj, Mali Banovac, Batinjani, near Pakrac 12 Croat civilians massacred by SAO Krajina rebels.[12]
Kusonje massacre 9 September 1991 Kusonje 7 SAO Krajina forces massacre seven Croat POWs.[13]
Korana massacre 13 September 1991 Korana, near Karlovac 13 Croat forces massacre thirteen JNA POWs over the Korana bridge, near Karlovac.[3]
Trpinja massacre 14 September–November 1991 Trpinja and Borovo Naselje 24-70 Croat civilians and POWs massacred by Serb paramilitaries.[14][15]
Ivanovo Selo massacre 21 September 1991 Ivanovo Selo 7 Seven Czech civilians massacred by Serb paramilitaries.[12]
Svinjarevci massacre 22 September 1991 Svinjarevci 34 Thirty-four Croat civilians killed by the JNA and Serb paramilitaries.[16]
Tovarnik massacre 22 September 1991 Tovarnik 68 JNA forces massacred 68 Croat civilians after capturing the village of Tovarnik in September 1991.[17]
Antin massacre 29 September 1991 Antin and Korođ 27 killed, 10 wounded A civilian[clarification needed] refugee column, fleeing a JNA attack, was deliberately shelled by mortar fire between the villages of Antin and Korođ.[18]
Baćin massacre 21 October 1991-February 1992 Baćin, near Hrvatska Dubica 118 SAO Krajina paramilitaries killed 118 civilians, apart from Croats two Serbs.
Tordinci massacre 25 October 1991 Tordinci 22 Twenty-two Croat civilians massacred by the 12th Proletarian Mechanised Brigade of the Yugoslav People's Army, supported by Serb Paramilitaries[19]
Glinska Poljana massacre 27 October 1991 Glinska Poljana 13 Serb paramilitaries killed 13 Croat civilians.[20]
Bogdanovci killings 2 October-10 November 1991 Bogdanovci, near Vukovar Disputed Croatia alleged 87 Croats were killed in the predominantly Croat village of Bogdanovci, approximately 8 km south-east of Vukovar, during and after the attacks carried out on the village on 2 October and 10 November 1991 by the JNA and Serb forces. However, "Taking account of Serbia’s admission (see paragraph 228 above) and the evidence put before it, the Court concludes that a number of Croats were killed by the JNA and Serb forces in Bogdanovci on both 2 October and 10 November 1991, although it is unable to determine the exact number."[21]
Novo Selo Glinsko massacre 3 and 16 October 1991 Novo Selo Glinsko, near Glina 32 SAO Krajina forces massacred thirty-two Croat civilians in two separate incidents in October 1991, in the village of Novo Selo Glinsko, near Glina.[22]
Lovas killings 10–18 October 1991 Lovas and Opatovac 70 Serb forces killed 70 Croats in the village of Lovas.[23] A total of around 90 Croats were killed in Lovas by Serb forces between October and November 1991.[24]
Pakračka Poljana massacre October 1991 Pakračka Poljana, near Pakrac 22 Croat forces massacred at least 22 Serb civilians and POWs.[3]
Široka Kula massacre 13 October 1991 Široka Kula, near Gospić 41 SAO Krajina police force massacre of Croat civilians in the village of Široka Kula.[citation needed]
Gospić massacre 16–18 October 1991 Gospić c. 100 About 100 Serb civilians massacred by Croatian forces over a period of several days in October 1991.[3]
Požega killings 29 October 1991 Čečavac, Čečavački Vučjak, Jeminovac, Ruševac and Šnjegavić, near Požega 41 Croat forces killed at least 41 Serb civilians across several Serb villages near Požega.[2]
Bapska killings October–November 1991 Bapska 17 SAO Krajina forces killed 17 Croats.[25]
Lužac massacre 2 November 1991 Lužac [hr], near Vukovar 69 Members of the Serbian Paramilitary group, Arkan's Tigers, and JNA forces killed 69 Croat civilians in Lužac, during the Battle of Vukovar.[26]
Staro Selo massacre 4 November 1991 Staro Selo 10 Ten Serb civilians massacred by Croatian forces.[27]
Murder of the Zec family 7 November 1991 Zagreb 3 Ethnic Serb family of three murdered by five Croatian militiamen; two family members survived. The murderers were apprehended, but released after a controversial court decision in 1992. The Croatian government agreed to compensate the surviving family members in a 2004 court settlement.[28]
Poljanak and Vukovići massacres 7 November 1991 Poljanak and Vukovići, near Slunj 10 Local Serb TO forces and a special JNA unit killed 10 Croat civilians in the villages of Poljanak and Vukovići, in the Plitvice lakes area.[29]
Saborsko massacre 12 November 1991 Saborsko 29 Serb paramilitaries kill 29 Croats in the village of Saborsko.[30]
Kostrići massacre 15 November 1991 Kostrići 16 Serb paramilitary unit killed 16 Croats.
