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Liberalism and radicalism in Italy

January 01, 1970

Liberalism and radicalism have played a role in the political history of Italy since the country's unification, started in 1861 and largely completed in 1871, and currently influence several leading political parties.

During the first decades of Italy as a united country, the main parliamentary parties included liberals, but it was not until 1877 that the left-wing Radical Party was established as the first organized liberal party. The more centrist Liberal Union followed in 1913. Most liberal and radical parties were banned in 1926 under Benito Mussolini's Fascist government.

After World War II and the establishment of the Italian Republic there have been frequent changes in the configuration of political parties and, for the most part, the representation of liberal and radical views has been split among a number of parties that may also espouse other views. These parties have often been part of governing coalitions.

During the so-called "First Republic" three minor liberal parties were active: the Italian Liberal Party (centre-right), the Italian Republican Party (centre-left) and the modern-day Radical Party (left-wing). More recently, liberals have been split primarily among the centre-right The People of Freedom/Forza Italia and the centre-left Democratic Party.

Overview edit

In the 19th century both early Italian political groupings, the Historical Right and the Historical Left, were composed of monarchist liberals and functioned mainly as loose parliamentary groups, while radicals organised themselves as the Radical Party, and republicans, who were influenced also by socialism, as the Italian Republican Party. These two parties had in fact been part of The Extreme, which included also the Italian Socialist Party and its predecessors.

In 1913 the liberals around Giovanni Giolitti joined forces in the Liberal Union and in 1922 the Italian Liberal Party is formed. In that period, other liberal parties emerged: the Constitutional Democratic Party, the Democratic Liberal Party (merger of the Radicals with other liberal groups), and the Italian Social Democratic Party.

When Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party came to power in 1922, some Liberals and Radicals flirted with Fascism, but, ultimately, a Fascist regime was established and all the parties, notably including the Italian Liberal Party and the Italian Republican Party, were banned.

After the end of World War II, both Liberals and Republicans reorganised themselves, followed by more liberal parties in the upcoming decades (notably including the new Radical Party), and, despite their modest results in elections, they were often part of the Italian government, in alliance with Christian Democracy. In the 1940s, during the resistance movement and the writing of the republican Constitution, an important role was played by the Action Party, a social-liberal, republican and liberal-socialist outfit, successor of the Justice and Freedom movement. In this phase the Liberals adhered to conservative liberalism and Republicans to social liberalism.

Since 1992–1994, following the Tangentopoli scandals, the subsequent Mani pulite inquiries and the resulting shake-up of the Italian party system, the liberal movement has been strongly divided. As a result, a broad group of parties, not all included here, started to use the "liberal" label.[1]

Italian liberals are basically divided between the centre-right Forza Italia (successor of the former Forza Italia, itself primarily a merger of liberal and Christian-democratic forces, and The People of Freedom, which integrated the more conservative National Alliance) and the centre-left Democratic Party (a merger of social democrats, progressive Christian democrats and social liberals, the latter two mainly organised in Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy in the early 2000s).

Minor liberal parties include, among others, Civic Choice, the Italian Radicals (ALDE Party and Liberal International member), the aforementioned Italian Republican Party (which stretched a long way from the far-left to the centre-right of the political spectrum), and Act to Stop the Decline (a party which is the standard-bearer of a more classical- and libertarian-oriented form of liberalism). Also the centrist-populist Italy of Values was a member of the ALDE Party, but it is hardly a liberal party.

From 1994 on, most Liberals and several Republicans joined Forza Italia and the other parties of the House of Freedoms coalition. This is the reason why the term "liberal" is more often used when speaking of the centre-right than the centre-left. A new Italian Liberal Party was launched in 1997, but, as the Italian Republican Party, it survives as a very minor party. The former two, Civic Choice, Act to Stop the Decline and minor groups joined forces in European Choice, with disappointing results, in 2014.

