In this Vietnamese name, the surname is "Lê", but is often simplified to "Le" in English-language text. In accordance with Vietnamese custom, this person should be referred to by the given name, "Hoàn".
Lê Hoàn (10 August 941 – 18 March 1005), posthumously title Lê Đại Hành, was a Vietnamese emperor and the third ruler of Dai Viet kingdom, ruling from 981 to 1005. He first served as the generalissimo commanding a ten-thousand man army of the Dai Viet court under the reign of Đinh Bộ Lĩnh. Following the death of Đinh Bộ Lĩnh in late 979, Lê Hoàn became regent to Đinh Bộ Lĩnh's successor, the six-year-old Đinh Toàn. Lê Hoàn deposed the boy king, married his mother, Queen Duong Van Nga, and in 980 he became the ruler. He commanded the Viet army fended off a northern invasion in 981, then led a seaborne invasion of the southern Champa kingdom in 982.
18 March 1005 (aged 63) Trường Xuân palace, Đại Cồ Việt
Spouse
Empress Dương Vân Nga Empress Phụng Càn Chí Lý Empress Thuận Thánh Minh Đạo Empress Trịnh Quắc Empress Phạm
Issue
Lord of Kình Thiên Lê Long Thâu Duke of Đông Thành Lê Long Tích Duke of Nam Phong Lê Long Việt (emperor Lê Trung Tông) Duke of Ngự Man Lê Long Đinh Duke of Khai Minh Lê Long Đĩnh (emperor Lê Ngọa Triều) Duke of Ngự Bắc Lê Long Cân Duke of Định Phiên Lê Long Tung 66 other children
Lê Hoàn was born in 941, a native of Ai Province (Thanh Hoa). He rose to power as a general of the Hoa Lu warlord Đinh Bộ Lĩnh. In 968, after defeating all other warlords, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh founded the Dai Viet kingdom with Hoa Lu as capital. Lê Hoàn was appointed the title "General of Ten Circuits" and commander of the kingdom's military.[1]
Rise to the throne
Portrait painting of Lê Hoàn.
In late 979 Đinh Bộ Lĩnh and his son Dinh Lien were slain by an official named Do Thich while sleeping in the courtyard. Following the deaths of the king and the prince, notable members of the court Nguyen Bac and Le Hoan enthroned the six-year-old prince Đinh Toàn as king.[2] However Queen Duong wanted Le Hoan to become the ruler as it would be better for the kingdom. Đinh Toàn gave up the crown while Le Hoan took power with the reign name Thien Phuc, thus transferring power from the Đinh clan to the Le clan.[3]
Disturbances in Dai Viet had attracted attention from the Chinese Song Empire in the north. The emperor Taizong ordered Hou Renbao advance into Dai Viet territories, although Le Hoan had sent a message to the Song court which was declined.[4] In early 981 the Chinese navy under Liu Cheng defeated Le Hoan's military on the Bạch Đằng River, killing 1,000 Viet sailors and seizing 200 junks. Hou Renbao urged his troops to march forward, but they didn't until Liu Cheng finally arrived and the Song land forces and navy regrouped at Da La village, then returned to Hoa Bo (Chi Lăng). Le Hoan pretended to surrender, tricked Hou Renbao to come, and then killed him and massacred his troops. The Song army was forced to retreat and their generals were punished with summary execution in Kaifeng for military failures.[5] The Sung then sent three envoys in 986, 998, and 990 to Dai Viet, normalizing the relations between the two countries.[6]
The king of Champa, Paramesvaravarman I, previously had attacked Dai Viet in late 979 in the name of restoring Ngô Nhật Khánh, a Vietnamese dissent, but was stopped by a typhoon. In the next year Le Hoan sent an embassy to Champa, however was detained by the Cham king. The Viet king then led an army stormed south, killed Paramesvaravarman in battle and sacked Indrapura. Paramesvaravarman's Prince Jaya Indravarman IV sought refuge in the south. In the next year, Lưu Kế Tông, a Vietnamese officer in the Cham army, had seized power in Champa and successfully resisted Le Hoan's attempt to remove him from power.[7]
