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List of Baltic Germans

November 28, 2023

This is a list of notable Baltic Germans.

Art and literature edit

Architects edit

Artists edit

Authors and writers edit

Entertainment edit

Actors and actresses edit

Musicians edit

Entrepreneurs edit

Explorers edit

Military edit

Philosophers edit

Politicians and diplomats edit

Religion edit

Scientists edit

Astronomers and cosmologists edit

Biologists and paleontologists edit

Chemists and material scientists edit

Earth scientists edit

Economists and sociologists edit

Historians and archeologists edit

Linguists and ethnographers edit

Mathematicians edit

Physicians and psychologists edit

Physicists edit

Theologians edit

Other scientists and engineers edit

Sports edit

Chess players edit

Other edit

References edit

  1. ^ "German traces in Latvia: Paul Max Bertschy – architect and builder of Liepāja". eng.lsm.lv. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  2. ^ "Architect Christoph Haberland (1750–1803) | Latvijas Kultūras kanons". Retrieved 2023-01-27.

November 28, 2023
list, baltic, germans, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, janu. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources List of Baltic Germans news newspapers books scholar JSTOR January 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message This list is incomplete you can help by adding missing items July 2012 This is a list of notable Baltic Germans Contents 1 Art and literature 1 1 Architects 1 2 Artists 1 3 Authors and writers 2 Entertainment 2 1 Actors and actresses 2 2 Musicians 3 Entrepreneurs 4 Explorers 5 Military 6 Philosophers 7 Politicians and diplomats 8 Religion 9 Scientists 9 1 Astronomers and cosmologists 9 2 Biologists and paleontologists 9 3 Chemists and material scientists 9 4 Earth scientists 9 5 Economists and sociologists 9 6 Historians and archeologists 9 7 Linguists and ethnographers 9 8 Mathematicians 9 9 Physicians and psychologists 9 10 Physicists 9 11 Theologians 9 12 Other scientists and engineers 10 Sports 10 1 Chess players 11 Other 12 ReferencesArt and literature editArchitects edit Alfred Aschenkampff 1858 1914 architect Latvia Paul Max Bertschy 1840 1911 city architect of Liepaja Latvia 1 Bernhard Bielenstein 1877 1959 architect Latvia Wilhelm Bockslaff 1858 1945 architect Latvia Johann Felsko 1813 1902 architect Latvia Karl Felsko 1844 1918 architect Latvia Christoph Haberland 1750 1803 architect Latvia 2 Otto Pius Hippius 1826 1883 architect Estonia Erich Jacoby 1885 1941 architect Estonia Paul Mandelstamm 1872 1941 architect Latvia Robert Natus 1890 1950 architect Estonia Robert Pflug 1832 1885 architect Latvia August Reinberg 1860 1908 architect Latvia Jacques Rosenbaum 1878 1944 architect Estonia Alfred Rosenberg 1893 1946 politician Nazi ideologist and architect Germany Max Scherwinsky 1859 1909 architect and designer Latvia Edmund von Trompowsky 1851 1919 architect Latvia Artists edit Christian Ackermann died 1710 wood carver and sculptor Estonia Johann Heinrich Baumann 1753 1832 painter Latvia Karl Hans Bernewitz 1858 1934 sculptor Latvia Gregor von Bochmann 1850 1930 painter Estonia Bernhard Borchert 1863 1945 artist Latvia Mikhail Clodt 1832 1902 painter Russia Peter Clodt von Jurgensburg 1805 1867 sculptor Russia Franz Burchard Dorbeck 1799 1835 graphic artist and caricaturist Jacob Heinrich Elbfas c 1600 1664 painter Sweden Eduard von Gebhardt 1838 1925 painter Wilhelm August Golicke 1802 1848 painter Eduard Hau 1807 1888 painter Woldemar Hau 1816 1896 painter August Matthias Hagen 1794 1878 painter Julie Wilhelmine Hagen Schwarz 1824 1902 painter daughter of the above Vasily Helmersen 1873 1893 artist and book illustrator Carl von Hoffman 1889 1982 soldier adventurer author and photographer United