The use of other languages in the administration was either banned, discouraged or frowned upon depending on the particular circumstances and timing, while the use of names in other languages for newborns was forbidden in 1938, except for foreigners.
The situation evolved from the harshest years of the immediate afterwar (especially the 1940s, also the 1950s) to the relative tolerance of the last years (late 1960s and early 1970s); Franco died in 1975, and his successor Juan Carlos of Spain began the Spanish transition to democracy.
In both Basque and Catalan nationalism in the early 20th century, language was a central topic and defined both groups national identities, specifically the Basque and Catalan languages, respectively.[1][2] Language was more stressed in Catalan nationalism than Basque nationalism, however, which preferred to stress race and ethnicity over language.[3] Catalan nationalist communities taught their language and culture to immigrant communities in an effort to assimilate them and preserve their national identity, while Basque nationalists were more opposed to immigration in general.[4]
Spanish films were produced only in Spanish. All foreign films were required to be dubbed, and all films originally produced in the languages of autonomous communities were required to be re-issued in Spanish. The dubbing helped the censorship of unacceptable dialogue.
Spanish names and Spanish versions of Catholic and classical names were the only ones allowed. Leftist names like Lenín and regional names like even the CatalanJordi (after Catalonia's patron saint, Saint George) were forbidden and even forcibly replaced in official records. Only Christian names in Spanish were allowed in official documents.
In the first decade of Franco's rule, languages other than Castilian were "confined to private spaces".
In the regime's most radical discourse, languages other than Spanish were often considered "dialects" in the sense of speeches that were not developed enough to be "real languages". Basque was different enough that it could not be taken as a debased form of Spanish but was despised as a rural language of limited currency, unfit for modern discourse. This never happened at the academic level, though.
All these policies became less strict and more permissive as time passed.
Evolutionedit
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2008)
The Press Law of Manuel Fraga Iribarne replaced the pre-publication censorship with after-the-fact punishments.
Situation by areasedit
This section needs expansion with: The section is pretty much meaningless as it does not explain the situation, rather it just lists languages, people and placenames. You can help by adding to it. (September 2008)
Most notably, several sporting organizations—including FC Barcelona and Athletic Bilbao, among others—were forced to change their names from the local language to Spanish.
Joan Manuel Serrat was not allowed to sing La La La in Catalan for the Eurovision Song Contest 1968 since the contest forbid to sing in non-official languages from 1966 to 1973 and, unwilling to sing it in Spanish, was replaced by Massiel, who won the contest.
The nationalist resistance in Spain in partnership with the exiled abroad denounce the repression, censorship and veto of the Francoist regime about public use and printing in Galician language (for example, forbidding the publishing a translation of Martin Heidegger) and other Spanish languages. The protest was taken before the VIII UNESCO Conference at Montevideo in 1954 (when Spain was about to be admitted, and where the Montevideo Resolution was taken), with a 32-page text called Denuncia da perseguizón do idioma galego pol-o Estado Hespañol ("Denounce of the persecution against the Galician language by the Spanish State"), written by Ramón Piñeiro López and distributed to the audience in Galician, English and French. The action was discussed in the book A batalla de Montevideo ("The Montevideo battle") by Alonso Montero and reactivated in claims in the present day.
^"Estatut de Catalunya de 1932" [Statute of Catalonia of 1932] (PDF). gencat.cat (in Catalan). Integral State of the Second Republic. 1932. p. 1. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
^"1936 Galician Statute of Autonomy". languageconflict.org. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
Bibliographyedit
Miller, Henry & Miller, Kate (1996). "Language Policy and Identity: the Case of Catalonia". International Studies in Sociology of Education. 6 (1). Routledge Taylor & Francis Group: 113–128. doi:10.1080/0962021960060106. ISSN 0962-0214.
