Lake Hauroko
Lake Hauroko is the deepest lake in New Zealand. The lake, which is 462 metres deep,[1] is located in a mountain valley in Fiordland National Park.[2]
| Lake Hauroko | |
|---|---|
Lake Hauroko | |
Lake Hauroko | |
| Location | Fiordland National Park, Southland District, Southland, South Island |
| Coordinates | 46°00′S 167°20′E / 46.000°S 167.333°E |
| Type | Glacial lake |
| Primary inflows | Caroline Burn, Hay River, Hauroko Burn, Russet Burn, Rooney River |
| Primary outflows | Wairaurāhiri River |
| Catchment area | 195 sq mi (510 km2) |
| Basin countries | New Zealand |
| Max. length | 40 km (25 mi) |
| Surface area | 63 km2 (24 sq mi) |
| Average depth | 116.7 m (383 ft) |
| Max. depth | 462 m (1,516 ft) |
| Water volume | 7.35 km3 (1.76 cu mi) |
| Surface elevation | 150 m (490 ft) |
| Islands | Mary Island |
Name edit
"Hauroko" translates from te reo Māori as "soughing of the wind"[3] or "sounding wind".[4] Prior to 1930, the lake was also called "Lake Hauroto".[3]
Geography edit
Lake Hauroko is 462 metres (1,516 ft) deep; sources range from calling it the 16th deepest lake in the world[1] to the 23rd deepest.[5] The S-shaped lake is 20 miles (32 km) long[6] and has a surface area of 25 square miles (65 km2).[6] The lake surface is about 155 metres (509 ft) above sea level.[7]
One of the country's southernmost lakes, it is only 13 km from the southern coast of the South Island. It sits between the similarly-sized lakes Monowai and Poteriteri. According to the 1925 New Zealand Official Yearbook, it drains about 1,800 cu ft (51 m3)/sec[6] via the 20 km (12 mi)-long Wairaurāhiri River into Foveaux Strait 10 kilometres to the west of Te Waewae Bay.
The largest island in Lake Hauroko is Mary Island, named in 1883 after the wife of the government surveyor John Hay.[8][better source needed] A smaller island is adjacent to Teal Bay at the southern end of the lake. There are also a few other smaller islets and rocks in the lake.[7]
Geology edit
Traditionally, Ngā Puna Wai Karikari o Rakaihautu say the lake was dug by rangatira Rākaihautū on his journey south with his ko. The lake is a Statutory Acknowledgement site under the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998.[9]
Geologists say it's a glacial lake,[10] formed near the Hauroko Fault (it and other faults in the area have slipped several kilometres)[11] in early carboniferous granites and metamorphic rocks, on the higher ground, with much more recent Hauroko Formation Eocene - Oligocene sediments such as calcareous sandstone, on the lower ground, towards the southeast.[12]
Hauroko granite is about 358 million years old, medium grained, white, granodiorite and granite, with red-brown biotite. It has intruded dikes, plugs and xenoliths into metasediment. Albert Edward Granite is coarser, with pink K-feldspar megacrysts and green-brown biotite. There are also small amounts of carboniferous diorite.[12] Towards the northwest of the lake, the area between the Hauroko Burn and the Hay River has dioritic, felsic dykes.[13]
Access edit
A 30 km (19 mi) road from Clifden[14] to the lake was built in about 1909[15] and improved in the 1960s.[10] A water taxi runs to the Dusky Track, which starts at the north end of the lake and leads to Lake Manapouri.[16]
Burial on Mary Island edit
Mary Island is the subject of several local myths, including one that the island is subject to a Māori curse. Such stories are dismissed by local Māori. The island is famous for the discovery of a burial site of a Māori woman in 1967, who is known as "the lady of the lake" by Southland locals. The burial site is in a cave on the eastern side of the island. Believed to have been placed on the burial site sometime between the late 16th century and 17th century, possibly around 1660, the woman was laid to rest wearing a flax cloak and a dog skin collar with weka feather edging around her neck, and was seated upright on a bier made of sticks and leaves. The reasons for the burial in this manner are uncertain, although it has been suggested that these burials were to either make sure the remains were protected from desecration by enemies, or to protect living descendants from a dangerous "tapu" (sacred, forbidden or taboo[17]) that Māori may have believed the ancestral bones possessed. This led to the belief that this woman was of high-ranking status, and it was later discovered through an archaeological investigation that she was a chieftain of the Ngāti Moimoi tribe. The burial remains on the island today, with a grille made of steel and wire mesh ensuring that people can still view the burial, but the woman will remain untouched.[18][19][20]