Majur massacres 15 November 1991 Majur, Graboštani and Stubalj 38 On the same day the Kostrići massacre occurred, the same Serb paramilitary unit massacred another 38 Croat civilians in the nearby villages of Majur, Graboštani and Stubalj.[31]
Slunj massacres 16 November 1991 – 1995 Slunj and neighbouring areas, including Cetingrad and Rakovica 297 Serb forces killed Croat civilians in Slunj and surrounding areas throughout the occupation. The majority were killed between November 1991 and the Spring of 1992.[32]
Škabrnja massacre 18 November 1991 Škabrnja and Nadin 67 Serb paramilitaries killed 48 Croat civilians[33] and five Croatian POWs in the village of Škabrnja,[34] and 14 civilians in the village of Nadin.[35]
Borovo Naselje massacre 19 November 1991 Borovo Naselje, Vukovar 100+ Shortly after the fall of Vukovar, Serb forces rounded up and killed more than 100 Croat civilians and POWs found taking shelter in the Borovo commerce factory. The bodies were mostly thrown into the Danube.[36]
Vukovar massacre 20 November 1991 Vukovar 264 A mostly Croatian group of 263 men and 1 woman (including civilians and POWs), of whom 194 have been identified, were murdered by members of the Serb militias following the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) withdrawal from Ovčara after it brought those patients there from the Vukovar hospital.[37][38]
Dabar massacre 21 November 1991 Dabar, near Vrhovine 7 SAO Krajina paramilitaries tortured and killed seven Croat civilians.[39]
Laslovo massacre 23 November 1991 Laslovo 6 Six elderly Croat and Hungarian civilians massacred by Arkan's Tigers.[40]
Divoš massacre early December 1991 Divoš 24 Serb civilians massacred by Croatian forces.[5]
Paulin Dvor massacre 11 December 1991 Paulin Dvor, near Osijek 19 Croatian Army soldiers massacred eighteen Serbs and one Hungarian in the village of Paulin Dvor.[citation needed]
Gornje Jame massacre 11 December 1991 Gornje Jame 16 16 civilians (15 Croats and 1 Serb) killed by Šiltovi Serbian paramilitary unit.[citation needed]
Voćin massacre 13 December 1991 Voćin 43 43 Croat civilians massacred by White Eagles paramilitaries during Operation Papuk-91.[41]
Bokane massacre 13 December 1991 Bokane, Krašković, Miokovićevo and Zvečevo 20 On the same day of the Voćin massacre, the same White Eagles paramilitaries killed another 20 Croat civilians during their retreat through neighbouring villages south of Voćin.[5]
Joševica massacre 16 December 1991 Joševica 21 Serb paramilitaries killed 21 Croatian civilians killed reportedly in retaliation for Serb losses sustained in Operation Whirlwind.[42]
Mašićka Šagovina killings 18-19 December 1991 Mašićka Šagovina, near Okučani 55 55 Serb civilians and POWs killed by ZNG forces.[43]
Lađevac killings 21 December 1991-June 1993 Donji Lađevac and Gornji Lađevac 20 Series of abuses and killings of Croat civilians, who remained in the Donji and Gornji Lađevac villages, by SAO Krajina paramilitaries.[44]
Bruška massacre 21 December 1991 Bruška 10 Ten Croatian civilians killed by Republic of Serbian Krajina forces.[45]
Erdut killings 10 November 1991 – 3 June 1992 Erdut 37 A series of killings of 37 Croat and Hungarian civilians by local SAO forces and Serb Volunteer Guard paramilitaries.[46]
Petrinja killings September 1991–June 1992 Petrinja 250+ After the fall of Petrinja to Serb forces in September 1991, more than 250 Croat civilians and POWs were killed during the occupation.[47]
Sisak killings July 1991-June 1992 Sisak 24-107 Illegal detainment, torture and killings of at least 24 Serbian civilians from Sisak by members of the Croatian Army and police forces. Other reports claim that up to 107 Serbian civilians were murdered or disappeared during this time period[48]
Sotin massacre 26 December 1991 Sotin 64 Thirty-two Croat civilians massacred by Croatian Serb militia and Territorial Defense. A further thirty-two civilians are declared missing and are presumed to have been killed by Serb forces later into the occupation.[49][50]
Banski Kovačevac massacre 20 March 1992 Banski Kovačevac, near Karlovac 15 Croat civilians killed by Serb paramilitaries.[51]
Grabovac massacre 4 May 1992 Grabovac 5 Serbia's Red Berets special forces abducted and killed three men and two women. They were initially buried in Tikveš, before the bodies were moved to conceal the killings.[52][53]
Slavonski Brod shelling 15 July 1992 Slavonski Brod 12 12 Bosniak refugees killed after their accommodation at a stadium in Slavonski Brod was shelled by the Army of the Republika Srpska.[54]
Medviđa massacre 9 February 1993 Medviđa, near Benkovac 18 Eighteen Croat civilians killed by Serb forces, allegedly in retaliation for the Croatian Army offensive- Operation Maslenica[55]
Soline rocket attack 14 June 1993 Biograd na Moru 5 killed, 7 wounded Republic of Serbian Krajina forces fired M-87 Orkan cluster rockets at the Soline beach in Biograd na Moru, killing 5 and wounding 7 civilians[56]
Operation Medak Pocket 9-17 September 1993 near Gospić 36 (ICTY estimate) Serb civilians and POWs killed by Croat forces during and after Operation Medak Pocket.[2]
Medari massacre 1 May 1995 Medari, near Okučani 22 HV forces killed 22 Serb civilians during Operation Flash.[2]
Zagreb rocket attacks 2-3 May 1995 Zagreb 7 killed, 214 wounded Republic of Serbian Krajina forces used multiple rocket launchers, fitted with cluster munitions, to strike civilian-populated areas of Zagreb on the 2 and 3 May 1995, in retaliation for the Croatian Army offensive- Operation Flash. Part of the ICTY conviction of Milan Martić and Momčilo Perišić[57]
Golubić massacre August 1995 Golubić 18 Serb civilians killed by Croat forces during and after Operation Storm.[2]
