European river lamprey
The European river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis), also known as the river lamprey or lampern, is a species of freshwater lamprey.
| European river lamprey | |
|---|---|
| European river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) in the Pirita, Estonia | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Infraphylum: | Agnatha |
| Class: | Hyperoartia |
| Order: | Petromyzontiformes |
| Family: | Petromyzontidae |
| Genus: | Lampetra |
| Species: | L. fluviatilis |
| Binomial name | |
| Lampetra fluviatilis | |
| Synonyms[2][3] | |
| |
Description edit
Adult river lampreys measure from 25 to 40 cm (10 to 16 in) for the sea-going forms and up to 28 cm (11 in) for the lake forms. The very elongate body is a uniform dark grey above, lightening to yellowish off-white on the sides and pure white below. Like all lampreys, these fish lack paired fins and possess a circular sucking disc instead of jaws. They have a single nostril and seven small gill slits on either side behind the eye. The teeth are sharp and these fish can be told from the rather smaller brook lamprey (Lampetra planeri) by the fact that the two dorsal fins are more widely separated.[4]
Distribution edit
The European river lamprey is found in coastal waters around almost all of Europe from the north-west Mediterranean Sea north to the lakes of Finland, Scotland, Norway (Mjøsa), Wales (Cors Caron), and Russia, including rivers in the Alps; especially in Nakkila, Finland, European river lampreys are a traditional local delicacy.[5] Initially, in 1996, its conservation status was rated "near threatened" but since 2008 it has been rated as being of "least concern" following recovery of populations after pollution problems in central and western Europe.[1] An assessment for the Baltic Sea published in 2014, however, classified the river lamprey as Near Threatened in this region.[6] In August 2018, Spain declared it officially extinct in its territory.[7]
Prey edit
Like many lampreys, this species feeds as an ectoparasite and parasite of fish. It clings on to the flanks or gills of the fish with its sucker and rasps at the tissues below.[4]
Taxonomy edit
River lampreys belong to the same genus as brook lamprey and are thought to be very closely related. Current thinking suggests that European brook and river lampreys are a paired species, which means the river lamprey represents the anadromous (seagoing) form of the resident brook lamprey. However, this is an area that is still being actively researched.[8]
Reproductive cycle edit
The European river lamprey has a reproduction cycle similar to that of salmon. River lampreys migrate upstream from the sea to spawning grounds in autumn and winter.[9][10][11] Spawning activity is greatest in the springtime (like the brook lamprey) and after spawning, the adults die. The young larvae, known as ammocoetes, spend several years in soft sediment before migrating to the sea as adults. It is thought that these fish spend two to three years in marine habitats before making the return trip to spawn.[4]
Statistics edit
As ammocoetes, identification of these animals beyond genus level (Lampetra) is difficult because of their close similarity to brook lamprey. They average 30 cm in length as adults, and some may be considerably smaller (20 cm), but in each case they are distinctly larger than adult brook lamprey (12–14 cm). They are generally 150 g in mass, and their maximum life span is roughly 10 years.[12]
- Mouth of a river lamprey
- Top view
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b Freyhof, J. (2016) [errata version of 2011 assessment]. "Lampetra fluviatilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T11206A97805807. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
- ^ Van Der Laan, Richard; Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ronald (11 November 2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (1): 1–230. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1. PMID 25543675.
- ^ Froese, R.; Pauly, D. (2017). "Petromyzontidae". FishBase version (02/2017). Retrieved 18 May 2017.
- ^ a b c "River lamprey: Lampetra fluviatilis". NatureGate. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
- ^ Home – Nakkila
- ^ HELCOM (2013). (PDF). Baltic Sea Environmental Proceedings (140): 72. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-07. Retrieved 2014-07-30.
- ^ "El BOE publica el Listado de 32 Especies Extinguidas en el territorio español" [BOE publishes the list of 32 extinct species in Spanish territory]. Público (in Spanish). 13 August 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
- ^ Espanhol, R; Almeida, PR; Alves, MJ (May 2007). "Evolutionary history of lamprey paired species Lampetra fluviatilis (L.) and Lampetra planeri (Bloch) as inferred from mitochondrial DNA variation". Molecular Ecology. 16 (9): 1909–24. Bibcode:2007MolEc..16.1909E. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03279.x. PMID 17444901. S2CID 9936600.
- ^ Silva, S.; Macaya-Solis, C.; Lucas, M. (2017). "Energetically efficient behaviour may be common in biology, but it is not universal: a test of selective tidal stream transport in a poor swimmer" (PDF). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 584: 161–174. Bibcode:2017MEPS..584..161S. doi:10.3354/meps12352.
- ^ Silva, S.; Lowry, M.; Macaya-Solis, C.; Byatt, B.; Lucas, M. C. (2017). "Can navigation locks be used to help migratory fishes with poor swimming performance pass tidal barrages? A test with lampreys". Ecological Engineering. 102: 291–302. Bibcode:2017EcEng.102..291S. doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.02.027.
- ^ Masters, J. E. G.; Jang, M.-H.; Ha, K.; Bird, P. D.; Frear, P. A.; Lucas, M. C. (2006). "The commercial exploitation of a protected anadromous species, the river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis (L.)), in the tidal River Ouse, north-east England". Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 16 (1): 77–92. Bibcode:2006ACMFE..16...77M. doi:10.1002/aqc.686.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Lampetra fluviatilis" in FishBase. September 2012 version.
Further reading edit
Goodwin, C. E.; Dick, J. T. A.; Rogowski, D. L.; Elwood, R. W. (December 2008). "Lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis and Lampetra planeri) ammocoete habitat associations at regional, catchment and microhabitat scales in Northern Ireland". Ecology of Freshwater Fish. 17 (4): 542–553. Bibcode:2008EcoFF..17..542G. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0633.2008.00305.x.