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Latin Church in the Middle East

January 01, 1970

The Latin Church of the Catholic Church has several dispersed populations of members in the Middle East, notably in Turkey, Cyprus and the Levant (Syria, Lebanon, Palestine and Jordan). Latin Catholics employ the Latin liturgical rites, in contrast to Eastern Catholics who fall under their respective church's patriarchs and employ distinct Eastern Catholic liturgies, while being in full communion with the worldwide Catholic Church. Latin Catholics in the Middle East are often of European descent, particularly from the medieval Crusader era and later the 20th-century colonial period.

Latin Church in the Middle East
Dioceses of the Latin Church in the Middle East
Countries and regions Cyprus
 Israel
 Jordan
 Lebanon
 Syria
 Turkey (Hatay Province)
Broader definition
DemonymLatin Catholics, Levantines
LanguagesLevantine Arabic, Hebrew, Aramaic, Armenian, Circassian, Greek, Kurdish, Ladino, Turkish, Domari
Time ZonesUTC+02:00 (EET) ( Cyprus)
Largest cities

Depending on the specific area in question, due to their cultural heritage descending from Catholics who lived under the Ottoman Empire, they are sometimes referred to as Levantines, Italo-Levantines  [it], or Franco-Levantines (Arabic: شوام; French: Levantins; Italian: Levantini; Greek: Φραγκολεβαντίνοι Frankolevantini; Turkish: Levantenler or Tatlısu Frenkleri) after Frankokratia.

A distinctive era of influence occurred during the Crusades with the establishment of the Kingdom of Jerusalem during the Middle Ages. As with the case of Eastern Catholics and other Christians in the Middle East, Latin Catholics have both a history and a present of persecution.

History edit

See also: Crusader states
 
Galata Tower, built in 1348 by the Republic of Genoa in the citadel of Galata (modern Karaköy) on the northern shore of the Golden Horn, across Constantinople (Fatih) on the southern shore, is one of the most famous architectural landmarks of the Italian Levantine community in Istanbul.

Levantines were mostly of Italian (especially Venetian and Genoese), French, or other Euro-Mediterranean origin. They have been living in the eastern Mediterranean coast of Lebanon and Syria since the middle Byzantine or the Ottoman era and in Constantinople (Istanbul), Smyrna (İzmir) and other parts of Anatolia (such as the port towns of Amasra, Sinop, Trabzon, Enez, Çanakkale, Foça, Çeşme, Bodrum, Alanya, Mersin, Iskenderun, etc., where the colonies of Genoese and Venetian merchants existed) in present-day Turkey.

The majority are either the descendants of traders from the maritime republics of Venice, Genoa, Pisa, Ancona and Ragusa who had colonies in the East Mediterranean coast; or the descendants of the French/Italian Levantines who lived in the Crusader states of the Levant (in present-day Lebanon, Israel and Syria), especially in port towns such as Beirut, Tripoli, Tyre, Byblos, Acre, Jaffa, Latakia, etc.; or in major cities near the coast, such as Tarsus, Antioch, Jerusalem, etc. Others may be converts to Catholicism, immigrants from Anglo-French colonization, or Eastern Christians who had resided there for centuries.

Levant edit

When the United Kingdom took over the southern portion of Ottoman Syria in the aftermath of the First World War, some of the new rulers adapted the term "Levantine" pejoratively to refer to the inhabitants of mixed Arab and European descent in Lebanon, Syria and Palestine, and to Europeans (usually French, Italian or Greek) who had assimilated and adopted local dress and customs.

Today, a small percentage of Lebanon's small group of Latin Catholics are of at least partial French/Italian descent.[1][2]

Cyprus edit

See also: Kingdom of Cyprus and Catholic Church in Cyprus

The Catholic community of Cyprus (Latinoi, Λατίνοι) consists one of the three recognized religious minorities of Cyprus, together with the Armenians and Maronites, according to the 1960 constitution.[3]

Turkey edit

See also: Frankokratia, Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople, and Turkish Levantine
 
Church of St. Anthony of Padua on İstiklal Avenue in the Beyoğlu (Pera) district of Istanbul, which was constructed between 1906 and 1912 by the city's Italian Levantine community.

About 35,000 Levantines live in Turkey.[4]

The name Italo-Levantine is specifically applied to people of Italian (especially Venetian or Genoese) origin, but even with some French or other Euro-Mediterranean roots, who have lived in Istanbul, İzmir and other parts of Anatolia in Turkey. Some of the Italian Levantines may have ancestral origins also in the eastern Mediterranean coast (the Levant, particularly in present-day Lebanon and Israel) dating back to the period of the Crusades and the Byzantine Empire. A small group came from Crimea and from the Genoese colonies in the Black Sea, after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.