States Franz Hoppenstatt died 1657 1658 wood carver Estonia George Hoyningen Huene 1900 1968 fashion photographer Alexander Julius Klunder 1802 1875 portrait painter Alexander Kotzebue 1815 1889 painter Gerhard von Kugelgen 1772 1820 portrait and history painter Karl von Kugelgen 1772 1832 landscape and history painter Konstantin von Kugelgen 1810 1880 landscape painter Otto Friedrich Theodor von Moller 1812 1874 painter Carl Timoleon von Neff 1804 1877 painter Estonia August Georg Wilhelm Pezold 1794 1859 painter and lithographer Nikolaus Roerich 1874 1947 painter and philosopher Russia Otto Magnus von Stackelberg 1786 1837 archaeologist writer art historian and painter Egon von Vietinghoff 1903 1994 painter and philosopher Germany Switzerland Gottlieb Welte 1745 49 1792 etcher and landscape painterAuthors and writers edit Friedrich Amelung 1842 1909 chess player endgame composer and journalist Werner Bergengruen 1892 1964 novelist Lovisa von Burghausen 1698 1733 slave and memoirist Sweden Anton Delvig 1798 1831 poet and journalist Russia Helene von Engelhardt 1850 1910 Nikolai Erdman 1900 1970 poet and playwright Soviet Union Julie Hausmann 1826 1901 poet Hermann Hesse 1877 1962 poet novelist and painter Germany Eduard von Keyserling 1855 1918 writer and playwright August von Kotzebue 1761 1819 playwright Germany Wilhelm Kuchelbecker 1797 1846 poet and Decembrist Russia Anatol Lieven born 1960 author journalist and policy analyst United Kingdom Garlieb Merkel 1769 1850 writer and public activist Elisa von der Recke 1754 1833 writer and poet Gleb Struve 1898 1985 poet and literary historian United States Frank Thiess 1890 1977 writer Germany Jakob von Uexkull born 1944 writer and politician Germany Peter Ernst Wilde 1732 1785 physician and journalist Estonia Gero von Wilpert 1933 2009 writer and literary scientistEntertainment editActors and actresses edit Heinz Erhardt 1909 1979 comedian musician entertainer actor and poet Irene von Meyendorff 1916 2001 film actress Germany Marie Seebach 1830 1897 actress Germany Musicians edit John Christian Bechler 1784 1857 Moravian bishop and composer United States Russia Eduard Erdmann 1896 1958 pianist composer professor Germany Heinz Erhardt 1909 1979 comedian musician entertainer actor and poet Eduard Mertke 1833 1895 composer and music teacher Lena Meyer Landrut born 1991 singer Germany Carl David Stegmann 1751 1826 tenor and composer Raimund von zur Muhlen 1854 1931 tenor and music educatorEntrepreneurs editJames Martin Eder 1838 1921 pioneer of sugar industry in Colombia Karl Otto Georg von Meck 1821 1876 businessman Baron Nils Taube 1928 2008 Britain s longest serving fund manager colleague of George Soros and advisor to Lord Rothschild Moritz Freiherr von Grotthuss born 1970 founder of Gestigon and BarewaysExplorers editReinhold von Anrep Elmpt 1834 1888 explorer Karl Ernst von Baer 1792 1876 biologist geologist meteorologist geographer founder of embryology Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen 1778 1852 explorer Russia Alexander von Bunge 1803 1890 botanist and expeditionist Russia Karl von Ditmar 1822 1892 geologist and explorer Russia Karl Eichwald 1795 1876 geologist and physician Russia Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz 1793 1831 biologist physician and explorer Russia Johann Anton Guldenstadt 1745 1781 naturalist and explorer Ludwig von Hagemeister 1780 1833 seafarer and explorer Russia Carl von Hoffman 1889 1982 soldier adventurer author and photographer United States Alexander von Kaulbars 1844 1925 military commander and explorer Russia Otto von Kotzebue 1787 1846 explorer Russia Adam Johann von Krusenstern 1770 1846 explorer Russia Friedrich von Lutke 1797 1898 navigator and geographer Russia Richard Maack 1825 1886 biologist geographer and explorer Russia Alexander von