Kruševo
Kruševo (Macedonian: Крушево [ˈkruʃɛvɔ] ⓘ; Aromanian: Crushuva[2]) is a town in North Macedonia. In Macedonian the name means the 'place of pear trees'. It is the highest town in North Macedonia and one of the highest in the Balkans, situated at an altitude of over 1350 m (4429 feet) above sea level.[3] The town of Kruševo is the seat of Kruševo Municipality. It is located in the western part of the country, overlooking the region of Pelagonia, 33 and 53 km from the nearby cities of Prilep and Bitola, respectively.
Kruševo | |
|---|---|
A northern view, St. Nicholas Church, a common street, a south-eastern view, paragliding championship, Makedonium Monument. | |
Flag Coat of arms | |
Kruševo Location within North Macedonia | |
| Coordinates: 41°22′12″N 21°14′54″E / 41.37000°N 21.24833°E | |
| Country | North Macedonia |
| Region | Pelagonia |
| Municipality | Kruševo |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Tome Hristoski (SDSM) |
| Elevation | 1,350 m (4,430 ft) |
| Population (2021)[1] | |
| • Total | 4,104 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 7550 |
| Area code | +389/48/47X-XXX |
| Car plates | KS, BT |
| Climate | Cfb |
Etymology edit
The name Kruševo has semantic development of "pear" that occurs in Albanian can also be seen in the Slavic parallel gruša, kruša "pear, pear tree" < *grušiti, *krušiti"to crumble, to break", and also in the Indo-European parallel *peisom "pear" < *peis-)[4][need quotation to verify].. Slavic toponyms with "Kruševo" (from Proto-Slavic kruša, "pear") and other related toponyms have been proposed as South Slavic translations of Darda- toponyms. Making Kruševo the Slavic translation of Dardani which in Proto-Albanian means Pear and an Illyrian tribe had the same name.
The name of the town in other Balkan languages is:
History edit
Medieval edit
Initially part of the Byzantine Empire, the area was conquered by the First Bulgarian Empire in the 9th century to be conquered again by the Byzantium in the 11th century. The region came shortly under the rule of the short-lived Principality of Prilep of Prince Marko (r. 1371 - 1395), a successor state of the Serbian Empire (1346–1371) where the father of Župan Vukašin Mrnjavčević (co-ruler of King Stefan Uroš V) held the region. The principality and region came under Ottoman Turkish rule in 1395.[5]
Ottoman rule edit
A large part of the Macedonian population in Kruševo originate from Lazaropole and descend from Mijaks, a Macedonian sub-group who settled in the town alongside the Aromanians by the middle of the eighteenth century.[11][12] Aromanians settled in Kruševo in addition to Orthodox Albanian refugees often in groups of families and led by a priest fleeing the 18th century socio-political and economic crises in what is now southern Albania.[11][12] Orthodox Albanians arrived from Vithkuq and the Opar region while local Kruševo traditions also relate that other families arrived from Korçë and the villages of Polenë, Dardhë, and Mborje.[11]
In the 19th century, Kruševo grew as a commercial center with connections throughout the Balkans and beyond. Local merchants such as the Nitsiotas brothers and five other companies were active in Vienna.[13] Orthodox Albanians from Moscopole which migrated in the beginning of the 19th century to Kruševo would found the so called Ohtul di Arbinesh (Hill of the Albanians) neighborhood. This community would soon assimilate into the Aromanian population of the city.[14] In the 1860s a Bulgarian municipality and Bulgarian school were established the city.[15] Subsequently, a Bulgarian girls school was opened[16] and it operated simultaneously with the Greek schools in the town. A Romanian school started functioning in Kruševo in 1876.[17] In the early 20th century, Kruševo was a small town in Manastir Vilayet with a mixed population of 4,950 Bulgarians, 4,000 Vlachs (Aromanians) and 400 Christian Albanians, according to Bulgarian geographer Vasil Kanchov's statistics.[18] Due to intermarriage with locals, at the onset of the twentieth century few in the small local Orthodox Albanian community spoke Albanian.[11] A neighbourhood inhabited by Aromanians in Kruševo still bears the name Arbineš meaning Albanians in the Aromanian language.[19] Per Bulgarian teacher Nikola Kirov, who was native to the town, most of the Aromanians, as well as the Orthodox Albanians were in fact (sic) Grecomans.[20] During the Ilinden Uprising in 1903 the rebels proclaimed a short lived Kruševo Republic. Its leader, Nikola Karev, created a council of Kruševo's notable citizens, with twenty members from each of the town's three major ethnic groups (Slavs, Vlachs, and Orthodox Albanians).[21][22] Because the uprising was suppressed, the city was almost completely destroyed by the Ottoman army. One of the most important points in the Ilinden uprising was the declaration of the "Manifesto of Kruševo". It called for all the people of Macedonia regardless of their nationality and religion to fight together against the Ottoman Empire. In the area there is a monument called Mečkin Kamen (Bear's Stone). This was the place where Pitu Guli's band (cheta) was trying to defend the town of Kruševo from the Turkish troops coming from Bitola. The band and their leader (voivode) are remembered as heroic defenders of Kruševo and the surrounding villages.