Timeline of parties edit

The Italian Liberal Party edit

The historical Radical Party edit

The Italian Republican Party edit

From the Radical Party to the Italian Radicals edit

Forza Italia, The People of Freedom and back to Forza Italia edit

From Democratic Alliance to the Democratic Party edit

Minor liberal, social-liberal and libertarian parties edit

Liberal leaders edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Pridham, Geoffrey (1988-11-03), Kirchner, Emil J. (ed.), "Two roads of Italian liberalism: the Partito Repubblicano Italiano (PRI) and the Partito Liberale Italiano (PLI)", Liberal Parties in Western Europe (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 29–61, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511521843.006, ISBN 978-0-521-32394-9, retrieved 2023-08-28

January 01, 1970
liberalism, radicalism, italy, this, article, relies, largely, entirely, single, source, relevant, discussion, found, talk, page, please, help, improve, this, article, introducing, citations, additional, sources, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar. This article relies largely or entirely on a single source Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources Find sources Liberalism and radicalism in Italy news newspapers books scholar JSTOR August 2023 Liberalism and radicalism have played a role in the political history of Italy since the country s unification started in 1861 and largely completed in 1871 and currently influence several leading political parties During the first decades of Italy as a united country the main parliamentary parties included liberals but it was not until 1877 that the left wing Radical Party was established as the first organized liberal party The more centrist Liberal Union followed in 1913 Most liberal and radical parties were banned in 1926 under Benito Mussolini s Fascist government After World War II and the establishment of the Italian Republic there have been frequent changes in the configuration of political parties and for the most part the representation of liberal and radical views has been split among a number of parties that may also espouse other views These parties have often been part of governing coalitions During the so called First Republic three minor liberal parties were active the Italian Liberal Party centre right the Italian Republican Party centre left and the modern day Radical Party left wing More recently liberals have been split primarily among the centre right The People of Freedom Forza Italia and the centre left Democratic Party Contents 1 Overview 2 Timeline of parties 2 1 The Italian Liberal Party 2 2 The historical Radical Party 2 3 The Italian Republican Party 2 4 From the Radical Party to the Italian Radicals 2 5 Forza Italia The People of Freedom and back to Forza Italia 2 6 From Democratic Alliance to the Democratic Party 2 7 Minor liberal social liberal and libertarian parties 3 Liberal leaders 4 See also 5 ReferencesOverview editIn the 19th century both early Italian political groupings the Historical Right and the Historical Left were composed of monarchist liberals and functioned mainly as loose parliamentary groups while radicals organised themselves as the Radical Party and republicans who were influenced also by socialism as the Italian Republican Party These two parties had in fact been part of The Extreme which included also the Italian Socialist Party and its predecessors In 1913 the liberals around Giovanni Giolitti joined forces in the Liberal Union and in 1922 the Italian Liberal Party is formed In that period other liberal parties emerged the Constitutional Democratic Party the Democratic Liberal Party merger of the Radicals with other liberal groups and the Italian Social Democratic Party When Benito Mussolini s National Fascist Party came to power in 1922 some Liberals and Radicals flirted with Fascism but ultimately a Fascist regime was established and all the parties notably including the Italian Liberal Party and the Italian Republican Party were banned After the end of World War II both Liberals and Republicans reorganised themselves followed by more liberal parties in the upcoming decades notably including the new Radical Party and despite their modest results in elections they were often part of the Italian government in alliance with Christian