Middendorff 1815 1894 zoologist and explorer Michael von Reinken 1801 1859 vice admiral and hydrographer Russia Otto Schmidt 1891 1956 mathematician astronomer geophysicist Soviet Union Alexander von Schrenk 1816 1876 mineralogist botanist and expeditionist Russia Leopold von Schrenck 1826 1894 zoologist geographer and ethnographer Russia Georg August Schweinfurth 1836 1925 botanist and explorer Eduard von Toll 1858 1902 geologist and explorer Russia Ferdinand von Wrangel 1797 1870 explorer Russia Military editAlexander of Courland 1658 1686 prince and military commander Prussia Wladyslaw Anders 1892 1970 military commander and politician Poland Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly 1761 1818 military commander Russia Alexander von Benckendorff 1783 1844 military commander Russia Konstantin von Benckendorff 1785 1828 military commander and diplomat Russia Friedrich Wilhelm Rembert von Berg 1793 1874 military commander Russia Karl Ludwig von Budberg 1775 1829 military commander Russia Friedrich Wilhelm von Buxhoeveden 1750 1811 military commander Russia Magnus Gustav von Essen 1759 1813 military commander Russia Eduard von Totleben 1818 1884 engineer general Russia Nikolai von Essen 1860 1915 admiral Russia Peter Kirillovich Essen 1772 1844 military commander Russia Jurgen von Farensbach 1551 1602 military commander Livonia William Fermor 1702 1771 military commander Russia Wessel Freytag von Loringhoven 1899 1944 colonel and member of the Widerstand Nazi Germany Adrian von Folkersahm 1914 1945 military commander Nazi Germany Dmitry Gustavovich von Folkersahm 1846 1905 admiral Russia Maksimas Katche 1879 1933 military commander Russia Lithuania Alexander von Kaulbars 1844 1925 military commander and explorer Russia Paul Demetrius von Kotzebue 1801 1884 military officer Russia Ernst Gideon von Laudon 1717 1790 military commander Christoph von Lieven 1774 1839 military commander politician and diplomat Russia Eugen Ludwig Muller 1867 1939 military commander Russia Burkhard Christoph von Munnich 1683 1767 military commander Russia Fabian Gottlieb von der Osten Sacken 1752 1837 field marshal Russia Johann Patkul 1660 1707 politician and military commander Sweden Poland Russia Wolter von Plettenberg 1450 1535 Master of Livonian Order Paul von Rennenkampf 1854 1918 military commander Russia Ernst von Stackelberg 1813 1870 diplomat and military figure Georg von Stackelberg 1851 1913 cavalry general Russia Roman von Ungern Sternberg 1885 1921 military commander Russia Viktor von Wahl 1840 1915 military commander and politician Carl Gustaf Wrangel 1613 1676 military commander and statesman Sweden Carl Henrik Wrangel 1681 1755 military commander Sweden Herman Wrangel 1587 1643 military commander and statesman Sweden Pyotr Nikolayevich von Wrangel 1878 1928 military commander Russia Philosophers editJohann Eduard Erdmann 1805 1892 pastor historian of philosophy Latvia Nicolai Hartmann 1882 1950 philosopher Germany Immanuel Kant 1724 1804 philosopher Prussia Hermann Graf Keyserling 1880 1946 philosopher Alfred Rosenberg 1893 1946 politician Nazi ideologist and architect Germany Egon von Vietinghoff 1903 1994 painter and philosopher Germany Switzerland Politicians and diplomats editErnst Johann von Biron 1690 1772 Duke of Courland Peter von Biron 1724 1800 Duke of Courland Andreas von Budberg Bonninghausen 1750 1812 diplomat and politician Russia Andreas von Budberg Bonninghausen 1817 1881 diplomat Russia Sophie von Buxhoeveden 1883 1956 lady in waiting to Tsarina Alexandra of Russia Balthasar von Campenhausen 1772 1823 politician Russia Karl Robert von Nesselrode 1780 1862 diplomat Russia Stanislaw Ernest Denhoff 1673 1728 noble and statesman Poland Kasper Doenhoff 1587 1645 courtier and diplomat Poland Ernst Magnus Donhoff 1581 1642 noble and diplomat Princess