The majority of the Levantines in modern Turkey are the descendants of traders/colonists from the Italian maritime republics of the Mediterranean (especially Genoa and Venice) and France, who obtained special rights and privileges called the Capitulations from the Ottoman sultans in the 16th century.[5]

There are two large communities of Italian Levantines: one in Istanbul and the other in İzmir. At the end of the 19th century there were nearly 6,000 Levantines of Italian roots in İzmir.[6] They came mainly from the nearby Genoese island of Chios in the Aegean Sea.[7]

The community had more than 15,000 members during Atatürk's presidency in the 1920s and 1930s, but today is reduced to only a few hundreds, according to Italian Levantine writer Giovanni Scognamillo.[8]

They continue to live in Istanbul (mostly in the districts of Karaköy, Beyoğlu and Nişantaşı), and İzmir (mostly in the districts of Karşıyaka, Bornova and Buca.)

The largest Catholic church in Turkey is the Church of St. Anthony of Padua on İstiklal Avenue in the Beyoğlu (Pera) district of Istanbul, which was constructed between 1906 and 1912 by the Italian Levantine community.

They have been influential in creating and reviving a tradition of opera.[9] Famous people of the present-day Levantine community in Turkey include Maria Rita Epik, Franco-Levantine Caroline Giraud Koç and Italo-Levantine Giovanni Scognamillo. Most of Turkey's small Catholic community are Levantines.

Notable people edit

Notable people of the Italian Levantine community in Turkey include:

  • Sir Alfred Biliotti, who joined the British foreign service and eventually rose to become one of its most distinguished consular officers in the late 19th century. Biliotti was also an accomplished archaeologist who conducted important excavations at sites in the Aegean and Anatolia.
  • Livio Missir di Lusignano. Historian. His masterpiece is Les anciennes familles italiennes de Turquie.
  • Giuseppe Donizetti, musicist. He was Instructor General of the Imperial Ottoman Music at the court of Sultan Mahmud II.[10]
  • Giovanni Scognamillo, writer. He composed "Memorie di Beyoğlu di un Levantino" in 1989.[11]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Gale Encyclopedia of the Mideast & N. Africa: Levantine". answers.com. Retrieved 2012-01-25.
  2. ^ "About the Journal of Levantine Studies". levantine-journal.org. Retrieved 2012-01-25.
  3. ^ "ΓΕΝΙΚΟ ΠΡΟΞΕΝΕΙΟ ΤΗΣ ΚΥΠΡΙΑΚΗΣ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑΣ ΣΤΗΝ ΑΓΙΑ ΠΕΤΡΟΥΠΟΛΗ - Γενικές Πληροφορίες". www.mfa.gov.cy.
  4. ^ Levanten kültürü turizme açılıyor haberler.com (12.08.2013) 30 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ "History of the community 3". www.levantineheritage.com.
  6. ^ "Frangini: Italiani in Smirne/Izmir (in Italian)" (PDF).
  7. ^ "Levantine testimony 56". www.levantineheritage.com.
  8. ^ "Levantine testimony 35". www.levantineheritage.com.
  9. ^ Mersin'in bahanesi yok 2012-10-19 at the Wayback Machine, Radikal, 26 May 2007
  10. ^ . www.musicaltimes.co.uk. Archived from the original on February 23, 2003.
  11. ^ . www.ntv.com.tr. Archived from the original on February 8, 2010.

Sources edit

  • Alex Baltazzi, George Galdies, George Poulimenos, A Lexicon of Smyrneika (Izmir Rumcasi Sozlugu): Illustrated with Phrases, Proverbs, Pictures and Dialogues, ISBN 975333284X. Also, Second Edition, ISBN 978-1-4632-0251-4
  • Consorti, A., Vicende dell’italianità in Levante, 1815-1915 in: Rivista Coloniale, anno XV.
  • Franzina, Emilio. Storia dell'emigrazione italiana. Donzelli Editore. Roma, 2002 ISBN 88-7989-719-5
  • Gagarin, Michael (31 December 2009), Ancient Greece and Rome, vol. 1, Oxford University Press, Incorporated, p. 247, ISBN 978-0-19-517072-6
  • Missir di Lusignano, Livio. Due secoli di relazioni italo-turche attraverso le vicende di una famiglia di italiani di Smirne: i Missir di Lusignano. "Storia contemporanea", (4) pp. 613–623. Università di Bologna. Bologna, 1992.
  • Pannuti, Alessandro. Les Italiens d’Istanbul au XXe siècle : entre préservation identitaire et effacement. Université de Paris III – Sorbonne Nouvelle. Parigi, 2004
  • Pongiluppi, Francesco. La Rassegna Italiana Organo degli Interessi Italiani in Oriente. Giornale Ufficiale della Camera di Commercio Italiana di Costantinopoli, Edizioni Isis, Istanbul, 2015.
  • "Levant", Encarta, Microsoft, 2009
  • "Levant", Oxford Dictionaries Online, Oxford University Press