Donji Lapac killings August 1995 Donji Lapac 20 20 Serb civilians massacred by Croat forces after Operation Storm. Part of the ICTY indictment of Ante Gotovina and Mladen Markač[58]
Biskupija massacre August 1995 Biskupija, near Knin 15 Fifteen Serb civilians massacred by Croat forces in the aftermath of Operation Storm[58]
Kijani killings August–September 1995 Kijani, Croatia 14 14 elderly Serb civilians executed by Croat forces in the aftermath of Operation Storm.[59]
Uzdolje massacre 6 August 1995 Uzdolje, near Knin 10 10 Serb civilians massacred by Croat forces in the aftermath of Operation Storm.[60]
Glina refugee column massacre 7-8 August 1995 Main road between Glina and Dvor 16 Serb civilians in a refugee column killed after being ambushed by HV and ARBiH (5th Corps) forces during Operation Storm.[2]
Dvor massacre 8 August 1995 Dvor 9 Nine elderly and disabled Serb civilians massacred by Croat forces in the aftermath of Operation Storm.[61]
Komić killings 12 August 1995 Komić, Croatia 9 Nine elderly Serb civilians massacred by Croat forces in the aftermath of Operation Storm.[62]
Grubori massacre 25 August 1995 Grubori, near Knin 6 6 Serb civilians massacred by the Lučko Anti-Terrorist Unit in the aftermath of Operation Storm.[63]
Kistanje massacre 10-27 August 1995 Kistanje, near Knin 13 Croat forces massacre thirteen mostly elderly Serb civilians in the aftermath of Operation Storm, throughout August 1995[58]
Gošić massacre 27 August 1995 Gošić, Šibenik-Knin County 8 Croat soldiers massacred 8 elderly Serb civilians in the aftermath of Operation Storm.[64]
Varivode massacre 28 September 1995 Varivode 9 Croat soldiers massacred nine elderly Serb civilians in the village of Varivode, although the war was over.[65]

See also

References

  1. ^ "On Acquittal for the Crimes in Tenja". Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Opačić, Tamara; Jovanović, Nenad (15 October 2018). "Dossier: Zločini nad Srbima". Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d Goldstein, Ivo (1999). Croatia: A History. Montreal, Quebec: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-7735-2017-2.
  4. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  5. ^ a b c Amnesty International 1992, p. 6.
  6. ^ "Za ratni zločin u Lovincu Čubrilo osuđen na 15 godina zatvora". 19 October 2011.
  7. ^ Kovačević, S; Judaš, M; Marušić, A (1992). "Civilian massacres in Banija: Kraljevčani and Pecki". Lijec Vjesn. 113 (7–8): 205–208. PMID 1762478.
  8. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  9. ^ Vjesnik Hrvati u Berku će prosvjedovati sve do podizanja optužnica
  10. ^ Marcikić, M; Kraus, Z; Dmitrović, B; Mosunjac, M; Marusić, A (3 September 1991). "Civilian Massacre near Podravska Slatina". Lijec Vjesn. 113 (7–8): 208–10. PMID 1762479.
  11. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  12. ^ a b HIC 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine Kronologija Domovinskog rata u zapadnoj Slavoniji
  13. ^ Kreutz & 5 August 2014.
  14. ^ "War Crimes Arrests Worry Croatian Serbs". 15 July 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  15. ^ "Croatian Serbs Plead Innocent to Trpinja Killings". 9 December 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  16. ^ "22. rujna 1991. Svinjarevci (Vukovar) – nepoznati zločin nad Hrvatima". 22 September 2016.
  17. ^ "22. rujna 1991. Tovarnik – pokolj 68 Hrvata nakon okupacije sela heroja". 22 September 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  18. ^ Završena istraga za ratni zločin u Antinu u jesen 1991
  19. ^ "Pukovnik bivše JNA Boro Ivanović pod sumnjom za ratni zločin" (in Croatian). 22 October 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  20. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  21. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  22. ^ "Mile Paspalj uhićen zbog ratnog zločina u Glinskom Novom Selu". Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  23. ^ "Serbian Trial for Croatia Massacre Blighted by Delays". 7 December 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  24. ^ "Rekom mreža pomirjena:Lovas". 18 October 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  25. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  26. ^ "Anniversary of the collapse of the defense of Lužac". Retrieved 14 November 2022.
  27. ^ Amnesty International 1992, p. 8.
  28. ^ "Impunity for unlawful killings and extrajudicial executions allegedly committed by members of the Croatian Army and police forces". A shadow on Croatia's future: Continuing impunity for war crimes and crimes against humanity. Amnesty International/UNHCR. 13 December 2004. pp. 9–10. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  29. ^ "7. studenoga 1991. Poljanak (Plitvička Jezera) – masakr nevinih staraca i starica Like". 7 November 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  30. ^ ICTY & 6 November 2003, p. 3.
  31. ^ "Obilježavanje Dana sjećanja na žrtve Domovinskog rata".
  32. ^ "VIDEO: NA DANAŠNJI DAN GRUDE SU PRUŽILE POMOĆ SVOJIM SLUNJANIMA".
  33. ^ "Škabrnja obilježava 23. godišnjicu tragedije" [Škabrnja Marks the 23rd Anniversary of the Tragedy] (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia: Nova TV (Croatia). HINA. 17 November 2014.
  34. ^ "Prosecutor v. Milan Martić – Public Judgement" (PDF). The Hague, Netherlands: International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 8 October 2008. p. 72.
  35. ^ Mišković, Jure (19 November 2013). "Uz jaku kišu održan mimohod Benkovac – Nadin – Škabrnja" [Benkovac–Nadin–Škabrnja Procession Held in Heavy Rain]. Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). Split, Croatia.
  36. ^ "Obilježeno stradanje Borova Naselja i radnika Borova".