Kingdom of Yugoslavia edit
Demographics edit
As of the 2021 census, the town of Kruševo has 4,104 inhabitants and the ethnic composition was the following:[1]
- Macedonians 3,053 (74.4%)
- Aromanians 866 (21.1%)
- Persons from whom data are taken from administrative sources 146 (3.6%)
- Serbs 10 (0.2%)
- Albanians 9 (0.2%)
- Bosniaks 1 (0.0%)
- others 19 (0.5%)
| Year | Macedonian | Albanian | Turks | Romani | Aromanians | Serbs | Bosniaks | Others | Person for whom data are taken from administrative sources | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002 | 4.273 | ... | ... | ... | 1.023 | ... | ... | 37 | 5,330 | |
| 2021 | 3.053 | 9 | ... | ... | 866 | 10 | 1 | 165 | 146 | 4,104 |
The official languages of the town are Macedonian and Aromanian. Kruševo is the only locality where Aromanian has any kind of official status. All other forms of recognition of the language in the world represent general, nationwide recognition in Albania and North Macedonia.
The religious composition of the town was the following:
- Orthodox Christians, 5,275 (99.0%)
- others, 55 (1.0%)
- Churches in Kruševo
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Church of St. Nicholas
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Church of St. Nicholas (2)
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Church of Holy Trinity
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Church of St. John the Baptist
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Church of St. Mother of God
Features edit
Kruševo is a mountainous town. Situated at an altitude of 1,350 metres (4,430 ft), Kruševo is the highest town in North Macedonia. Kruševo is known for its 19th-century Ottoman architecture. The town has old and more recent houses built in the style of old Macedonian architecture.
It is home to Mečkin Kamen, a historical landmark which marks the spot of the uprising of 1903. On 2 August every year, it is one of the two sites of the traditional Macedonian Day of the Republic celebrations, which are attended by leading Macedonian political leaders.
Kruševo is also home to Makedonium monument, dedicated to the Ilinden Uprising and the Kruševo Republic and many museums of the Ilinden Uprising.
The town's galleries include an exhibit of 19th century icons and a memorial to Macedonian painter Nikola Martinovski who was born in this town.
Because of its elevation, Kruševo is one of North Macedonia's winter sports destinations. Local football club FK Pitu Guli was named after a local revolutionary leader and plays in the Macedonian Second League (East Division).
"Ethno-Town Project" edit
There is a project called "Kruševo ethno-town", supported by the Ministry of Culture of North Macedonia, which was developed by a small group of enthusiasts. According to that project, Kruševo shall look like a town from the beginning of the 20th century where it was one of the centers of the Ilinden Uprising in 1903, that led to the creation of the so-called Kruševo Republic. People will be dressed like Ottoman soldiers and IMARO revolutionaries. The project aims to make Kruševo a main tourist destination in five years.[23]
Notable people edit
- Toše Proeski, famous singer throughout the Balkans
- Nikola Karev, politician, revolutionary leader
- Pitu Guli, revolutionary leader
- Vasil Iljoski, writer
- Nikola Martinoski, painter
- Taki Hrisik, composer, musical pedagogue
- Ioryi Mucitano, revolutionary
- Ilija Najdoski, footballer, European Cup champion
- Taki Fiti, academician, former president of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, politician, minister of finance, author
- Nicolae Batzaria, writer, Ottoman Minister of Public Works and Commerce
- Alexandros Svolos, prominent Greek legal expert, president of the Political Committee of National Liberation, a Resistance-based government during the Axis Occupation of Greece.
- Mencha Karnicheva, revolutionary
- Nikola Gabrovski, military figure
- Yiannis Boutaris, businessman, politician, former mayor of Thessaloniki.
Architecture of Kruševo edit
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Postcard from Krusevo from 1920s
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Town architecture
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Kruševo during winter
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A typical house
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Birth house of Nikola Martinoski
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A house where Nikola Karev lived
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A typical house
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A typical house
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A typical house
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A typical house
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A typical house
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Tose Proeski Memorial
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Kruševo during the 1930s.
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Mother of God church and a town school.
References edit
- ^ a b Macedonian census, language and religion[permanent dead link]
- ^ Kahl, Thede (1999). Ethnizität und räumliche Verbreitung der Aromunen in Südosteuropa. Universität Münster: Institut für Geographie der Westfälischen Wilhelms. p. 147. ISBN 3-9803935-7-7. "Crușuva"
- ^ Information about Krusevo on travel2macedonia.com.mk
- ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998). Albanian Etymological Dictionary. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11024-3.