Natural history edit
Trees are mainly matai, totara, rimu,[21] tawhai pango, tawhai, Pseudopanax linearis and rautawhiri (Pittosporum Colensoi).[22]
The lake is one of the few not yet colonised by invasive water weeds, except the bulbous rush, Juncus bulbosus,[23] so it retains plants such as Nitella stuartii algae, Callitriche petriei water-starwort, Isoetes kirkii quillwort, Pilularia novaezelandiae pillwort fern, Trithuria inconspicua waterlilies[10] and Charales fibrosa.[23]
Pests include stoats[24] and possums, which arrived in the 1990s.[25] They are controlled by trapping, bait stations[26] and periodic 1080 drops.[27]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b Nathan, Simon (24 September 2007). "New Zealand lakes". teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ^ "Fiordland Day Walks" (PDF). DOC. December 2019. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ^ a b "NZGB Gazetteer". gazetteer.linz.govt.nz. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ^ "Duff describing the discovery of the Lake Hauroko cave burial". teara.govt.nz. 1968. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ^ Esler, Lloyd (9 October 2014). "Hauroko NZ's deepest lake". The Southland Times. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- ^ a b c "Official Year Book 1925". Statistics NZ. 1925. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ^ a b "New Zealand Topographic Map". NZ Topo Map. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ^ "NEWSLETTER HIGHLIGHTS - John Hay". www.balcluthagenealogy.org.nz. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ "Ngāi Tahu ki Murihiku Natural Resource and Environmental Iwi Management Plan" (PDF). 2008.
- ^ a b c "Freshwater feature: Lake Hauroko, Fiordland". NIWA. 28 February 2007. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
- ^ "Startigraphy and provenance of Tertiary sediments at Lake Hauroko, with reference to dextral strike-slip movementon the Moonlight Fault system. · Otago Geology Theses". theses.otagogeology.org.nz. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
- ^ a b Allibone, A. H.; Jongens, R.; Scott, J. M.; Tulloch, A. J.; Turnbull, I. M.; Cooper, A. F.; Powell, N. G.; Ladley, E. B.; King, R. P.; Rattenbury, M. S. (2009). "Plutonic rocks of the Median Batholith in eastern and central Fiordland, New Zealand: Field relations, geochemistry, correlation, and nomenclature". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 52 (2): 101–148. doi:10.1080/00288300909509882. S2CID 129838388.
- ^ "Geology of an area between the Hauroko Burn and the Hay River, southern Fiordland. · Otago Geology Theses". theses.otagogeology.org.nz. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
- ^ "Lake Hauroko Lookout Track". www.doc.govt.nz. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
- ^ "A Visit to Lake Hauroko". Otago Daily Times. 3 May 1909. p. 5. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
- ^ "Dusky Track Transport". tripsandtramps.com. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
- ^ Moorefield, John C. "Tapu". Maori Dictionary - Te Aka Māori-English, English-Māori Dictionary. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
- ^ Davidson, Janet. "Duff, Roger Shepherd". Te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. The New Zealand Government. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
- ^ Simmons, D. R. (20 April 1967). "The Lake Hauroko Burial: Preliminary Report". New Zealand Archaeological Association Newsletter: 66–68.
- ^ New Zealand Historic Places Trust Pouhere Taonga (22 February 2010). "Kōiwi Tangata Human Remains". Archaeological Guidelines Series: 12.
- ^ "Fiordland Day Walks" (PDF).
- ^ "Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 1910. Notes on the Botany of Lake Hauroko District". rsnz.natlib.govt.nz. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
- ^ a b NIWA (1998). "Submerged vegetation of Lakes Te Anau, Manapouri, Monowai, Hauroko, and Poteriteri". New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 32 (4): 621–638. doi:10.1080/00288330.1998.9516849.
- ^ Edge, Kerri-Anne (2010). "Using genetics to confirm stoat reinvasion of Fiordland islands" (PDF). New Zealand Biosecurity Institute.
- ^ "Threats to New Zealand mistletoes" (PDF). DoC. 1997.
- ^ "1080 and Environment Waikato". The Fishing Website : Discussion Forums. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
- ^ "Farmer gets police escort from drop zone". Stuff. 25 August 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2018.