Amendola was born in Naples on 15 April 1882.[2] He moved to Rome, where he obtained the middle school diploma. At fifteen he joined the socialist youth. The following year he was an apprentice to the newspaper of the Italian Radical Party "La Capitale." He graduated with a degree in philosophy, he collaborated with such publications as Leonardo of Giovanni Papini and La Voce of Giuseppe Prezzolini. After that, he obtained the chair of theoretical philosophy at the University of Pisa. Between 1912 and 1914 Amendola was the editor of the Bologna-based daily Il Resto del Carlino.[2] He worked for Corriere della Sera from 1914 to 1920.[2]
His critical positions while confronting the right-wing extremism cost him a series of attacks by hired Fascist hitmen. In 1924 Amendola refused to adhere to the "Listone Mussolini", and attempted to become Prime Minister, at the head of a liberal coalition which ran in the elections. He was defeated, but continued the democratic battle by writing columns for the Il Mondo, a new daily newspaper which he founded together with other intellectuals in 1922.[2]
During the height of the Matteotti Crisis, Amendola published the Rossi Testimony in one of his newspapers, on 27 December 1924. The document directly implicated Prime Minister Mussolini in the murder of Giacomo Matteotti, the leader of the Socialist PSU party, on the 10 June 1924. In the same document, Amendola also declared that Mussolini was behind the reign of terror which led up to the April 6th, 1924 general elections.
Resented by Mussolini for his prominent activism, Amendola was, together with the Unitary Socialist Party deputy Giacomo Matteotti and the popular priest Don Giovanni Minzoni, one of the régime's earliest victims, as he was beaten by 15 Blackshirts with clubs in July, 1925.
Amendola formulated the notion of totalitarianism as total political power which is exercised by the state in 1923, describing Italian Fascism as a system which was fundamentally different from conventional dictatorships.[3] The term was later assigned a positive meaning in the writings of Giovanni Gentile, Italy's most prominent philosopher and leading theorist of fascism. He used the term totalitario to refer to the structure and goals of the new state which was to provide the "total representation of the nation and total guidance of national goals."[4]
Death
Amendola died on 7 April 1926 at Cannes, France, in agony from violence inflicted when he was beaten by 15 Blackshirts with clubs.[2]
Personal life
Amendola married Eva Kuhn in 1906, and they remained together until Amendola's death in 1926. Together, they had four children : Giorgio Amendola (1907-1980), who became an important communist writer and politician, Adelaide (1910-1980), Antonio (1916-1953), and Pietro (1918-2007), who also became a journalist and politician.
^Bosworth, R. J. B. (2023). Politics, Murder and Love in an Italian Family: The Amendolas in the Age of Totalitarianisms. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-1-009-28017-4.
^ abcdeMark F. Gilbert; K. Robert Nilsson (2007). Historical Dictionary of Modern Italy (2nd ed.). Lanham, Maryland; Toronto; Plymouth, UK: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. pp. 37–38. ISBN978-1-5381-0254-1.
^Pipes, Richard (1995). Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime. New York: Vintage Books, Random House. p. 243. ISBN0394502426.
Eva Kühn Amendola: Life with Giovanni Amendola, Parenti, Florence 1960
Giorgio Amendola: A choice of life, Rizzoli, Milan, 1976 ISBN 88-17-12610-1
Simona Colarizi: The Democrats in the Opposition: Giovanni Amendola and the National Union (1922-1926), Il Mulino, Bologna, 1973
Antonio Sarubbi: The World of Amendola and Cianca and the collapse of liberal institutions (1922-1926), Milan, 1998, ISBN 978-88-464-0514-2 (1986, 1998)
Elio d'Auria: Liberalism and democracy in the political experience of Giovanni Amendola, Southern Publishing Company, Salerno-Catanzaro, 1978
Elio d'Auria: Giovanni Amendola: Epistolario 1897-1926, 6 volumes, La Terza and La Caita, Rome-Bari, 1986-2011
Elio d'Auria (edited by): Giovanni Amendola and the Crisis of the Liberal State. Political Writings from the Libyan War to the Opposition to Fascism, Newton Compton Editori, Rome, 1974
External links
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This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Giovanni Amendola news newspapers books scholar JSTOR September 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Giovanni Amendola 15 April 1882 7 April 1926 was an Italian journalist professor and politician noted as an opponent of Italian Fascism 1 Giovanni AmendolaAmendola in 1923 Minister of the ColoniesIn office 26 February 1922 30 October 1922Prime MinisterLuigi FactaPreceded byGiuseppe GirardiniSucceeded byLuigi FederzoniMember of the Italian ChamberIn office 1 December 1919 7 April 1926ConstituencySalernoPersonal detailsBorn 1882 04 15 15 April 1882Naples ItalyDied7 April 1926 1926 04 07 aged 43 Cannes FrancePolitical partyItalian Socialist Party 1897 1899 Italian Radical Party 1900 1919 Democratic Liberal Party 1919 1926 Spouse s Eva Kuhn m 1906 1926 wbr his deathChildrenGiorgio 1907 1980 Adelaide 1910 1980 Antonio 1916 1953 Pietro 1918 2007 Alma materUniversity of FlorenceProfessionJournalist philosopher Contents 1 Biography 1 1 Early life and education 1 2 