  37. ^ "Serb leader apologises for Croatian massacre". Euronews. 11 November 2010. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
  38. ^ . United Nations. 28 December 1994. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
  39. ^ Bosnar, A (December 2005). "Massacre Over Civilians During the War in Croatia". Collegium Antropologicum. 2 (2): 757–61. PMID 16417196.
  40. ^ "Junački su 152 dana branili selo, a onda su ušli Arkanovci". Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  41. ^ Duijzings, Gerlachlus (2000). Religion and the Politics of Identity in Kosovo. London, UK: C. Hurst & Co. p. 55. ISBN 9781850653929.
  42. ^ "Optužnica protiv šestorice državljana Srbije, ubojica iz Gline 1991". Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). 11 June 2008. Retrieved 19 December 2016. (NOTE: contains the forensic analysis done by Serb authorities)
  43. ^ Štrbac, Savo (18 December 2019). "Za zločin u Mašićkoj Šagovini još niko nije odgovarao" [No one has yet been held accountable for the crime in Mašićka Šagovina]. veritas.org.rs (in Serbian). Veritas Information and Documentation Center.
  44. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  45. ^ ICTY vs Milan Babic 2007-08-18 at the Wayback Machine, un.org; accessed 19 December 2016.
  46. ^ (PDF). ICTY. 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
  47. ^ "Pad Petrinje pod napadom JNA i paravojske – 21. rujna 1991". 21 September 2014.
  48. ^ "Sisak: Witness Reported Ljubica Solar's Death". Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  49. ^ "U masovnoj grobnici kod Sotina pronađena tri tijela". Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  50. ^ "Croatian Serb Fighters Convicted of Sotin Massacre". Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  51. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  52. ^ Cencich, John R. (2013). The Devil's Garden: A War Crimes Investigator's Story. Lincoln, Nebraska: Potomac Books. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-61234-172-9.
  53. ^ "The Prosecutor of the Tribunal Against Goran Hadžić - Second Amended Indictment" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. 22 March 2012. p. 12.
  54. ^ Marshall, Andrew (17 July 1992). "Croatia unable to shelter refugees: As tens of thousands flee Bosnia every day, UN warns of worst such crisis since Second World War". The Independent.
  55. ^ "Zadarski List:Najmlađa žrtva je imala 18, a najstarija 88 godina". 10 February 2014.
  56. ^ "14. lipnja 1993. Biograd na Moru – srpski zločin nad mladim kupačima na plaži Soline". 14 June 2017.
  57. ^ "Amended Indictment – Milan Martić" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
  58. ^ a b c "International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia". Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  59. ^ "Serbian prosecution to activate Operation Storm cases". B92.net. 21 November 2012.
  60. ^ Milekic, Sven (4 August 2017). "Croatia's Operation Storm: Crimes Unpunished 22 Years On". BalkanInsight. BIRN.
  61. ^ Larsen, Georg; Vedsmand, Kasper (29 May 2016). "When the UN watched a massacre unfold in Croatia". Al Jazeera.
  62. ^ Milekic, Sven (3 August 2017). "Tragic Search for Victims of Croatia's Operation Storm". BalkanInsight. BIRN.
  63. ^ Milekic, Sven (22 December 2015). "Croatian Policemen's Grubori Massacre Acquittals Quashed". BalkanInsight. BIRN.
  64. ^ Fisk, Robert (10 September 1995). "Croats slaughter elderly by the dozen". The Independent.
  65. ^ "Hrvatska priznala masakr nad devetoro Srba u Varivodama" (in Croatian). Vesti Online. Retrieved 22 February 2013.

Sources

  • Kreutz, Andrej (5 August 2014). "Otkrivamo tko su bili hrvatski heroji o kojima je snimljen film" [We Discover Croatian Heroes About whom the Film was Made]. 24sata (Croatia) (in Croatian).
  • . Amnesty International. March 1992. Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2013-10-14.
  • "The Prosecutor of the Tribunal Against Milan Babić - Indictment" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 6 November 2003.

list, massacres, croatian, independence, this, list, incomplete, help, adding, missing, items, 2011, following, list, massacres, that, occurred, croatian, independence, numbers, approximate, name, date, location, deaths, notestenja, massacre, july, november, 1. This list is incomplete you can help by adding missing items May 2011 The following is a list of massacres that occurred in the Croatian War of Independence Numbers may be approximate Name Date Location Deaths NotesTenja massacre July November 1991 Tenja 29 Members of the Serbian Volunteer Guard JNA forces and local Serb TO police units killed 29 Croat civilians the village of Tenja 1 Osijek killings July December 1991 Osijek 11 Serb civilians killed by Croat paramilitaries led by Branimir Glavas 2 Operation Stinger 26 27 July 1991 Banovina 22 Forces of the SAO Krajina an unrecognized Croatian Serb region killed 22 Croat civilians as well as captured policemen in Glina Kozibrod and Struga where the rebel Serb forces employed a human shield consisting of Croat civilians taken from their homes in Struga and the nearby village of Zamlaca Struga and Kuljani killings 26 July 1991 Struga and Kuljani near Dvor 17 Rebel Serb forces killed seventeen Croat civilians in Struga and Kuljani near Dvor This is reportedly believed to be the first mass killings of civilians during the Croatian War of Independence 3 Aljmas massacre August 1991 