- ^ J.VA Fine, The late mediaeval Balkans, p.380
- ^ Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto, 1900–1996, Chris Kostov, Peter Lang, 2010, ISBN 3034301960, p. 71.
- ^ Fieldwork Dilemmas: Anthropologists in Postsocialist States, Editors Hermine G. De Soto, Nora Dudwick, University of Wisconsin Press, 2000, ISBN 0299163741, pp. 36–37.
- ^ Tanner, Arno (2004). The Forgotten Minorities of Eastern Europe: The history and today of selected ethnic groups in five countries. East-West Books. p. 215. ISBN 952-91-6808-X.
- ^ The past in question: modern Macedonia and the uncertainties of nation, Keith Brown, Publisher Princeton University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-691-09995-2, pp. 81–82.
- ^ The tale was recorded from the son of Zoica Malkova, an Albanian refugee in Orhanie, today Botevgrad, Bulgaria (1892). The title is Ньъ пляк е ньъ плякя (Një plak e një plaka/ë) "An old man and an old woman".
- ^ a b c d Koukoudis, Asterios (2003). The Vlachs: Metropolis and Diaspora. Thessaloniki: Zitros Publications. ISBN 9789607760869. p.355. "In many cases, the refugees arrived in organised groups of families with a leader, usually a priest. Right from the start, the Vlachs were accompanied by Arvanites from Vithkuq and the Opar area. Those from Vithkuq preceded those from Opar and occupied the western part of the settlement, forming their own district there. According to local lore, other Arvanite families came from Korçë and the surrounding villages of Polenë, Dardhë, and Mborje. By the early twentieth century, intermarriage meant that very few families spoke Albanian any more."; p. 436. "Mijaks... Quite a large group, from Lazaropole mainly, formed the nucleus of the Slavonic- speaking population of Kruševo, who had settled alongside the Vlachs by the mid-nineteenth century."
- ^ a b Zografski, Dančo (1986). Odbrani dela vo šest knigi: Makedonskoto nacionalno dviženje. Naša kniga. p. 21. "Населението на Крушево во време на востанието гб сочинуваат Македонци, Власи и Албанци. Први се доселиле во него Власите кон втората половина од XVIII век, односно по познатите грчки востанија од 1769 година..."
- ^ Vacalopulos, Konstandinos A. Modern history of Macedonia, Thessaloniki 1988, p. 138-139
- ^ Murati, Qemal (2011). "Shqipa Dhe Maqedoarumanishtja Nga Aspekti I Kontakteve Midis Tyre". Studime Albanologjike. ITSH: 10.
- ^ Иванов, Йордан. Българите в Македония, София 1917, с. 333 (Ivanon, Yordan. Bulgarians in Macedonia, Sofia 1917, p. 333), Ванчев, Йордан. Новобългарската просвета в Македония през Възраждането, София 1982, с. 115 (Vanchev, Yordan. New Bulgarian education in Macedonia during the National Revival, Sofia 1982, p. 115)
- ^ Божинов, Воин. Българската просвета в Македония и Одринска Тракия 1878–1913, София 1982, с. 73 (Bozhinov, Voin. Bulgarian Education in Macedonia and Adrianopole Thrace 1878–1913, Sofia 1982, p. 73)
- ^ Романски, Стоян. Македонските ромъни, Македонски преглед, г. I, 1925, кн. 5-6, с. 83-84 (Romanski, Stoyan. Macedonian Romanians, Macedonian review, 1925, vol. 5-6, p. 83-84) According to other sources the Rumanian school was established in 1868 by A. Margarit - Ласку, Стојка. Од историјата на ароманскиот печат во Македонија. Списанијата "Братство" и "Светлина", Скопје 2007, с. 122
- ^ Васил Кънчов. „Македония. Етнография и статистика“. София, 1900, стр.240 (Kanchov, Vasil. Macedonia — ethnography and statistics Sofia, 1900, p. 39-53).
- ^ Rexha, Iljaz (2011). "Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane". Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike (41–42): 178. "Në vendbanimin Krushevë të Maqedonisë së sotme, ishte regjistruar toponimi si lagje me emrin Arbines, dukshëm e banuar me popullsi arumune, e cila e mban edhe sot e kësaj dite formën arumune Arbines, që rrjedh nga forma e mirëfilltë shqipe Arban."
- ^ Keith Brown (2018) The Past in Question: Modern Macedonia and the Uncertainties of Nation, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0691188432, p. 202.
- ^ Micgiel, J.S. (1996). State and Nation Building in East Central Europe: Contemporary Perspectives. Institute on East Central Europe, Columbia University. p. 300. ISBN 9780965452007.
- ^ Tanner, A. (2004). The Forgotten Minorities of Eastern Europe: The History and Today of Selected Ethnic Groups in Five Countries. East-West Books. p. 215.
- ^ Macedonian newspaper 'Vreme' 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine
External links edit
- Media related to Kruševo at Wikimedia Commons
- Kruševo travel guide from Wikivoyage