Democracy In the 1940s during the resistance movement and the writing of the republican Constitution an important role was played by the Action Party a social liberal republican and liberal socialist outfit successor of the Justice and Freedom movement In this phase the Liberals adhered to conservative liberalism and Republicans to social liberalism Since 1992 1994 following the Tangentopoli scandals the subsequent Mani pulite inquiries and the resulting shake up of the Italian party system the liberal movement has been strongly divided As a result a broad group of parties not all included here started to use the liberal label 1 Italian liberals are basically divided between the centre right Forza Italia successor of the former Forza Italia itself primarily a merger of liberal and Christian democratic forces and The People of Freedom which integrated the more conservative National Alliance and the centre left Democratic Party a merger of social democrats progressive Christian democrats and social liberals the latter two mainly organised in Democracy is Freedom The Daisy in the early 2000s Minor liberal parties include among others Civic Choice the Italian Radicals ALDE Party and Liberal International member the aforementioned Italian Republican Party which stretched a long way from the far left to the centre right of the political spectrum and Act to Stop the Decline a party which is the standard bearer of a more classical and libertarian oriented form of liberalism Also the centrist populist Italy of Values was a member of the ALDE Party but it is hardly a liberal party From 1994 on most Liberals and several Republicans joined Forza Italia and the other parties of the House of Freedoms coalition This is the reason why the term liberal is more often used when speaking of the centre right than the centre left A new Italian Liberal Party was launched in 1997 but as the Italian Republican Party it survives as a very minor party The former two Civic Choice Act to Stop the Decline and minor groups joined forces in European Choice with disappointing results in 2014 Timeline of parties editThe Italian Liberal Party edit 1848 Camillo Benso di Cavour forms the Moderate Party a conservative liberal parliamentary group within the Parliament of the Kingdom of Sardinia 1849 The Left a left liberal parliamentary group is formed in the Parliament of the Kingdom of Sardinia 1861 The Historical Right a parliamentary group sometimes referred to as Liberal Constitutional Party or Liberals is formed as the successor of the Moderate Party The Left starts to be known as Historical Left while its members are frequently referred to as Democrats 1913 Giovanni Giolitti s Liberal Left heir of the Historical Left is organised as Liberal Union while its left wing forms the Constitutional Democratic Party PDC and Democratic Party PD 1919 The PDC the PD and other liberals in opposition to Giolitti form an electoral list named Italian Social Democratic Party PDSI for the 1919 general election 1921 Giolitti s Liberals incorporate the National Fasci of Combat in its National Blocs for the 1921 general election 1922 Giolitti s Liberals conservative liberals and remnants of the Historical Right by then called Liberal Conservatives form the Italian Liberal Party PLI 1924 Giolitti s Liberals are integrated in the Fascist dominated National List in the 1924 general election while anti fascist liberals form the National Union UN 1926 Both the PLI and the UN are banned by the Fascist government 1943 Former members of the old PLI re organise the Italian Liberal Party PLI 1946 The PLI is part of an electoral list named National Democratic Union UDN in the 1946 general election A faction opposed to this form the Progressive Liberal Movement MLP which merge into PRI soon after 1948 The PLI join forces with the Common Man s Front in the National Bloc BN in the 1948 general election 1953 A group of PLI splinters form the National Democratic Alliance ADN 1955 The PLI s left wing forms the Radical Party see below 1993 A fraction of the PLI s right wing forms the Union of the Centre UdC while splinters form the Liberal Democratic Union ULD and the Liberal Left 1994 The PLI is disbanded Other than aforementioned spin offs the Federation of Liberals FdL and the Italian Liberal Right DLI which is integrated into National