Aljmas 58 JNA and Serb paramilitaries killed 58 Croat civilians 4 Dalj massacre 1 August 1991 May 1992 Dalj 135 SAO and TO forces target Croatian police and ZNG POWs Croat and Hungarian civilians Sarvas massacre 2 August 1991 Sarvas 9 Croatian police and ZNG forces massacre 9 Serb civilians after attacking the village 5 Lovinac massacre 8 August 1991 Lovinac 5 SAO Krajina paramilitary units massacred 5 elderly Croat civilians in Lovinac 6 Kraljevcani and Pecki killings 14 and 16 August 1991 Kraljevcani and Pecki hr near Petrinja 9 Serb paramilitaries killed five Croat civilians in Kraljevcani and then another four Croat civilians in nearby Pecki hr 7 Pakrac killings 19 August 1991 1992 Pakrac municipality 176 Croats killed by JNA and Serb paramilitary groups during the occupation of Pakrac and surrounding areas 8 Banija villages killings 22 August 1991 Blinjski Kut and neighbouring villages 15 ZNG forces killed 15 Serb civilians and POWs 2 Berak killings September 1991 Berak Croatia 56 Fifty six Croats killed by Serb forces throughout September 1991 during the Battle of Vukovar 9 Cetekovac massacre 3 September 1991 Cetekovac Balinci Coljug near Podravska Slatina 22 Serb paramilitaries massacred 20 Croat civilians and 2 PoWs 10 Sajmiste killings 5 September 1991 Sajmiste hr Vukovar 120 JNA and Serb paramilitaries killed 120 Croat civilians after seizing the Sajmiste suburb during the Battle of Vukovar 11 Toranj massacre 8 September 1991 Toranj Mali Banovac Batinjani near Pakrac 12 Croat civilians massacred by SAO Krajina rebels 12 Kusonje massacre 9 September 1991 Kusonje 7 SAO Krajina forces massacre seven Croat POWs 13 Korana massacre 13 September 1991 Korana near Karlovac 13 Croat forces massacre thirteen JNA POWs over the Korana bridge near Karlovac 3 Trpinja massacre 14 September November 1991 Trpinja and Borovo Naselje 24 70 Croat civilians and POWs massacred by Serb paramilitaries 14 15 Ivanovo Selo massacre 21 September 1991 Ivanovo Selo 7 Seven Czech civilians massacred by Serb paramilitaries 12 Svinjarevci massacre 22 September 1991 Svinjarevci 34 Thirty four Croat civilians killed by the JNA and Serb paramilitaries 16 Tovarnik massacre 22 September 1991 Tovarnik 68 JNA forces massacred 68 Croat civilians after capturing the village of Tovarnik in September 1991 17 Antin massacre 29 September 1991 Antin and Korođ 27 killed 10 wounded A civilian clarification needed refugee column fleeing a JNA attack was deliberately shelled by mortar fire between the villages of Antin and Korođ 18 Bacin massacre 21 October 1991 February 1992 Bacin near Hrvatska Dubica 118 SAO Krajina paramilitaries killed 118 civilians apart from Croats two Serbs Tordinci massacre 25 October 1991 Tordinci 22 Twenty two Croat civilians massacred by the 12th Proletarian Mechanised Brigade of the Yugoslav People s Army supported by Serb Paramilitaries 19 Glinska Poljana massacre 27 October 1991 Glinska Poljana 13 Serb paramilitaries killed 13 Croat civilians 20 Bogdanovci killings 2 October 10 November 1991 Bogdanovci near Vukovar Disputed Croatia alleged 87 Croats were killed in the predominantly Croat village of Bogdanovci approximately 8 km south east of Vukovar during and after the attacks carried out on the village on 2 October and 10 November 1991 by the JNA and Serb forces However Taking account of Serbia s admission see paragraph 228 above and the evidence put before it the Court concludes that a number of Croats were killed by the JNA and Serb forces in Bogdanovci on both 2 October and 10 November 1991 although it is unable to determine the exact number 21 Novo Selo Glinsko massacre 3 and 16 October 1991 Novo Selo Glinsko near Glina 32 SAO Krajina forces massacred thirty two Croat civilians in two separate incidents in October 1991 in the village of Novo Selo Glinsko near Glina 22 Lovas killings 10 18 October 1991 Lovas and Opatovac 70 Serb forces killed 70 Croats in the village of Lovas 23 A total of around 90 Croats were killed in Lovas by Serb forces between October and November 1991 24 Pakracka Poljana massacre October 1991 Pakracka Poljana near Pakrac 22 Croat forces massacred at least 22 Serb civilians and POWs 3 Siroka Kula massacre 13 October 1991 Siroka Kula near Gospic 41 SAO Krajina police force massacre of Croat civilians in the village of Siroka Kula citation needed Gospic massacre 16 18 October 1991 Gospic c 100 About 100 Serb civilians massacred by Croatian forces over a period of several days in October 1991 3 Pozega killings 29 October 1991 Cecavac Cecavacki Vucjak Jeminovac Rusevac and Snjegavic near Pozega 41 Croat forces killed at least 41 Serb civilians across several Serb villages near Pozega 2 Bapska killings October November 1991 Bapska 17 SAO Krajina forces killed 17 Croats 25 Luzac massacre 2 November 1991 Luzac hr near Vukovar 69 Members of the Serbian Paramilitary group Arkan s Tigers and JNA forces killed 69 Croat civilians in Luzac during the Battle of Vukovar 26 Staro Selo massacre 4 November 1991 Staro Selo 10 Ten Serb civilians massacred by Croatian forces 27 Murder of the Zec family 7 November 1991 Zagreb 3 Ethnic Serb family of three murdered by five Croatian militiamen two family members survived The murderers were apprehended but released after a controversial court decision in 1992 The Croatian government agreed to compensate the surviving family members in a 2004 court settlement 28 Poljanak and Vukovici massacres 7 November 1991 Poljanak and Vukovici near