External links edit

  • , a website for the Levantine community

January 01, 1970
latin, church, middle, east, latin, church, catholic, church, several, dispersed, populations, members, middle, east, notably, turkey, cyprus, levant, syria, lebanon, palestine, jordan, latin, catholics, employ, latin, liturgical, rites, contrast, eastern, cat. The Latin Church of the Catholic Church has several dispersed populations of members in the Middle East notably in Turkey Cyprus and the Levant Syria Lebanon Palestine and Jordan Latin Catholics employ the Latin liturgical rites in contrast to Eastern Catholics who fall under their respective church s patriarchs and employ distinct Eastern Catholic liturgies while being in full communion with the worldwide Catholic Church Latin Catholics in the Middle East are often of European descent particularly from the medieval Crusader era and later the 20th century colonial period Latin Church in the Middle EastDioceses of the Latin Church in the Middle EastCountries and regions Cyprus Israel Jordan Lebanon Syria Turkey Hatay Province Broader definition Egypt Greece IraqCyrenaica Libya TurkeyDemonymLatin Catholics LevantinesLanguagesLevantine Arabic Hebrew Aramaic Armenian Circassian Greek Kurdish Ladino Turkish DomariTime ZonesUTC 02 00 EET Cyprus Largest citiesDamascusAmmanAleppoBeirutGazaJerusalemTel Aviv Depending on the specific area in question due to their cultural heritage descending from Catholics who lived under the Ottoman Empire they are sometimes referred to as Levantines Italo Levantines it or Franco Levantines Arabic شوام French Levantins Italian Levantini Greek Fragkolebantinoi Frankolevantini Turkish Levantenler or Tatlisu Frenkleri after Frankokratia A distinctive era of influence occurred during the Crusades with the establishment of the Kingdom of Jerusalem during the Middle Ages As with the case of Eastern Catholics and other Christians in the Middle East Latin Catholics have both a history and a present of persecution Contents 1 History 2 Levant 3 Cyprus 4 Turkey 4 1 Notable people 5 See also 6 References 6 1 Sources 7 External linksHistory editSee also Crusader states nbsp Galata Tower built in 1348 by the Republic of Genoa in the citadel of Galata modern Karakoy on the northern shore of the Golden Horn across Constantinople Fatih on the southern shore is one of the most famous architectural landmarks of the Italian Levantine community in Istanbul Levantines were mostly of Italian especially Venetian and Genoese French or other Euro Mediterranean origin They have been living in the eastern Mediterranean coast of Lebanon and Syria since the middle Byzantine or the Ottoman era and in Constantinople Istanbul Smyrna Izmir and other parts of Anatolia such as the port towns of Amasra Sinop Trabzon Enez Canakkale Foca Cesme Bodrum Alanya Mersin Iskenderun etc where the colonies of Genoese and Venetian merchants existed in present day Turkey The majority are either the descendants of traders from the maritime republics of Venice Genoa Pisa Ancona and Ragusa who had colonies in the East Mediterranean coast or the descendants of the French Italian Levantines who lived in the Crusader states of the Levant in present day Lebanon Israel and Syria especially in port towns such as Beirut Tripoli Tyre Byblos Acre Jaffa Latakia etc or in major cities near the coast such as Tarsus Antioch Jerusalem etc Others may be converts to Catholicism immigrants from Anglo French colonization or Eastern Christians who had resided there for centuries Levant editWhen the United Kingdom took over the southern portion of Ottoman Syria in the aftermath of the First World War some of the new rulers adapted the term Levantine pejoratively to refer to the inhabitants of mixed Arab and European descent in Lebanon Syria and Palestine and to Europeans usually French Italian or Greek who had assimilated and adopted local dress and customs Today a small percentage of Lebanon s small group of Latin Catholics are of at least partial French Italian descent 1 2 Cyprus editSee also Kingdom of Cyprus and Catholic Church in Cyprus The Catholic community of Cyprus Latinoi Latinoi consists one of the three recognized religious minorities of Cyprus together with the Armenians and Maronites according to the 1960 constitution 3 Turkey editSee also Frankokratia Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople and Turkish Levantine nbsp Church of St Anthony of Padua on Istiklal Avenue in the Beyoglu Pera district of Istanbul which was constructed between 1906 and 1912 by the city s Italian Levantine community About 35 000 Levantines live in Turkey 4 The name Italo Levantine is specifically applied to people of Italian especially Venetian or Genoese origin but even with some French or other Euro Mediterranean roots who have lived in Istanbul Izmir and other parts of Anatolia in Turkey Some of the Italian Levantines may have ancestral origins also in the eastern Mediterranean coast the Levant particularly in present day Lebanon and Israel dating back to the period