Charales is an order of freshwater green algae in the division Charophyta, class Charophyceae, commonly known as stoneworts. Depending on the treatment of the genus Nitellopsis, living (extant) species are placed into either one family (Characeae) or two (Characeae and Feistiellaceae). Further families are used for fossil members of the order. Linnaeus established the genus Chara in 1753.
The number of families and their division into genera varies. As of February 2022[update], AlgaeBase accepts two families containing some extant species and four families containing only fossil species:[1]
†Aclistocharaceae X.G.Zhou (may be included in Characeae[3])
†Atopocharaceae R.E.Peck (may be included in Clavatoraceae[3])
†Clavatoraceae Pia
†Porocharaceae Grambast
AlgaeBase places the genus Nitellopsis, which has both extant and extinct species, in the family Feistiellaceae.[4] Other sources place Nitellopsis in the family Characeae,[5] with Feistiellaceae containing only fossil species,[6] so that all extant species are in the family Characeae. The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera accepts a further three extinct families:[3]
†Eocharaceae Grambast
†Palaeocharaceae Pia
†Raskyellaceae Grambast
Fossil recordedit
Body fossils of representatives of the order Charales do exist, but are rare.[7] The fossil record of the Charales consists mostly of gyrogonites, that is, calcified fructifications or, more exactly, calcified spiral cells surrounding the oospores. It may be noted that the gyrogonites are studied by palaeontologists, but not often destroyed (using acids) during neontological research to liberate the oospores.[8]
The oldest known representative of the Charales is Eochara wickendenii Choquette from the Middle Devonian.[9] The family Characeae starts dominating the fossil assemblages in the Paleogene or perhaps already in the Late Cretaceous.[10]
Referencesedit
^ abcGuiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. "Charales". AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
^"Classification of algae". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
^ abc"Charales". Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG). Retrieved 20 February 2022.
^Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. "Nitellopsis". AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
^"Nitellopsis Hy, 1889". Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG). Retrieved 20 February 2022.
^"Feistiellaceae Schudack, 1993 †". Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG). Retrieved 20 February 2022.
^"Charophytes from the Lower Cretaceous of the Iberian Ranges (Spain) | The Palaeontological Association". www.palass.org. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
^Soulié-Märsche, Ingeoborg; García, Adriana (2015). "Gyrogonites and oospores, complementary viewpoints to improve the study of the charophytes (Charales)". Aquatic Botany. 120 (A): 7–17. doi:10.1016/j.aquabot.2014.06.003.
^Feist, Monique (coord. author) (2005). Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part B: Protoctista 1, Volume 1: Charophyta. Boulder, Colorado–Lawrence, Kansas: Geological Society of America–University of Kansas. ISBN0-8137-3002-3. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)
^Li, Sha; Wang, Qifei; Zhang, Haichun; Zhang, Yiyi; Wan, Xiaoqiao; Martín-Closas, Carles (1 March 2020). "Filling a gap in the evolution of charophytes during the Turonian to Santonian: Implications for modern physiognomy". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 274: 104154. Bibcode:2020RPaPa.27404154L. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2019.104154. ISSN 0034-6667. S2CID 212792029.
Further readingedit
Bryant, J. The stoneworts (Chlorophyta, Charales). In Guiry, M.D., John, D.M., Rindi, F. and McCarthy, T.K. 2007. New Survey of Clare Island. Royal Irish Academy. ISBN978-1-904890-31-7.
Schaible, R. and Schubert, H. 2008. The occurrence of sexual Chara canesces populations (Charophyceae) is not related to ecophysiological potentials with respect to salinity and irradiance. Eur. J. Phycol.43: 309 - 316.
Desai, Udaysingh and Karande C.T. 2008. "Biodiversity of Charophytes from Kolhapur District, Maharashtra". Shivaji University, Kolhapur.