Slunj 10 Local Serb TO forces and a special JNA unit killed 10 Croat civilians in the villages of Poljanak and Vukovici in the Plitvice lakes area 29 Saborsko massacre 12 November 1991 Saborsko 29 Serb paramilitaries kill 29 Croats in the village of Saborsko 30 Kostrici massacre 15 November 1991 Kostrici 16 Serb paramilitary unit killed 16 Croats Majur massacres 15 November 1991 Majur Grabostani and Stubalj 38 On the same day the Kostrici massacre occurred the same Serb paramilitary unit massacred another 38 Croat civilians in the nearby villages of Majur Grabostani and Stubalj 31 Slunj massacres 16 November 1991 1995 Slunj and neighbouring areas including Cetingrad and Rakovica 297 Serb forces killed Croat civilians in Slunj and surrounding areas throughout the occupation The majority were killed between November 1991 and the Spring of 1992 32 Skabrnja massacre 18 November 1991 Skabrnja and Nadin 67 Serb paramilitaries killed 48 Croat civilians 33 and five Croatian POWs in the village of Skabrnja 34 and 14 civilians in the village of Nadin 35 Borovo Naselje massacre 19 November 1991 Borovo Naselje Vukovar 100 Shortly after the fall of Vukovar Serb forces rounded up and killed more than 100 Croat civilians and POWs found taking shelter in the Borovo commerce factory The bodies were mostly thrown into the Danube 36 Vukovar massacre 20 November 1991 Vukovar 264 A mostly Croatian group of 263 men and 1 woman including civilians and POWs of whom 194 have been identified were murdered by members of the Serb militias following the Yugoslav People s Army JNA withdrawal from Ovcara after it brought those patients there from the Vukovar hospital 37 38 Dabar massacre 21 November 1991 Dabar near Vrhovine 7 SAO Krajina paramilitaries tortured and killed seven Croat civilians 39 Laslovo massacre 23 November 1991 Laslovo 6 Six elderly Croat and Hungarian civilians massacred by Arkan s Tigers 40 Divos massacre early December 1991 Divos 24 Serb civilians massacred by Croatian forces 5 Paulin Dvor massacre 11 December 1991 Paulin Dvor near Osijek 19 Croatian Army soldiers massacred eighteen Serbs and one Hungarian in the village of Paulin Dvor citation needed Gornje Jame massacre 11 December 1991 Gornje Jame 16 16 civilians 15 Croats and 1 Serb killed by Siltovi Serbian paramilitary unit citation needed Vocin massacre 13 December 1991 Vocin 43 43 Croat civilians massacred by White Eagles paramilitaries during Operation Papuk 91 41 Bokane massacre 13 December 1991 Bokane Kraskovic Miokovicevo and Zvecevo 20 On the same day of the Vocin massacre the same White Eagles paramilitaries killed another 20 Croat civilians during their retreat through neighbouring villages south of Vocin 5 Josevica massacre 16 December 1991 Josevica 21 Serb paramilitaries killed 21 Croatian civilians killed reportedly in retaliation for Serb losses sustained in Operation Whirlwind 42 Masicka Sagovina killings 18 19 December 1991 Masicka Sagovina near Okucani 55 55 Serb civilians and POWs killed by ZNG forces 43 Lađevac killings 21 December 1991 June 1993 Donji Lađevac and Gornji Lađevac 20 Series of abuses and killings of Croat civilians who remained in the Donji and Gornji Lađevac villages by SAO Krajina paramilitaries 44 Bruska massacre 21 December 1991 Bruska 10 Ten Croatian civilians killed by Republic of Serbian Krajina forces 45 Erdut killings 10 November 1991 3 June 1992 Erdut 37 A series of killings of 37 Croat and Hungarian civilians by local SAO forces and Serb Volunteer Guard paramilitaries 46 Petrinja killings September 1991 June 1992 Petrinja 250 After the fall of Petrinja to Serb forces in September 1991 more than 250 Croat civilians and POWs were killed during the occupation 47 Sisak killings July 1991 June 1992 Sisak 24 107 Illegal detainment torture and killings of at least 24 Serbian civilians from Sisak by members of the Croatian Army and police forces Other reports claim that up to 107 Serbian civilians were murdered or disappeared during this time period 48 Sotin massacre 26 December 1991 Sotin 64 Thirty two Croat civilians massacred by Croatian Serb militia and Territorial Defense A further thirty two civilians are declared missing and are presumed to have been killed by Serb forces later into the occupation 49 50 Banski Kovacevac massacre 20 March 1992 Banski Kovacevac near Karlovac 15 Croat civilians killed by Serb paramilitaries 51 Grabovac massacre 4 May 1992 Grabovac 5 Serbia s Red Berets special forces abducted and killed three men and two women They were initially buried in Tikves before the bodies were moved to conceal the killings 52 53 Slavonski Brod shelling 15 July 1992 Slavonski Brod 12 12 Bosniak refugees killed after their accommodation at a stadium in Slavonski Brod was shelled by the Army of the Republika Srpska 54 Medviđa massacre 9 February 1993 Medviđa near Benkovac 18 Eighteen Croat civilians killed by Serb forces allegedly in retaliation for the Croatian Army offensive Operation Maslenica 55 Soline rocket attack 14 June 1993 Biograd na Moru 5 killed 7 wounded Republic of Serbian Krajina forces fired M 87 Orkan cluster rockets at the Soline beach in Biograd na Moru killing 5 and wounding 7 civilians 56 Operation Medak Pocket 9 17 September 1993 near Gospic 36 ICTY estimate Serb civilians and POWs killed by Croat forces during and after Operation Medak Pocket 2 Medari massacre 1 May 1995 Medari near Okucani 22 HV forces killed 22 Serb civilians during Operation Flash 2 Zagreb