In early 995, 100 Viet warships sailed onto Yongzhou (Nanning, Guangxi), sacked the town of Ruhong before leaving. In summer, Le Hoan's local officials from To Mau (modern-day Quang Ninh) led a village force of 5,000 men and sailors who invaded China, plundered Luzhou near Yongzhou, but were defeated by Chinese general Yang Wenjie.[8] In 1004, Le Hoan sent a mission to China led by one of his sons, Prince Lê Minh Đề. Minh Đề was invited for the 1005 Lunar New Year Festival's feast of the Song court along with emissaries of Champa and Arab.[9] The Song records treated Dai Viet along with Java, Pagan, and the Arabs as equal sovereign states.[10] Outside China and Champa, a Khmer inscription dated 987 records the arrival of Vietnamese merchants in Angkor.[11]
Kingship
A copper coin of Le Hoan, c. 990
In the court, Le Hoan maintained the Buddhist patriarch Khuông Việt as the great preceptor, while appointing a Chinese named Hongjian as the position of classic and history expert of the court.[12] He established five queens as minor wives while Queen Duong remained as his first lady. He appointed his family members including his brother and his sons to rule other parts of the kingdom.[13] In 987, five years after a drought in 982, Le Hoan held a Royal Ploughing Ceremony on two rice fields and put a pot of gold in each.[14] In 995 he built the Mahayana Nhat Tru temple in Hoa Lu and left inscriptions on it, cited verses from the Śūraṅgama Sūtra.[15]
Death
In 1005 he died at age 64 while a civil war for succession erupted between his sons.[16][17] He was called Đại Hành Hoàng đế (大行皇帝; literally "the Departed Emperor") after his death and later became his posthumously title.[18][19] His twenty-years old fifth son Le Long Dinh seized the throne in later that year after murdering his older brother Lê Long Việt who only held the crown in 3 days, and ruled the country for the next four years.[16][17]
Family
Parents
Lê Mịch (黎覔)
Đặng Thị Sen (鄧氏𬞮)
Wives
Lady Dương Vân Nga (楊雲娥, 942 – 1000)
Phụng Càn Chí Lý Hoàng hậu (奉乾至理皇后)
Thuận Thánh Minh Đạo Hoàng hậu (順聖明道皇后)
Lady Trịnh Quắc (鄭國皇后)
Lady Phạm (范皇后)
Children
Lê Long Thâu (黎龍鍮, ? – 1000), first son
Lê Long Tích (黎龍錫; ? – 1005), second son
Lê Long Việt (黎龍鉞, 983 – 1005), successor, reigned 3 days (the shortest reign of Vietnamese monarchs), third son
Lê Long Đinh (黎龍釘, 986 – ?), fourth son
Lê Long Đĩnh (黎龍鋌, 986 – 1009), the third monarch of the family), fifth son
hoàn, this, vietnamese, name, surname, often, simplified, english, language, text, accordance, with, vietnamese, custom, this, person, should, referred, given, name, hoàn, august, march, 1005, posthumously, title, Đại, hành, vietnamese, emperor, third, ruler, . In this Vietnamese name the surname is Le but is often simplified to Le in English language text In accordance with Vietnamese custom this person should be referred to by the given name Hoan Le Hoan 10 August 941 18 March 1005 posthumously title Le Đại Hanh was a Vietnamese emperor and the third ruler of Dai Viet kingdom ruling from 981 to 1005 He first served as the generalissimo commanding a ten thousand man army of the Dai Viet court under the reign of Đinh Bộ Lĩnh Following the death of Đinh Bộ Lĩnh in late 979 Le Hoan became regent to Đinh Bộ Lĩnh s successor the six year old Đinh Toan Le Hoan deposed the boy king married his mother Queen Duong Van Nga and in 980 he became the ruler He commanded the Viet army fended off a northern invasion in 981 then led a seaborne invasion of the southern Champa kingdom in 982 Le Đại Hanh黎大行Emperor of Đại Cồ ViệtA statue of emperor Le Hoan in ancient capital Trường An Emperor of Đại Cồ ViệtReign980 3 1005PredecessorĐinh Phế ĐếSuccessorLe Trung TongEmperor of the Early Le dynastyReign980 3 1005Predecessordynasty establishedSuccessorLe Trung TongBorn10 August 941Died18 March 1005 aged 63 Trường Xuan palace Đại Cồ ViệtSpouseEmpress Dương Van NgaEmpress Phụng Can Chi LyEmpress Thuận Thanh Minh Đạo Empress Trịnh QuắcEmpress PhạmIssueLord of Kinh Thien Le Long ThauDuke of Đong Thanh Le Long TichDuke of Nam Phong Le Long Việt emperor Le Trung Tong Duke of Ngự Man Le Long ĐinhDuke of Khai Minh Le Long Đĩnh emperor Le Ngọa Triều Duke of Ngự Bắc Le Long