of the Crusades and the Byzantine Empire A small group came from Crimea and from the Genoese colonies in the Black Sea after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 The majority of the Levantines in modern Turkey are the descendants of traders colonists from the Italian maritime republics of the Mediterranean especially Genoa and Venice and France who obtained special rights and privileges called the Capitulations from the Ottoman sultans in the 16th century 5 There are two large communities of Italian Levantines one in Istanbul and the other in Izmir At the end of the 19th century there were nearly 6 000 Levantines of Italian roots in Izmir 6 They came mainly from the nearby Genoese island of Chios in the Aegean Sea 7 The community had more than 15 000 members during Ataturk s presidency in the 1920s and 1930s but today is reduced to only a few hundreds according to Italian Levantine writer Giovanni Scognamillo 8 They continue to live in Istanbul mostly in the districts of Karakoy Beyoglu and Nisantasi and Izmir mostly in the districts of Karsiyaka Bornova and Buca The largest Catholic church in Turkey is the Church of St Anthony of Padua on Istiklal Avenue in the Beyoglu Pera district of Istanbul which was constructed between 1906 and 1912 by the Italian Levantine community They have been influential in creating and reviving a tradition of opera 9 Famous people of the present day Levantine community in Turkey include Maria Rita Epik Franco Levantine Caroline Giraud Koc and Italo Levantine Giovanni Scognamillo Most of Turkey s small Catholic community are Levantines Notable people edit Notable people of the Italian Levantine community in Turkey include Sir Alfred Biliotti who joined the British foreign service and eventually rose to become one of its most distinguished consular officers in the late 19th century Biliotti was also an accomplished archaeologist who conducted important excavations at sites in the Aegean and Anatolia Livio Missir di Lusignano Historian His masterpiece is Les anciennes familles italiennes de Turquie Giuseppe Donizetti musicist He was Instructor General of the Imperial Ottoman Music at the court of Sultan Mahmud II 10 Giovanni Scognamillo writer He composed Memorie di Beyoglu di un Levantino in 1989 11 See also editLatin Empire of Constantinople Catholic Church in the Middle East Catholic Church in Syria Catholic Church in Turkey Italian Lebanese French Lebanese Embriaco family House of Lusignan House of Camondo Enrico Dandolo Gattilusi Bailo Bailo of Constantinople Andrea Gritti Alvise Gritti Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha Cagaloglu Hekimoglu Ali Pasha Alexander Vallaury Raimondo Tommaso D AroncoReferences edit Gale Encyclopedia of the Mideast amp N Africa Levantine answers com Retrieved 2012 01 25 About the Journal of Levantine Studies levantine journal org Retrieved 2012 01 25 GENIKO PRO3ENEIO THS KYPRIAKHS DHMOKRATIAS STHN AGIA PETROYPOLH Genikes Plhrofories www mfa gov cy Levanten kulturu turizme aciliyor haberler com 12 08 2013 Archived 30 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine History of the community 3 www levantineheritage com Frangini Italiani in Smirne Izmir in Italian PDF Levantine testimony 56 www levantineheritage com Levantine testimony 35 www levantineheritage com Mersin in bahanesi yok Archived 2012 10 19 at the Wayback Machine Radikal 26 May 2007 musicaltimes co uk www musicaltimes co uk Archived from the original on February 23 2003 NTV HABER Haberler Son Dakika Haberleri www ntv com tr Archived from the original on February 8 2010 Sources edit Alex Baltazzi George Galdies George Poulimenos A Lexicon of Smyrneika Izmir Rumcasi Sozlugu Illustrated with Phrases Proverbs Pictures and Dialogues ISBN 975333284X Also Second Edition ISBN 978 1 4632 0251 4 Consorti A Vicende dell italianita in Levante 1815 1915 in Rivista Coloniale anno XV Franzina Emilio Storia dell emigrazione italiana Donzelli Editore Roma 2002 ISBN 88 7989 719 5 Gagarin Michael 31 December 2009 Ancient Greece and Rome vol 1 Oxford University Press Incorporated p 247 ISBN 978 0 19 517072 6 Missir di Lusignano Livio Due secoli di relazioni italo turche attraverso le vicende di una famiglia di italiani di Smirne i Missir di Lusignano Storia contemporanea 4 pp 613 623 Universita di Bologna Bologna 1992 Pannuti Alessandro Les Italiens d Istanbul au XXe siecle entre preservation identitaire et effacement Universite de Paris III Sorbonne Nouvelle Parigi 2004 Pongiluppi Francesco La Rassegna Italiana Organo degli Interessi Italiani in Oriente Giornale Ufficiale della Camera di Commercio Italiana di Costantinopoli Edizioni Isis Istanbul 2015 Levant Encarta Microsoft 2009 Levant Oxford Dictionaries Online Oxford University PressExternal links editLevantine Heritage a website for the Levantine community Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Latin Church in the Middle East amp oldid 1215133212, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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