Dorothea of Courland 1793 1862 noblewoman Hans Reinhold von Fersen 1683 1786 military commander and politician Sweden Reinhold Johan von Fersen 1646 1716 county governor Sweden Ferdinand Kettler 1655 1737 Duke of Courland Friedrich Kettler 1569 1642 Duke of Courland Frederick William Kettler 1692 1711 Duke of Courland Frederick Casimir Kettler 1650 1698 Duke of Courland Gotthard Kettler 1517 1587 last Master of the Livonian Order and the first Duke of Courland Jacob Kettler 1610 1682 Duke of Courland Wilhelm Kettler 1574 1640 Duke of Courland Andreas Meyer Landrut born 1929 diplomat Germany Christoph von Lieven 1774 1839 military commander politician and diplomat Russia Dorothea von Lieven 1785 1857 noblewoman and diplomat Russia Christoph Johann von Medem 1763 1838 courtier Russia Dorothea von Medem 1761 1821 last Duchess of Courland Karl Robert von Nesselrode 1780 1862 diplomat Russia Peter Ludwig von der Pahlen 1745 1826 military Governor of St Petersburg from 1798 to 1801 played pivotal role in the assassination of Emperor Paul Johann Patkul 1660 1707 politician and military commander Sweden Poland Russia Adolf Pilar von Pilchau 1851 1925 politician regent of the United Baltic Duchy Wolter von Plettenberg 1450 1535 Master of Livonian Order Alfred Rosenberg 1893 1946 politician Nazi ideologist and architect and convicted war criminal Germany Max Erwin von Scheubner Richter 1884 1923 politician Nazi Germany Jacob von Sievers 1731 1808 politician Russia Ernest Stackelberg 1813 1870 diplomat and military figure Gustav Ernst von Stackelberg 1766 1850 diplomat Russia Otto Magnus von Stackelberg 1736 1800 diplomat Russia Karl von Struve 1835 1907 politician and diplomat Russia Jakob von Uexkull born 1944 writer and politician Germany Victor von Wahl 1840 1915 military commander and politician Princess Wilhelmine 1781 1839 noble and the Duchess of Sagan Sergei Witte 1849 1915 first Prime Minister of the Russian Empire Russia Carl Gustaf Wrangel 1613 1676 military commander and statesman Sweden Olaf von Wrangel 1928 2009 journalist and politician member of Bundestag Germany Herman Wrangel 1587 1643 military commander and statesman Sweden Religion editAlbert of Riga Albert von Buxthoeven 1165 1229 Bishop of Riga Alexy II of Moscow Alexey Mikhailovich Ridiger 1929 2008 Patriarch of Moscow John Christian Bechler 1784 1857 Moravian bishop and composer United States Russia Anna Hedvig Bull 1887 1981 Christian missionary Reinhold von Buxhoeveden died 1557 Bishop of Osel Wiek Hermann of Dorpat 1163 1248 first Bishop of Dorpat Oscar von Gebhardt 1844 1906 Lutheran theologian Barbara von Krudener 1764 1824 mystic Hermann Wesel died 1563 ecclesiastic and the last Bishop of Dorpat Adolf von Harnack 1851 1930 Lutheran theologian and church historian Germany Alexander Schmemann 1921 1983 Orthodox Christian priest teacher and writerScientists editAstronomers and cosmologists edit Wilhelm Anderson 1880 1940 astrophysicist Magnus Georg Paucker 1787 1855 astronomer and mathematician Otto Schmidt 1891 1956 mathematician astronomer geophysicist Soviet Union Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve 1793 1864 astronomer Russia Georg Hermann Struve 1886 1933 astronomer Germany Hermann Struve 1854 1920 astronomer Russia Ludwig Struve 1858 1920 astronomer Russia Otto Struve 1897 1963 astronomer Russia United States Otto Wilhelm von Struve 1819 1905 astronomer Russia Wilfried Struve 1914 1992 astronomer Germany Gustav Andreas Tammann 1932 2019 astronomer Germany Switzerland Biologists and paleontologists edit Hermann Martin Asmuss 1812 1859 paleozoologist Estonia Karl Ernst von Baer 1792 1876 biologist geologist meteorologist geographer founder of embryology Theodor Friedrich Julius Basiner 1816 1842 botanist Friedrich Bidder 1810 1894 physiologist and anatomist Russia Theophil Joachim