CanDuke of Định Phien Le Long Tung66 other childrenNamesLe Hoan 黎桓 Era datesThien Phuc 天福 980 988 Hưng Thống 興統 989 993 Ứng Thien 應天 994 1005 Regnal nameMinh Can Ứng Vận Thần Vũ Thăng Binh Chi Nhan Quảng Hiếu Hoang Đế 明乾應運神武昇平至仁廣孝皇帝 HouseLeFatherLe MịchMotherĐặng ThịPosthumously nameVietnamese alphabetLe Đại HanhHan Nom黎大行Personal nameVietnamese alphabetLe HoanHan Nom黎桓 Contents 1 Early career 2 Rise to the throne 3 Reign 3 1 Foreign relations with Song China and Champa 3 2 Kingship 4 Death 5 Family 6 Ancestry 7 References 7 1 Work citedEarly career EditLe Hoan was born in 941 a native of Ai Province Thanh Hoa He rose to power as a general of the Hoa Lu warlord Đinh Bộ Lĩnh In 968 after defeating all other warlords Đinh Bộ Lĩnh founded the Dai Viet kingdom with Hoa Lu as capital Le Hoan was appointed the title General of Ten Circuits and commander of the kingdom s military 1 Rise to the throne Edit Portrait painting of Le Hoan In late 979 Đinh Bộ Lĩnh and his son Dinh Lien were slain by an official named Do Thich while sleeping in the courtyard Following the deaths of the king and the prince notable members of the court Nguyen Bac and Le Hoan enthroned the six year old prince Đinh Toan as king 2 However Queen Duong wanted Le Hoan to become the ruler as it would be better for the kingdom Đinh Toan gave up the crown while Le Hoan took power with the reign name Thien Phuc thus transferring power from the Đinh clan to the Le clan 3 Reign EditForeign relations with Song China and Champa Edit Further information Song Vietnamese war 981 and Cham Vietnamese War 982 Disturbances in Dai Viet had attracted attention from the Chinese Song Empire in the north The emperor Taizong ordered Hou Renbao advance into Dai Viet territories although Le Hoan had sent a message to the Song court which was declined 4 In early 981 the Chinese navy under Liu Cheng defeated Le Hoan s military on the Bạch Đằng River killing 1 000 Viet sailors and seizing 200 junks Hou Renbao urged his troops to march forward but they didn t until Liu Cheng finally arrived and the Song land forces and navy regrouped at Da La village then returned to Hoa Bo Chi Lăng Le Hoan pretended to surrender tricked Hou Renbao to come and then killed him and massacred his troops The Song army was forced to retreat and their generals were punished with summary execution in Kaifeng for military failures 5 The Sung then sent three envoys in 986 998 and 990 to Dai Viet normalizing the relations between the two countries 6 The king of Champa Paramesvaravarman I previously had attacked Dai Viet in late 979 in the name of restoring Ngo Nhật Khanh a Vietnamese dissent but was stopped by a typhoon In the next year Le Hoan sent an embassy to Champa however was detained by the Cham king The Viet king then led an army stormed south killed Paramesvaravarman in battle and sacked Indrapura Paramesvaravarman s Prince Jaya Indravarman IV sought refuge in the south In the next year Lưu Kế Tong a Vietnamese officer in the Cham army had seized power in Champa and successfully resisted Le Hoan s attempt to remove him from power 7 In early 995 100 Viet warships sailed onto Yongzhou Nanning Guangxi sacked the town of Ruhong before leaving In summer Le Hoan s local officials from To Mau modern day Quang Ninh led a village force of 5 000 men and sailors who invaded China plundered Luzhou near Yongzhou but were defeated by Chinese general Yang Wenjie 8 In 1004 Le Hoan sent a mission to China led by one of his sons Prince Le Minh Đề Minh Đề was invited for the 1005 Lunar New Year Festival s feast of the Song court along with emissaries of Champa and Arab 9 The Song records treated Dai Viet along with Java Pagan and the Arabs as equal sovereign states 10 Outside China and Champa a Khmer inscription dated 987 records the arrival of Vietnamese merchants in Angkor 11 Kingship Edit A copper coin of Le Hoan c 990 In the court Le Hoan maintained the Buddhist patriarch Khuong Việt as the great preceptor while appointing a Chinese named Hongjian