Alliance see below are formed Several Liberals join either Forza Italia see below or the Segni Pact see below 1995 The ULD is merged into the FdL 1996 The FdL joins the Democratic Union see below 1997 Some of Forza Italia s Liberals form the Liberal Party PL 1998 The UdC is merged into Forza Italia 2004 Splinters from the FdL form the Association for Liberal Democracy which would join Democracy is Freedom The Daisy see below whilst the PL along with members of the DLI briefly known as Liberals for Italy and former members of the UdC re establishes the Italian Liberal Party PLI 2007 The Liberal Left joins the Democratic Party see below 2011 The DLI joins The People of Freedom see below 2014 Splinters from the PLI and other former Liberals form The Liberals a short lived experience 2018 The PLI forms an alliance with the Lega Nord within the centre right coalition 2019 The PLI leaves the alliance with the Lega Nord and the DLI splits from PLI 2020 The Liberals join forces with Action and More Europe The historical Radical Party edit 1877 Progressive liberals form the Radical Party PR within The Extreme parliamentary group 1904 The PR is officially founded under the leadership of Ettore Sacchi 1921 The PR merges with several minor liberal parties to form the Democratic Liberal Party PLD 1922 Some Radicals join forces with former PDC liberals within the PDSI 1926 The PR PLD is banned but many members remain politically active through the resistance movement 1943 Former PDSI members along with former members of the Italian Reformist Socialist Party PSRI form the Labour Democratic Party PDL 1946 Former Radicals and the PDL join the UDN for the 1946 general election 1948 The PDL merges into the Italian Democratic Socialist Party PSDI The Italian Republican Party edit 1895 The Italian Republican Party PRI is formed by followers of Giuseppe Mazzini 1926 The PRI is banned but continues its activities in exile 1942 Republicans take part to the foundation of the Action Party PdA 1943 The PRI is re organised in Italy 1946 The PdA s liberal wing forms the Republican Democratic Concentration CDR which is merged into the PRI another wing forms the Italian Republican Alliance ARI which vanishes soon after 1947 The PdA is dissolved and officially joins the Italian Socialist Party PSI 1952 PRI splinters form Popular Unity UP 1964 PRI splinters form the Democratic Union for the New Republic UDNR 1994 The PRI aligns with the Segni Pact see below while a splinter group forms the Republican Left SR 1996 The PRI joins the Democratic Union see below but soon distances from it 1998 The SR is merged into the Democrats of the Left see below 2001 The PRI makes an alliance with Forza Italia see below provoking the split of the European Republicans Movement MRE 2004 A group of splinters form the Democratic Republicans RD 2011 The MRE and the RD re join the PRI 2018 The PRI forms a pact with the Liberal Popular Alliance 2020 The PRI joins forces with Action and More Europe 2020 The MRE is re established as an independent party 2022 The PRI briefly joins Civic Commitment and later joins Italia Viva in alliance with Action the MRE joins the PD led Democratic and Progressive Italy list From the Radical Party to the Italian Radicals edit 1955 The PLI s left wing faction led by Marco Pannella forms the Radical Party PR 1982 The Radical Federative Movement MFR splits from the PR and would later merge into the PSI 1988 The PR is transformed into Transnational Radical Party PRT 1989 The PRT is organised at the Italian level as Antiprohibitionists on Drugs 1992 The PRT is organised at the Italian level as Pannella List 1994 Pannella List s members are elected with Forza Italia in the 1994 general election 1999 The PRT is organised at the Italian level as Bonino List 2001 The PRT is organised at the Italian level as Italian Radicals a full fledged party 2005 The party joins forces with the Italian Democratic Socialists in the Rose in the Fist an electoral coalition The right wing libertarian faction leaves to form the Liberal Reformers RL which would become an associate party of Forza Italia see below and finally merge into The People of Freedom see below 2007 A splinter group forms Decide which would later merge into The People of Freedom see below 2008 The party contests the 2008 general election in a joint list with