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Languages of the Solomon Islands archipelago
Between 60 and 70 languages are spoken in the Solomon Islands Archipelago[1] which covers a broader area than the nation state of Solomon Islands,[2] and includes the island of Bougainville, which is an autonomous province of Papua New Guinea (PNG). The lingua franca of the archipelago is Pidgin, and the official language in both countries is English.
| Languages of the Solomon Islands | |
|---|---|
Language families of the (geographic) Solomon Islands Red: North Bougainville Blue: South Bougainville Green: Central Solomons Grey: Austronesian | |
| Official | English |
| Indigenous | Several languages |
| Vernacular | Pijin, Solomon Islands English |
| Keyboard layout | |
Language families edit
Most of the languages in the Solomon Islands are Austronesian languages.
The Central Solomon languages such as Bilua, Lavukaleve, Savosavo and Touo constitute an independent family within the Papuan languages.[3]
Two other language families are represented on Bougainville, which is geographically part of the Solomon Islands, if not within the national boundaries.
The status of the Reefs – Santa Cruz languages were once thought to be non-Austronesian, but further research found them to be divergent Austronesian languages.[4] The neighbouring languages of Vanikoro are also heavily relexified Austronesian languages.[5]
An indigenous sign language, Rennellese Sign Language, has gone extinct.
Languages of the Solomon Islands archipelago edit
| Language | ISO 639-3 code | Speakers | % of total popⁿ | Area | Family | Branch |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pijin | pis | 24,390 (lg 1) 307,000 (lg 2) | 4.0689 (lg 1) 51.2162 (lg 2) | Creole | ||
| 'Are'are | alu | 17,800 | 2.9695 | Malaita | Southeast Solomonic | Oceanic |
| Arosi | aia | 6,750 | 1.1261 | Makira | ||
| Baeggu | bvd | 5,900 | 0.9843 | Malaita | ||
| Baelelea | bvc | 8,800 | 1.4681 | Malaita | ||
| Bauro | bxa | 3,420 | 0.5706 | Makira | ||
| Birao | brr | 5,900 | 0.9843 | Guadalcanal | ||
| Bughotu | bgt | 4,048 | 0.6753 | Santa Isabel | ||
| Dori'o | dor | 2,406 | 0.4014 | Malaita | ||
| Fagani | faf | 902 | 0.1505 | Makira | ||
| Fataleka | far | 6,703 | 1.1182 | Malaita | ||
| Gela | nlg | 11,876 | 1.9813 | Nggela Islands | ||
| Ghari | gri | 12,119 | 2.0218 | Guadalcanal | ||
| Gula'alaa | gmb | 1,568 | 0.2616 | Malaita | ||
| Kahua | agw | 5,170 | 0.8625 | Makira | ||
| Kwaio | kwd | 13,249 | 2.2103 | Malaita | ||
| Kwara'ae | kwf | 32,433 | 5.4107 | Malaita | ||
| Lau | llu | 16,937 | 2.8256 | Malaita | ||
| Lengo | lgr | 13,752 | 2.2942 | Guadalcanal | ||
| Longgu | lgu | 1,894 | 0.3160 | Guadalcanal | ||
| Oroha | ora | 38 | 0.0063 | Malaita | ||
| Owa | stn | 3,069 | 0.5120 | Makira | ||
| Sa'a | apb | 11,519 | 1.9217 | Malaita | ||
| Talise | tlr | 12,525 | 2.0895 | Guadalcanal | ||
| Toqabaqita | mlu | 12,572 | 2.0974 | Malaita | ||
| Wala | lgl | 6,978 | 1.1641 | Malaita | ||
| Malango | mln | 4,135 | 0.6898 | Guadalcanal | ||
| Gilbertese | gil | 1,230 | 0.2052 | Gizo, Choiseul | Micronesian | |
| Tanema | tnx | 1 | 0.0002 | Vanikoro | Temotu | |
| Asubuo | aua | 10 | 0.0017 | Utupua | ||
| Amba | utp | 593 | 0.0989 | Utupua | ||
| Äiwoo | nfl | 8,400 | 1.4014 | Reef Islands | ||
| Lovono | vnk | 4 | 0.0007 | Vanikoro | ||
| Nanggu | ngr | 210 | 0.0350 | Nendö | ||
| Natügu | ntu | 4,280 | 0.7140 | Nendö | ||
| Nalögo | nlz | 1,620 | 0.2703 | Nendö | ||