rocket attacks 2 3 May 1995 Zagreb 7 killed 214 wounded Republic of Serbian Krajina forces used multiple rocket launchers fitted with cluster munitions to strike civilian populated areas of Zagreb on the 2 and 3 May 1995 in retaliation for the Croatian Army offensive Operation Flash Part of the ICTY conviction of Milan Martic and Momcilo Perisic 57 Golubic massacre August 1995 Golubic 18 Serb civilians killed by Croat forces during and after Operation Storm 2 Donji Lapac killings August 1995 Donji Lapac 20 20 Serb civilians massacred by Croat forces after Operation Storm Part of the ICTY indictment of Ante Gotovina and Mladen Markac 58 Biskupija massacre August 1995 Biskupija near Knin 15 Fifteen Serb civilians massacred by Croat forces in the aftermath of Operation Storm 58 Kijani killings August September 1995 Kijani Croatia 14 14 elderly Serb civilians executed by Croat forces in the aftermath of Operation Storm 59 Uzdolje massacre 6 August 1995 Uzdolje near Knin 10 10 Serb civilians massacred by Croat forces in the aftermath of Operation Storm 60 Glina refugee column massacre 7 8 August 1995 Main road between Glina and Dvor 16 Serb civilians in a refugee column killed after being ambushed by HV and ARBiH 5th Corps forces during Operation Storm 2 Dvor massacre 8 August 1995 Dvor 9 Nine elderly and disabled Serb civilians massacred by Croat forces in the aftermath of Operation Storm 61 Komic killings 12 August 1995 Komic Croatia 9 Nine elderly Serb civilians massacred by Croat forces in the aftermath of Operation Storm 62 Grubori massacre 25 August 1995 Grubori near Knin 6 6 Serb civilians massacred by the Lucko Anti Terrorist Unit in the aftermath of Operation Storm 63 Kistanje massacre 10 27 August 1995 Kistanje near Knin 13 Croat forces massacre thirteen mostly elderly Serb civilians in the aftermath of Operation Storm throughout August 1995 58 Gosic massacre 27 August 1995 Gosic Sibenik Knin County 8 Croat soldiers massacred 8 elderly Serb civilians in the aftermath of Operation Storm 64 Varivode massacre 28 September 1995 Varivode 9 Croat soldiers massacred nine elderly Serb civilians in the village of Varivode although the war was over 65 See also EditList of massacres in Yugoslavia List of massacres in Bosnia and Herzegovina List of massacres in Serbia List of massacres in Slovenia List of massacres in the Independent State of Croatia massacres that occurred on the territory of the Independent State of Croatia between 1941 and 1945References Edit On Acquittal for the Crimes in Tenja Retrieved 28 April 2022 a b c d e f g Opacic Tamara Jovanovic Nenad 15 October 2018 Dossier Zlocini nad Srbima Retrieved 14 December 2019 a b c d Goldstein Ivo 1999 Croatia A History Montreal Quebec McGill Queen s University Press p 229 ISBN 978 0 7735 2017 2 ICJ Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the crime of Genocide Croatia v Yugoslavia page 377 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 13 December 2016 Retrieved 14 December 2019 a b c Amnesty International 1992 p 6 Za ratni zlocin u Lovincu Cubrilo osuđen na 15 godina zatvora 19 October 2011 Kovacevic S Judas M Marusic A 1992 Civilian massacres in Banija Kraljevcani and Pecki Lijec Vjesn 113 7 8 205 208 PMID 1762478 ICJ Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the crime of Genocide Croatia v Yugoslavia page 227 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 13 December 2016 Retrieved 14 December 2019 Vjesnik Hrvati u Berku ce prosvjedovati sve do podizanja optuznica Marcikic M Kraus Z Dmitrovic B Mosunjac M Marusic A 3 September 1991 Civilian Massacre near Podravska Slatina Lijec Vjesn 113 7 8 208 10 PMID 1762479 ICJ Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the crime of Genocide Croatia v Yugoslavia page 199 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 13 December 2016 Retrieved 14 December 2019 a b HIC Archived 2015 09 24 at the Wayback Machine Kronologija Domovinskog rata u zapadnoj Slavoniji Kreutz amp 5 August 2014 War Crimes Arrests Worry Croatian Serbs 15 July 2013 Retrieved 29 May 2022 Croatian Serbs Plead Innocent to Trpinja Killings 9 December 2014 Retrieved 29 May 2022 22 rujna 1991 Svinjarevci Vukovar nepoznati zlocin nad Hrvatima 22 September 2016 22 rujna 1991 Tovarnik pokolj 68 Hrvata nakon okupacije sela heroja 22 September 2015 Retrieved 19 December 2016 Zavrsena istraga za ratni zlocin u Antinu u jesen 1991 Pukovnik bivse JNA Boro Ivanovic pod sumnjom za ratni zlocin in Croatian 22 October 2009 Retrieved 19 December 2016 ICJ Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the crime of Genocide Croatia v Yugoslavia page 255 256 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 13 December 2016 Retrieved 14 December 2019 ICJ Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the crime of Genocide Croatia v Serbia page 77 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 13 December 2016 Retrieved 19 December 2016 Mile Paspalj uhicen zbog ratnog zlocina u Glinskom Novom Selu Retrieved 19 December 2016 Serbian Trial for Croatia Massacre Blighted by Delays 7 December 2017 Retrieved 30 May 2022 Rekom mreza pomirjena Lovas 18 October 2021 Retrieved 17 May 2022 ICJ Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the crime of Genocide Croatia v Yugoslavia page 168 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 13 December 2016 Retrieved 14 December 2019 Anniversary of the collapse of the defense of Luzac Retrieved 14 November 2022 Amnesty