Shabad, Goldie & Gunther, Richard (July 1982). "Language, Nationalism, and Political Conflict in Spain". Comparative Politics. 14 (4). Comparative Politics, Ph.D. Programs in Political Science, City University of New York: 443–477. doi:10.2307/421632. JSTOR 421632.
Cronologia de la repressió de la llengua i la cultura catalanes ("Chronology of the repression of Catalan language and culture", in Catalan with Spanish quotations).
Ministerio de la Gobernación (Gazeta of 17 May 1940) (CCITT T.& G4 Facsimile TIFF). Order of 16 May 1940 forbidding the use of generic foreign terms in lettering, samples, advertisements, etc.
April 11, 2024
language, policies, francoist, spain, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, . This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Language policies of Francoist Spain news newspapers books scholar JSTOR December 2010 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed December 2010 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message During the dictatorship of Francisco Franco from 1939 to 1975 policies were implemented in an attempt to increase the dominance of the Spanish language over the other languages of Spain Franco s regime had Spanish nationalism as its main ideological base Under his dictatorship the Spanish language was declared Spain s only official language Francoist propaganda graffiti in Catalonia If you are Spanish speak Spanish The use of other languages in the administration was either banned discouraged or frowned upon depending on the particular circumstances and timing while the use of names in other languages for newborns was forbidden in 1938 except for foreigners The situation evolved from the harshest years of the immediate afterwar especially the 1940s also the 1950s to the relative tolerance of the last years late 1960s and early 1970s Franco died in 1975 and his successor Juan Carlos of Spain began the Spanish transition to democracy Contents 1 Background 1 1 Basque and Catalan nationalism 2 The Spanish language 3 Evolution 4 Situation by areas 4 1 Aragon 4 2 Asturias 4 3 Balearic Islands 4 4 Basque Country 4 5 Catalonia 4 6 Galicia 4 7 Leon 4 8 Spanish Guinea 4 9 Navarre 4 10 Spanish North Africa 4 11 Valencian Community 5 Calo 6 See also 7 References 7 1 Citations 7 2 Bibliography 8 External linksBackground editBasque and Catalan nationalism edit In both Basque and Catalan nationalism in the early 20th century language was a central topic and defined both groups national identities specifically the Basque and Catalan languages respectively 1 2 Language was more stressed in Catalan nationalism than Basque nationalism however which preferred to stress race and ethnicity over language 3 Catalan nationalist communities taught their language and culture to immigrant communities in an effort to assimilate them and preserve their national identity while Basque nationalists were more opposed to immigration in general 4 In politics Basque and Catalan politicians preferred to speak their native language over Spanish to differentiate themselves from Spanish politicians 5 In 1932 the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 1932 was implemented and made Catalan the co official language of Catalonia together with Spanish 6 The Statute of Autonomy of the Basque Country of 1936 established Basque as the co official language of the Basque Country together with Spanish 7 Similarly the Statute of Autonomy of Galicia of 1936 established Galician as the co official language of Galicia together with Spanish 8 The Spanish language editAs part of the nationalistic efforts Spanish films were produced only in Spanish All foreign films were required to be dubbed and all films originally produced in the languages of autonomous communities were required to be re issued in Spanish The dubbing helped the censorship of unacceptable dialogue Spanish names and Spanish versions of Catholic and classical names were the only ones allowed Leftist names like Lenin and regional names like even the Catalan Jordi after Catalonia s patron saint Saint George were forbidden and even forcibly replaced in official records Only Christian names in Spanish were allowed in official documents In the first decade of Franco s rule languages other than Castilian were confined to private spaces In the regime s most radical discourse languages other than Spanish were often considered dialects in the sense of speeches that were not developed enough to be real languages Basque was different enough that it could not be taken as a debased form of Spanish but was despised