Heinrich Bienert 1833 1873 botanist Alexander von Bunge 1803 1890 botanist Russia Karl Ernst Claus 1796 1864 chemist and naturalist Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz 1793 1831 biologist physician and explorer Russia Gustav Flor 1829 1883 zoologist Peter von Glehn 1835 1876 botanist Alexander von Keyserling 1815 1891 geologist and paleontologist Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer 1829 1902 anatomist Carl Friedrich von Ledebour 1785 1851 botanist Russia Harald von Loudon 1876 1959 ornithologist Johann Marcusen 1817 1894 ichthyologist Friedrich Johann Graf von Medem 1912 1984 zoologist Alexander von Middendorff 1815 1894 zoologist and explorer Wilhelm Ostwald 1853 1932 chemist winner of the Nobel prize in Chemistry Wolfgang Ostwald 1883 1943 chemist and biologist Germany Heinz Christian Pander 1794 1865 biologist embryologist and paleontologist Friedrich Parrot 1791 1841 biologist and medical scientist Christian Nikolai Richard Pohle 1869 1926 botanist Alexander von Schrenk 1816 1876 mineralogist botanist and expeditionist Russia Leopold von Schrenck 1826 1894 zoologist geographer and ethnographer Russia Jakob von Uexkull 1864 1944 biologist and semiotician Germany Chemists and material scientists edit Andreas von Antropoff 1878 1956 chemist postulated neutronium Karl Ernst Claus 1796 1864 chemist and naturalist Germain Henri Hess 1802 1850 chemist Wilhelm Ostwald 1853 1932 chemist and Nobel laureate Germany Wolfgang Ostwald 1883 1943 chemist and biologist Germany Carl Schmidt 1822 1894 chemist Russia Heinrich Wilhelm von Struve 1822 1908 chemist Russia Gustav Tammann 1861 1938 chemist Peter P von Weymarn 1879 1935 chemist Russia Margarete von Wrangell 1877 1932 agricultural chemist and the first female full professor at a German universityEarth scientists edit Karl Ernst von Baer 1792 1876 biologist geologist meteorologist geographer founder of embryology Karl von Ditmar 1822 1892 geologist and explorer Russia Karl Eichwald 1795 1876 geologist and physician Russia Gregor von Helmersen 1803 1885 geologist Carl Hiekisch 1840 1901 geographer Alexander Keyserling 1815 1891 geologist and paleontologist Fyodor Litke Friedrich Benjamin von Lutke 1797 1898 navigator and geographer Russia Otto Schmidt 1891 1956 mathematician astronomer geophysicist Soviet Union Alexander von Schrenk 1816 1876 mineralogist botanist and expeditionist Russia Leopold von Schrenck 1826 1894 zoologist geographer and ethnographer Russia Georg August Schweinfurth 1836 1925 botanist and explorer Eduard von Toll 1858 1902 geologist and explorer Russia Economists and sociologists edit August Johann Gottfried Bielenstein 1826 1907 linguist folklorist ethnographer and theologian Dominic Lieven born 1952 political scientist London School of Economics United Kingdom Paul von Lilienfeld 1829 1903 social scientist Heinrich Freiherr von Stackelberg 1905 1946 economist Germany Historians and archeologists edit Georg Dehio 1850 1932 art historian Paul Einhorn died 1655 historian Latvia Gustav von Ewers 1779 1830 legal historian and scholar Russia Jean Baptiste Holzmayer 1839 1890 teacher archeologist and folklorist Estonia Otto Magnus von Stackelberg 1786 1937 archaeologist writer art historian and painter Kurt Zoege von Manteuffel 1881 1941 art historian Richard Otto Zopffel 1843 1891 theologist and church historianLinguists and ethnographers edit Nikolai Anderson 1845 1905 philologist Walter Anderson 1885 1962 folklorist August Johann Gottfried Bielenstein 1826 1907 linguist folklorist ethnographer and theologian Peter A Boodberg 1903 1972 sinologist United States Emil Bretschneider 1833 1901 sinologist Johann Christoph Brotze 1742 1823 pedagogue and ethnographer Elena Lieven born 1947 psycholinguist and cognitive scientist United Kingdom Leopold von Schrenck 1826 1894 