International 1992 p 8 Impunity for unlawful killings and extrajudicial executions allegedly committed by members of the Croatian Army and police forces A shadow on Croatia s future Continuing impunity for war crimes and crimes against humanity Amnesty International UNHCR 13 December 2004 pp 9 10 Retrieved 19 December 2016 7 studenoga 1991 Poljanak Plitvicka Jezera masakr nevinih staraca i starica Like 7 November 2016 Retrieved 30 December 2020 ICTY amp 6 November 2003 p 3 Obiljezavanje Dana sjecanja na zrtve Domovinskog rata VIDEO NA DANASNJI DAN GRUDE SU PRUZILE POMOC SVOJIM SLUNJANIMA Skabrnja obiljezava 23 godisnjicu tragedije Skabrnja Marks the 23rd Anniversary of the Tragedy in Croatian Zagreb Croatia Nova TV Croatia HINA 17 November 2014 Prosecutor v Milan Martic Public Judgement PDF The Hague Netherlands International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 8 October 2008 p 72 Miskovic Jure 19 November 2013 Uz jaku kisu odrzan mimohod Benkovac Nadin Skabrnja Benkovac Nadin Skabrnja Procession Held in Heavy Rain Slobodna Dalmacija in Croatian Split Croatia Obiljezeno stradanje Borova Naselja i radnika Borova Serb leader apologises for Croatian massacre Euronews 11 November 2010 Retrieved 4 April 2011 Final report of the United Nations Commission of Experts established pursuant to security council resolution 780 1992 Mass graves Ovcara United Nations 28 December 1994 Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 Retrieved 25 July 2011 Bosnar A December 2005 Massacre Over Civilians During the War in Croatia Collegium Antropologicum 2 2 757 61 PMID 16417196 Junacki su 152 dana branili selo a onda su usli Arkanovci Retrieved 23 January 2022 Duijzings Gerlachlus 2000 Religion and the Politics of Identity in Kosovo London UK C Hurst amp Co p 55 ISBN 9781850653929 Optuznica protiv sestorice drzavljana Srbije ubojica iz Gline 1991 Slobodna Dalmacija in Croatian 11 June 2008 Retrieved 19 December 2016 NOTE contains the forensic analysis done by Serb authorities Strbac Savo 18 December 2019 Za zlocin u Masickoj Sagovini jos niko nije odgovarao No one has yet been held accountable for the crime in Masicka Sagovina veritas org rs in Serbian Veritas Information and Documentation Center ICJ Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the crime of Genocide Croatia v Yugoslavia page 270 271 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 13 December 2016 Retrieved 14 December 2019 ICTY vs Milan Babic Archived 2007 08 18 at the Wayback Machine un org accessed 19 December 2016 The Prosecutor of the Tribunal against Slobodan Milosevic p 53 54 56 57 58 PDF ICTY 2001 Archived from the original PDF on 6 August 2012 Retrieved 29 October 2010 Pad Petrinje pod napadom JNA i paravojske 21 rujna 1991 21 September 2014 Sisak Witness Reported Ljubica Solar s Death Retrieved 19 December 2016 U masovnoj grobnici kod Sotina pronađena tri tijela Retrieved 19 December 2016 Croatian Serb Fighters Convicted of Sotin Massacre Retrieved 17 October 2022 ICJ Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the crime of Genocide Croatia v Yugoslavia page 276 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 13 December 2016 Retrieved 14 December 2019 Cencich John R 2013 The Devil s Garden A War Crimes Investigator s Story Lincoln Nebraska Potomac Books p 103 ISBN 978 1 61234 172 9 The Prosecutor of the Tribunal Against Goran Hadzic Second Amended Indictment PDF International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia 22 March 2012 p 12 Marshall Andrew 17 July 1992 Croatia unable to shelter refugees As tens of thousands flee Bosnia every day UN warns of worst such crisis since Second World War The Independent Zadarski List Najmlađa zrtva je imala 18 a najstarija 88 godina 10 February 2014 14 lipnja 1993 Biograd na Moru srpski zlocin nad mladim kupacima na plazi Soline 14 June 2017 Amended Indictment Milan Martic PDF International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia Retrieved June 12 2007 a b c International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia Retrieved 19 December 2016 Serbian prosecution to activate Operation Storm cases B92 net 21 November 2012 Milekic Sven 4 August 2017 Croatia s Operation Storm Crimes Unpunished 22 Years On BalkanInsight BIRN Larsen Georg Vedsmand Kasper 29 May 2016 When the UN watched a massacre unfold in Croatia Al Jazeera Milekic Sven 3 August 2017 Tragic Search for Victims of Croatia s Operation Storm BalkanInsight BIRN Milekic Sven 22 December 2015 Croatian Policemen s Grubori Massacre Acquittals Quashed BalkanInsight BIRN Fisk Robert 10 September 1995 Croats slaughter elderly by the dozen The Independent Hrvatska priznala masakr nad devetoro Srba u Varivodama in Croatian Vesti Online Retrieved 22 February 2013 Sources Edit Kreutz Andrej 5 August 2014 Otkrivamo tko su bili hrvatski heroji o kojima je snimljen film We Discover Croatian Heroes About whom the Film was Made 24sata Croatia in Croatian Yugoslavia further reports of torture and deliberate and arbitrary killings in war zones Amnesty International March 1992 Archived from the original on 2016 03 06 Retrieved 2013 10 14 The Prosecutor of the Tribunal Against Milan Babic Indictment PDF International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 6 November 2003 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of massacres in the Croatian War of Independence amp oldid 1132703043, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.