as a rural language of limited currency unfit for modern discourse This never happened at the academic level though All these policies became less strict and more permissive as time passed Evolution editThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it May 2008 The Press Law of Manuel Fraga Iribarne replaced the pre publication censorship with after the fact punishments Situation by areas editThis section needs expansion with The section is pretty much meaningless as it does not explain the situation rather it just lists languages people and placenames You can help by adding to it September 2008 Most notably several sporting organizations including FC Barcelona and Athletic Bilbao among others were forced to change their names from the local language to Spanish Aragon edit Aragonese languageAsturias edit Asturleonese languageBalearic Islands edit Catalan languageBasque Country edit Basque language The Catholic Church had supported the Basque nationalists aligned with the Republic Creation of Standard Basque by Euskaltzaindia Unofficial Basque language schools ikastola Catalonia edit Catalan language Salvador Espriu Joan Manuel Serrat was not allowed to sing La La La in Catalan for the Eurovision Song Contest 1968 since the contest forbid to sing in non official languages from 1966 to 1973 and unwilling to sing it in Spanish was replaced by Massiel who won the contest Galicia edit Galician language The exiles and emigrants in Buenos Aires took a great role in Galician literature The nationalist resistance in Spain in partnership with the exiled abroad denounce the repression censorship and veto of the Francoist regime about public use and printing in Galician language for example forbidding the publishing a translation of Martin Heidegger and other Spanish languages The protest was taken before the VIII UNESCO Conference at Montevideo in 1954 when Spain was about to be admitted and where the Montevideo Resolution was taken with a 32 page text called Denuncia da perseguizon do idioma galego pol o Estado Hespanol Denounce of the persecution against the Galician language by the Spanish State written by Ramon Pineiro Lopez and distributed to the audience in Galician English and French The action was discussed in the book A batalla de Montevideo The Montevideo battle by Alonso Montero and reactivated in claims in the present day Leon edit Asturleonese languageSpanish Guinea edit Pichinglis Fernando Poo Rio Muni History of Equatorial Guinea Annobonese language Fa d Ambo Navarre edit CA Osasuna was allowed to maintain its Basque name unlike other football teams with non Spanish names Spanish North Africa edit Ceuta Melilla Spanish Morocco Spanish Sahara international TangierValencian Community edit Valencian languageCalo editCalo Spanish Romani See also edit nbsp Spain portal nbsp Language portalLanguage policy in France Language politics If you re Spanish speak Spanish References editCitations edit Shabad amp Gunther 1982 p 446 Miller amp Miller 1996 p 116 Shabad amp Gunther 1982 p 447 Shabad amp Gunther 1982 pp 447 448 Shabad amp Gunther 1982 pp 448 450 Estatut de Catalunya de 1932 Statute of Catalonia of 1932 PDF gencat cat in Catalan Integral State of the Second Republic 1932 p 1 Retrieved 18 October 2021 Urrutia amp Irujo p 168 1936 Galician Statute of Autonomy languageconflict org Retrieved 18 October 2021 Bibliography edit Miller Henry amp Miller Kate 1996 Language Policy and Identity the Case of Catalonia International Studies in Sociology of Education 6 1 Routledge Taylor amp Francis Group 113 128 doi 10 1080 0962021960060106 ISSN 0962 0214 Shabad Goldie amp Gunther Richard July 1982 Language Nationalism and Political Conflict in Spain Comparative Politics 14 4 Comparative Politics Ph D Programs in Political Science City University of New York 443 477 doi 10 2307 421632 JSTOR 421632 Urrutia Inigo amp Irujo Xabier The Basque Language in the Basque Autonomous Community BAC Bilbao amp Reno University of the Basque Country amp University of Nevada pp 165 195 Retrieved 18 October 2021 External links editCronologia de la repressio de la llengua i la cultura catalanes Chronology of the repression of Catalan language and culture in Catalan with Spanish quotations Ministerio de la Gobernacion Gazeta of 17 May 1940 CCITT T amp G4 Facsimile TIFF Order of 16 May 1940 forbidding the use of generic foreign terms in lettering samples advertisements etc Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Language policies of Francoist Spain amp oldid 1159040176, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