the Democratic Party see below 2009 The party contests the 2009 European Parliament election as Bonino Pannella List 2013 The party contests the 2013 general election with a list named Amnesty Justice and Freedom 2017 The PRT and the RI part ways 2017 Forza Europa FE led by Benedetto Della Vedova is formed 2018 The RI Forza Europa and the Democratic Centre join forces in More Europe 2019 Eu is transformed into a party with the Italian Radicals FE and the CD as its founding associate parties 2020 Eu abandoned by the CD joins forces with Action ALI and the Italian Republican Party 2022 Eu breaks its alliance with Action some Radicals led by Marco Cappato form the Referendum and Democracy list the RI joins the PD led Democratic and Progressive Italy list Forza Italia The People of Freedom and back to Forza Italia edit 1993 Forza Italia FI is founded by media tycoon Silvio Berlusconi Most Liberals several Christian Democrats and a few Republicans join the party Though some of its members retain their membership of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party FI would join the European People s Party in 1999 1994 The Liberal Democratic Pole PLD merges into FI 1998 The UdC merges into FI 2003 Liberals within FI form Popular Liberalism a liberal faction 2007 Silvio Berlusconi announces the creation of The People of Freedom PdL a party merging FI with the more conservative National Alliance AN and other parties of the House of Freedoms notably including the Liberal Reformers Decide and the Liberal Democrats see below 2009 FI is officially merged into the PdL 2010 Former members of AN and some liberals too leave FI to form Future and Freedom FLI 2013 Silvio Berlusconi announces the revival of FI Subsequently the PdL is folded into the new Forza Italia FI A minority of FI s liberals take part to the creation of the New Centre Right an alternative predominantly Christian democratic party 2015 Some of FI s liberals take part to two successive splits Conservatives and Reformists CR and Liberal Popular Alliance ALA 2017 The CR launches a new centre right party named Direction Italy DI SC F the PLI liberal splinters from Popular Alternative and DI form Us with Italy NcI for the 2018 general election allied with the centre right coalition 2017 Energies for Italy EpI led by Stefano Parisi and including former members of FI and Giannino is formed 2019 Splinters from FI launch a new centre right liberal party Cambiamo C NcI becomes a party 2020 EpI is dissolved 2020 Cambiamo forms with Identity and Action Coraggio Italia CI 2022 C and IDeA leave CI and form Italy in the Centre IaC CI dissidents form Vinciamo Italia joining IaC From Democratic Alliance to the Democratic Party edit 1992 Democratic Alliance AD is launched as a proposed coalition of centre left political parties 1993 AD is officially founded by former PRI PSI PCI and DC members Soon after Mario Segni leaves to form the Segni Pact 1994 AD takes part to the Alliance of Progressives while the Segni Pact to the Pact for Italy 1996 The social liberal Democratic Union UD and the centrist liberal Italian Renewal RI are formed AD joins the former the Segni Pact the latter 1999 The Democrats a centrist and social liberal party is formed by the union of the UD with Romano Prodi s supporters some of which splinters from the Christian democratic Italian People s Party PPI For its part the Segni Pact forms an alliance with AN 2002 The Democrats the PPI and RI merge into Democracy is Freedom The Daisy DL 2003 The Segni Pact is re organised as Pact of Liberal Democrats PLD 2007 DL is merged with the social democratic Democrats of the Left DS to form the Democratic Party PD 2007 A group of DL splinters form the Liberal Democrats LD 2008 Liberals within the PD form Liberal PD a liberal faction 2009 A group of PD splinters form Alliance for Italy ApI 2012 Leading members of ApI form the Democratic Centre CD 2019 Liberal splinters from the PD form Action Az and Italy Alive IV 2020 Action joins forces with More Europe and the Italian Republican Party 2022 Action and IV join forces MRE Italian Radicals and Volt join PD s Democratic and Progressive Italy alliance Minor liberal social liberal and libertarian parties edit 2012 A group of intellectuals led by Oscar Giannino form the libertarian oriented Act to Stop the Decline FiD originally Stop