Political career 1 3 Death 2 Personal life 3 In popular culture 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External linksBiography EditEarly life and education Edit Amendola was born in Naples on 15 April 1882 2 He moved to Rome where he obtained the middle school diploma At fifteen he joined the socialist youth The following year he was an apprentice to the newspaper of the Italian Radical Party La Capitale He graduated with a degree in philosophy he collaborated with such publications as Leonardo of Giovanni Papini and La Voce of Giuseppe Prezzolini After that he obtained the chair of theoretical philosophy at the University of Pisa Between 1912 and 1914 Amendola was the editor of the Bologna based daily Il Resto del Carlino 2 He worked for Corriere della Sera from 1914 to 1920 2 Political career Edit Attracted by politics he was elected three times to the Italian Chamber of Deputies for Salerno In the 1910s Amendola supported the Italian liberal movement but he was completely against the ideology of Giovanni Giolitti During World War I he adopted a position of democratic irredentism and at the end of the war was nominated minister by Prime Minister Francesco Saverio Nitti His critical positions while confronting the right wing extremism cost him a series of attacks by hired Fascist hitmen In 1924 Amendola refused to adhere to the Listone Mussolini and attempted to become Prime Minister at the head of a liberal coalition which ran in the elections He was defeated but continued the democratic battle by writing columns for the Il Mondo a new daily newspaper which he founded together with other intellectuals in 1922 2 During the height of the Matteotti Crisis Amendola published the Rossi Testimony in one of his newspapers on 27 December 1924 The document directly implicated Prime Minister Mussolini in the murder of Giacomo Matteotti the leader of the Socialist PSU party on the 10 June 1924 In the same document Amendola also declared that Mussolini was behind the reign of terror which led up to the April 6th 1924 general elections Resented by Mussolini for his prominent activism Amendola was together with the Unitary Socialist Party deputy Giacomo Matteotti and the popular priest Don Giovanni Minzoni one of the regime s earliest victims as he was beaten by 15 Blackshirts with clubs in July 1925 Amendola formulated the notion of totalitarianism as total political power which is exercised by the state in 1923 describing Italian Fascism as a system which was fundamentally different from conventional dictatorships 3 The term was later assigned a positive meaning in the writings of Giovanni Gentile Italy s most prominent philosopher and leading theorist of fascism He used the term totalitario to refer to the structure and goals of the new state which was to provide the total representation of the nation and total guidance of national goals 4 Death Edit Amendola died on 7 April 1926 at Cannes France in agony from violence inflicted when he was beaten by 15 Blackshirts with clubs 2 Personal life EditAmendola married Eva Kuhn in 1906 and they remained together until Amendola s death in 1926 Together they had four children Giorgio Amendola 1907 1980 who became an important communist writer and politician Adelaide 1910 1980 Antonio 1916 1953 and Pietro 1918 2007 who also became a journalist and politician In popular culture EditIn the Florestano Vancini s film The Assassination of Matteotti 1973 Amendola is played by Damiano Damiani References Edit Bosworth R J B 2023 Politics Murder and Love in an Italian Family The Amendolas in the Age of Totalitarianisms Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 009 28017 4 a b c d e Mark F Gilbert K Robert Nilsson 2007 Historical Dictionary of Modern Italy 2nd ed Lanham Maryland Toronto Plymouth UK The Scarecrow Press Inc pp 37 38 ISBN 978 1 5381 0254 1 Pipes Richard 1995 Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime New York Vintage Books Random House p 243 ISBN 0394502426 Payne Stanley G 1980 Fascism Comparison and Definition University of Washington Press p 73 ISBN 9780299080600 Bibliography EditEva Kuhn Amendola Life with Giovanni Amendola Parenti Florence 1960 Giorgio Amendola A choice of life Rizzoli Milan 1976 ISBN 88 17 12610 1 Simona Colarizi The Democrats in the Opposition Giovanni Amendola and the National Union 1922 1926 Il Mulino Bologna 1973 Antonio Sarubbi The World of Amendola and Cianca and the collapse of liberal institutions 1922 1926 Milan 1998 ISBN 978 88 464 0514 2 1986 1998 Elio d Auria Liberalism and democracy in the political experience of Giovanni Amendola Southern Publishing Company Salerno Catanzaro 1978 Elio d Auria Giovanni Amendola Epistolario 1897 1926 6 volumes La Terza and La Caita Rome Bari 1986 2011 Elio d Auria edited by Giovanni Amendola and the Crisis of the Liberal State Political Writings from the Libyan War to the Opposition to Fascism Newton Compton Editori Rome 1974External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Giovanni Amendola Newspaper clippings about Giovanni Amendola in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBWPolitical officesPreceded byGiuseppe Girardini Italian Minister of the Colonies1922 Succeeded byLuigi Federzoni Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Giovanni Amendola amp oldid 1133852106, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