as the position of classic and history expert of the court 12 He established five queens as minor wives while Queen Duong remained as his first lady He appointed his family members including his brother and his sons to rule other parts of the kingdom 13 In 987 five years after a drought in 982 Le Hoan held a Royal Ploughing Ceremony on two rice fields and put a pot of gold in each 14 In 995 he built the Mahayana Nhat Tru temple in Hoa Lu and left inscriptions on it cited verses from the Suraṅgama Sutra 15 Death EditIn 1005 he died at age 64 while a civil war for succession erupted between his sons 16 17 He was called Đại Hanh Hoang đế 大行皇帝 literally the Departed Emperor after his death and later became his posthumously title 18 19 His twenty years old fifth son Le Long Dinh seized the throne in later that year after murdering his older brother Le Long Việt who only held the crown in 3 days and ruled the country for the next four years 16 17 Family EditParents Le Mịch 黎覔 Đặng Thị Sen 鄧氏𬞮 Wives Lady Dương Van Nga 楊雲娥 942 1000 Phụng Can Chi Ly Hoang hậu 奉乾至理皇后 Thuận Thanh Minh Đạo Hoang hậu 順聖明道皇后 Lady Trịnh Quắc 鄭國皇后 Lady Phạm 范皇后 Children Le Long Thau 黎龍鍮 1000 first son Le Long Tich 黎龍錫 1005 second son Le Long Việt 黎龍鉞 983 1005 successor reigned 3 days the shortest reign of Vietnamese monarchs third son Le Long Đinh 黎龍釘 986 fourth son Le Long Đĩnh 黎龍鋌 986 1009 the third monarch of the family fifth son Le Long Can 黎龍釿 sixth son Le Long Tung 黎龍鏦 seventh son Le Long Tương 黎龍鏘 eighth son Le Long Kinh 黎龍鏡 1005 ninth son Le Long Mang 黎龍鋩 tenth son Le Minh Đề 黎明提 eleventh son Dương Hy Liễn adopted daughter Le Thị Phất Ngan 黎氏佛銀 981 wife of Ly Cong UẩnAncestry EditAncestry of Le HoanLe Mịch 9th century Le Hoan 941 1005 Đặng Thị SenReferences Edit Taylor 1983 p 282 Anderson 1999 p 143 Anderson 1999 p 144 Anderson 1999 p 146 147 Anderson 1999 p 148 Bielenstein 2005 p 18 19 Coedes 2015 p 82 Anderson 1999 p 167 168 Bielenstein 2005 p 19 20 Bielenstein 2005 p 675 Kiernan 2019 p 157 Kiernan 2019 p 146 Kiernan 2019 p 147 Kiernan 2019 p 149 Nguyen 2008 p 84 85 a b Anderson 1999 p 175 176 a b Coedes 2015 p 83 Đại Việt sử ky toan thư quyển 1 Đại Việt sử ky toan thư vol 1 Work cited Edit Anderson James 1999 Frontier management and Tribute Relations along the empire s southern border University of Michigan Bielenstein Hans 2005 Diplomacy and Trade in the Chinese World 589 1276 Brill Coedes George 2015 The Making of South East Asia RLE Modern East and SouthEast Asia Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 1 31745 095 5 Kiernan Ben 2019 Việt Nam a history from earliest time to the present Oxford University Press Nguyen Tai Thu 2008 The History of Buddhism in Vietnam Council for Research in Values and Philosophy Taylor K W 1983 The Birth of the Vietnam University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 07417 0 Preceded byĐinh Phế Đế Đinh dynasty Emperor of Đại Cồ Việt980 1005 Succeeded byLe Trung TongvteNotable families in Early independent VietnamColour note Khuc Dương Ngo Kiều Đinh LeKhuc Thừa DụKhuc HạoDương Đinh NghệKhuc Thừa MỹNgo QuyềnQueen DươngĐinh Cong TrứDương Tam KhaKiều Cong TiễnNgo Xương NgậpNgo Xương VănĐinh Tien HoangDương Van NgaLe Đại HanhKiều Cong ChuẩnNgo Nhật KhanhNgo Xương XiĐinh LiễnĐinh Hạng LangĐinh Phế ĐếKiều Cong HanPrincess Phất KimLe Long ViệtLe Long ĐĩnhKiều ThuậnNotes Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 Đại Việt sử ky toan thư in Vietnamese Nội cac quan bản ed Hanoi Social Science Publishing House National Bureau for Historical Record 1998 Kham định Việt sử Thong giam cương mục in Vietnamese Hanoi Education Publishing House Trần Trọng Kim 1971 Việt Nam sử lược in Vietnamese Saigon Center for School Materials Chapuis Oscar 1995 A history of Vietnam from Hong Bang to Tu Duc Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 0313296227Family tree of Vietnamese monarchs Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Le Hoan amp oldid 1128319529, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