zoologist geographer and ethnographer Russia Alexander von Stael Holstein 1877 1937 orientalist sinologist sanskritologist Estonia Vasily Vasilievich Struve 1889 1965 orientalist Soviet Union Jakob von Uexkull 1864 1944 biologist and semiotician Germany Thure von Uexkull 1908 2004 semiotician Germany Alexander Vostokov 1781 1864 philologist Russia Edgar de Wahl 1867 1948 linguist Estonia Ferdinand Johann Wiedemann 1805 1887 linguist Estonia Gero von Wilpert 1933 2009 writer and literary scientistMathematicians edit Oskar Anderson 1887 1960 mathematician and statistician Georg Cantor 1845 1918 mathematician Germany Edgar Krahn 1894 1961 mathematician Theodor Molien 1861 1941 mathematician Magnus Georg Paucker 1787 1855 astronomer and mathematician Erhard Schmidt 1876 1959 mathematician Otto Schmidt 1891 1956 mathematician astronomer geophysicist Soviet Union Physicians and psychologists edit Ernst von Bergmann 1836 1907 surgeon Germany Eugen Bostroem 1850 1928 pathologist Arthur Bottcher 1831 1889 pathologist and anatomist Isidorus Brennsohn 1854 1928 doctor of medicine and biographer Karl Gottfried Konstantin Dehio 1851 1927 internist and pathologist Karl Eichwald 1795 1876 geologist and physician Russia Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz 1793 1831 biologist physician and explorer Russia Woldemar Kernig 1840 1917 physician Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer 1829 1902 anatomist Elena Lieven psycholinguist and cognitive scientist United Kingdom Werner Zoege von Manteuffel 1857 1926 medical surgeon Georg von Oettingen 1824 1916 ophthalmologist Friedrich Parrot 1791 1841 biologist and medical scientist Zacharias Stopius c 1535 end of the 16th or early 17th century doctor and astronomer Thure von Uexkull 1908 2004 semiotician Germany Eduard Georg von Wahl 1833 1890 surgeon Justus Heinrich Wigand 1769 1817 obstetrician Peter Ernst Wilde 1732 1785 physician and journalistPhysicists edit Heinrich Lenz 1804 1865 physicist Arthur von Oettingen 1836 1920 physicist meteorologist and music theorist Georg Wilhelm Richmann 1711 1753 physicist Thomas Johann Seebeck 1770 1831 physicistTheologians edit August Johann Gottfried Bielenstein 1826 1907 linguist folklorist ethnographer and theologian Georg Caspari 1683 1743 theologian Alexander von Oettingen 1827 1905 theologian Richard Otto Zopffel 1843 1891 theologist and historianOther scientists and engineers edit Jean Alexander Heinrich Clapier de Colongue 1838 1901 marine engineer and naval architect Russia Bernhard Schmidt 1879 1935 optician inventor Estonia Amand Struve 1835 1898 military engineer and bridge specialist Russia Friedrich Zander 1887 1933 rocket scientist Russia Soviet Union Walter Zapp 1905 2003 inventor Latvia Estonia Sports editUrsula Donath born 1931 runner East Germany Chess players edit Friedrich Amelung 1842 1909 cultural historian businessman and endgame composer Andreas Ascharin 1843 1896 chess master Bernhard Gregory 1879 1939 chess master Lionel Kieseritzky 1806 1853 chess master R K Kieseritzky 1870 chess master Theodor Molien 1861 1941 mathematician and chess problemist Paul Felix Schmidt 1916 1984 chess master Wilhelm von Stamm 1905 chess master Latvia Other editJohann Burchart 1546 1616 pharmacist Gustav Faberge 1814 1893 jeweller Nikolai von Glehn 1841 1923 landowner and public figure founder of Nomme Vasiliy Ulrikh 1889 1951 judge Great Purge perpetrator Soviet Union References edit German traces in Latvia Paul Max Bertschy architect and builder of Liepaja eng lsm lv Retrieved 2023 01 27 Architect Christoph Haberland 1750 1803 Latvijas Kulturas kanons Retrieved 2023 01 27 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of Baltic Germans amp oldid 1184622525, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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