the Decline 2013 Civic Choice SC is launched as an electoral list in support of Mario Monti the incumbent non partisan Prime Minister to contest the 2013 general election The list includes members from Future Italy IF a liberal think tank and is part of the With Monti for Italy coalition After the election SC becomes a full fledged party while FiD finds a new leader in Michele Boldrin Splinters from FiD led by Giannino form the Liberal Democratic Alliance for Italy ALI 2014 SC FiD ALI CD the PRI the new PLI The Liberals and other minor parties contest the 2014 European Parliament election within a list named European Choice in support of the ALDE Party candidate for President of the European Commission Guy Verhofstadt 2015 Unique Italy IU including former members of IF SC and the PdL is formed A splinter group from Lega Nord forms Act F Several SC s liberals join the PD 2016 IU is dissolved SC which has suffered the split of the Civics and Innovators CI forms a federative pact with the ALA 2018 Volt Italy Volt was formed Liberal leaders editBefore 1861 Alessandro Manzoni Carlo Cattaneo Historical Right Liberal Conservatives Massimo d Azeglio Camillo Benso di Cavour Bettino Ricasoli Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora Luigi Federico Menabrea Giovanni Lanza Marco Minghetti Antonio Starabba di Rudini Luigi Pelloux Sidney Sonnino Luigi Luzzatti Historical Left Democrats Urbano Rattazzi Benedetto Cairoli Agostino Depretis Francesco Crispi Giovanni Giolitti Giuseppe Saracco Alessandro Fortis Historical Radical Party Agostino Bertani Felice Cavallotti Ernesto Nathan Ettore Sacchi Francesco Saverio Nitti Giovanni Amendola Liberals Italian Liberal Party Giuseppe Zanardelli Giovanni Giolitti Antonio Salandra Paolo Boselli Vittorio Emanuele Orlando Luigi Facta Benedetto Croce Alberto Giovannini Luigi Einaudi Bruno Villabruna Manlio Brosio Leone Cattani Gaetano Martino Bruno Leoni Giovanni Malagodi Aldo Bozzi Agostino Bignardi Valerio Zanone Alfredo Biondi Renato Altissimo Raffaele Costa Egidio Sterpa Antonio Martino Beatrice Rangoni Machiavelli Italian Republican Party Randolfo Pacciardi Oronzo Reale Ugo La Malfa Oddo Biasini Giovanni Spadolini Giorgio La Malfa Giorgio Bogi Luciana Sbarbati Radical Party Italian Radicals Mario Pannunzio Leopoldo Piccardi Bruno Villabruna Marco Pannella Gianfranco Spadaccia Angiolo Bandinelli Adelaide Aglietta Adele Faccio Sergio Stanzani Emma Bonino Francesco Rutelli Marco Cappato Benedetto Della Vedova Daniele Capezzone Riccardo Magi Forza Italia The People of Freedom Forza Italia Silvio Berlusconi Alfredo Biondi Raffaele Costa Egidio Sterpa Antonio Martino Giulio Tremonti Marcello Pera Franco Frattini Renato Brunetta Sandro Bondi Giancarlo Galan Stefania Prestigiacomo Paolo Romani Benedetto Della Vedova Daniele Capezzone Democratic Alliance Democratic Union Democracy is Freedom Democratic Party Willer Bordon Ferdinando Adornato Antonio Maccanico Valerio Zanone Giorgio Bogi Francesco Rutelli Enzo Bianco Paolo Gentiloni Gianni Vernetti Linda Lanzillotta Matteo Renzi Sandro Gozi Andrea Marcucci Luciana Sbarbati Beatrice Rangoni Machiavelli Pietro Ichino Stefania Giannini Carlo Calenda Andrea Romano Civic Choice Pietro Ichino Linda Lanzillotta Stefania Giannini Carlo Calenda Andrea Romano Bendetto Della Vedova Enrico Zanetti More Europe Emma Bonino Benedetto Della Vedova Gianfranco Spadaccia Marco Cappato Riccardo MagiSee also editBerlusconism History of Italy List of liberal theorists including Niccolo Machiavelli 1469 1527 Benedetto Croce 1866 1952 List of political ideologies Liberalism Classical liberalism Conservative liberalism Cultural liberalism Economic liberalism National liberalism Social liberalism Liberism Libertarianism Classical radicalism List of political parties in Italy Politics of ItalyReferences edit Pridham Geoffrey 1988 11 03 Kirchner Emil J ed Two roads of Italian liberalism the Partito Repubblicano Italiano PRI and the Partito Liberale Italiano PLI Liberal Parties in Western Europe 1 ed Cambridge University Press pp 29 61 doi 10 1017 cbo9780511521843 006 ISBN 978 0 521 32394 9 retrieved 2023 08 28 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Liberalism and radicalism in Italy amp oldid 1212847684, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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