| Tanibili | tbe | 15 | 0.0025 | Utupua | ||
| Teanu | tkw | 800 | 0.1335 | Vanikoro | ||
| Rennellese Sign Language | 0 | 0.0000 | Rennell and Bellona Province | Home sign | ||
| Rennellese | mnv | 3,191 | 0.5323 | Polynesian | ||
| Luangiua | ojv | 2,367 | 0.3949 | Ontong Java | ||
| Sikaiana | sky | 731 | 0.1220 | Sikaiana | ||
| Tikopia | tkp | 3,324 | 0.5545 | Tikopia, Vanikoro | ||
| Vaeakau-Taumako | piv | 1,142 | 0.1905 | Duff Is, Reef Is | ||
| Anuta | aud | 267 | 0.0445 | Anuta Island | ||
| Lungga | lga | 2,767 | 0.4616 | Ranongga | Western Oceanic | |
| Marovo | mvo | 8,094 | 1.3503 | New Georgia | ||
| Mono | mte | 3,337 | 0.5567 | Shortland Is, Treasury Is | ||
| Ririo | rri | 79 | 0.0132 | Choiseul Province | ||
| Roviana | rug | 9,871 | 1.6468 | New Georgia | ||
| Babatana | baa | 5,600 | 0.9342 | Choiseul Province | ||
| Blablanga | blp | 1,772 | 0.2956 | Santa Isabel | ||
| Cheke Holo | mrn | 10,840 | 1.8084 | Santa Isabel | ||
| Dororo | drr | 0 | 0.0000 | New Georgia | ||
| Duke | nke | 2,312 | 0.3857 | Kolombangara | ||
| Ghanongga | ghn | 2,508 | 0.4184 | Ranongga | ||
| Guliguli | gli | 0 | 0.0000 | New Georgia | ||
| Hoava | hoa | 459 | 0.0766 | New Georgia | ||
| Kazukuru | kzk | 0 | 0.0000 | New Georgia | ||
| Kokota | kkk | 530 | 0.0884 | Santa Isabel | ||
| Kusaghe | ksg | 2,395 | 0.3996 | New Georgia | ||
| Simbo | sbb | 2,701 | 0.4506 | Simbo | ||
| Ughele | uge | 1,202 | 0.2005 | Rendova Island | ||
| Vaghua | tva | 1,960 | 0.3270 | Choiseul Province | ||
| Vangunu | mpr | 907 | 0.1513 | Vangunu | ||
| Varisi | vrs | 5,161 | 0.8610 | Choiseul Province | ||
| Gao | gga | 1,215 | 0.2027 | Santa Isabel | ||
| Laghu | lgb | 15 | 0.0025 | Santa Isabel | ||
| Zabana | kji | 3,355 | 0.5597 | Santa Isabel | ||
| Zazao | jaj | 10 | 0.0017 | Santa Isabel | ||
| Lavukaleve | lvk | 1,783 | 0.2975 | Russell Islands | Central Solomonic | |
| Savosavo | svs | 2,415 | 0.4029 | Savo | ||
| Touo | tqu | 1,874 | 0.3126 | Rendova Island | ||
| Bilua | blb | 8,740 | 1.4581 | Vella Lavella | ||
Italics indicate that a language is extinct.
Footnotes edit
- ^ Tryon & Hackman (1983).
- ^ Ples Blong Iumi: Solomon Islands the Past Four Thousand Years, Hugh Laracy (ed.), University of the South Pacific, 1989, ISBN 982-02-0027-X
- ^ Obata (2003:1)
- ^ Ross & Næss (2007).
- ^ François (2009)
Sources edit
- François, Alexandre (2009), "The languages of Vanikoro: Three lexicons and one grammar" (PDF), in Evans, Bethwyn (ed.), Discovering history through language: Papers in honour of Malcolm Ross, Pacific Linguistics 605, Canberra: Australian National University, pp. 103–126
- Obata, Kazuko (2003). A Grammar of Bilua: a Papuan language of the Solomon Islands (PDF). Pacific Linguistics 540. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. The Australian National University. doi:10.15144/PL-540. hdl:1885/146708. ISBN 0-85883-531-2.
- Ross, Malcolm; Næss, Åshild (2007). "An Oceanic origin for Äiwoo, the language of the Reef Islands?". Oceanic Linguistics. 46 (2): 456–498. doi:10.1353/ol.2008.0003. hdl:1885/20053.
- Tryon, Darrell T.; Hackman, Bryan D. (1983). Solomon Islands languages: an internal classification. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. doi:10.15144/PL-C72.
- Data set derived from Tryon & Hackman (1983): Greenhill, Simon, & Robert Forkel. (2019). lexibank/tryonsolomon: Solomon Islands Languages (Version v3.0). Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3535809