External linksedit
February 15, 2024
charales, fish, known, charales, chirostoma, order, freshwater, green, algae, division, charophyta, class, charophyceae, commonly, known, stoneworts, depending, treatment, genus, nitellopsis, living, extant, species, placed, into, either, family, characeae, ch. For the fish known as charales see Chirostoma Charales is an order of freshwater green algae in the division Charophyta class Charophyceae commonly known as stoneworts Depending on the treatment of the genus Nitellopsis living extant species are placed into either one family Characeae or two Characeae and Feistiellaceae Further families are used for fossil members of the order Linnaeus established the genus Chara in 1753 StonewortsChara globularisScientific classification unranked Viridiplantae unranked CharophytaClass CharophyceaeOrder CharalesFamilies 1 See text Submerged meadow of Chara vulgarisLime crust on Chara sp in a spring pond in GermanyContents 1 Taxonomy 1 1 Families 2 Fossil record 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External linksTaxonomy editThe higher level classification of green algae was unsettled as of February 2022 update 2 AlgaeBase places Charales within the class Charophyceae and its circumscription of the division Charophyta 1 Families edit The number of families and their division into genera varies As of February 2022 update AlgaeBase accepts two families containing some extant species and four families containing only fossil species 1 Characeae S F Gray Feistiellaceae Schudack Aclistocharaceae X G Zhou may be included in Characeae 3 Atopocharaceae R E Peck may be included in Clavatoraceae 3 Clavatoraceae Pia Porocharaceae GrambastAlgaeBase places the genus Nitellopsis which has both extant and extinct species in the family Feistiellaceae 4 Other sources place Nitellopsis in the family Characeae 5 with Feistiellaceae containing only fossil species 6 so that all extant species are in the family Characeae The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera accepts a further three extinct families 3 Eocharaceae Grambast Palaeocharaceae Pia Raskyellaceae GrambastFossil record editBody fossils of representatives of the order Charales do exist but are rare 7 The fossil record of the Charales consists mostly of gyrogonites that is calcified fructifications or more exactly calcified spiral cells surrounding the oospores It may be noted that the gyrogonites are studied by palaeontologists but not often destroyed using acids during neontological research to liberate the oospores 8 The oldest known representative of the Charales is Eochara wickendenii Choquette from the Middle Devonian 9 The family Characeae starts dominating the fossil assemblages in the Paleogene or perhaps already in the Late Cretaceous 10 References edit a b c Guiry M D Guiry G M Charales AlgaeBase World wide electronic publication National University of Ireland Galway Retrieved 20 February 2022 Classification of algae Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 20 February 2022 a b c Charales Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera IRMNG Retrieved 20 February 2022 Guiry M D Guiry G M Nitellopsis AlgaeBase World wide electronic publication National University of Ireland Galway Retrieved 20 February 2022 Nitellopsis Hy 1889 Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera IRMNG Retrieved 20 February 2022 Feistiellaceae Schudack 1993 Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera IRMNG Retrieved 20 February 2022 Charophytes from the Lower Cretaceous of the Iberian Ranges Spain The Palaeontological Association www palass org Retrieved 15 July 2023 Soulie Marsche Ingeoborg Garcia Adriana 2015 Gyrogonites and oospores complementary viewpoints to improve the study of the charophytes Charales Aquatic Botany 120 A 7 17 doi 10 1016 j aquabot 2014 06 003 Feist Monique coord author 2005 Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part B Protoctista 1 Volume 1 Charophyta Boulder Colorado Lawrence Kansas Geological Society of America University of Kansas ISBN 0 8137 3002 3 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a first has generic name help Li Sha Wang Qifei Zhang Haichun Zhang Yiyi Wan Xiaoqiao Martin Closas Carles 1 March 2020 Filling a gap in the evolution of charophytes during the Turonian to Santonian Implications for modern physiognomy Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 274 104154 Bibcode 2020RPaPa 27404154L doi 10 1016 j revpalbo 2019 104154 ISSN 0034 6667 S2CID 212792029 Further reading editBryant J The stoneworts Chlorophyta Charales In Guiry M D John D M Rindi F and McCarthy T K 2007 New Survey of Clare Island Royal Irish Academy ISBN 978 1 904890 31 7 Schaible R and Schubert H 2008 The occurrence of sexual Chara canesces populations Charophyceae is not related to ecophysiological potentials with respect to salinity and irradiance Eur J Phycol 43 309 316 Desai Udaysingh and Karande C T 2008 Biodiversity of Charophytes from Kolhapur District Maharashtra Shivaji University Kolhapur External links editImages of Charales University California Chara curta in Ireland Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Charales amp oldid 1178645221, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
