People's Party Our Slovakia
People's Party Our Slovakia (Slovak: Ľudová strana naše Slovensko, ĽSNS) is a far-right,[16][17][18][19] neo-Nazi political party in Slovakia.[2][3][4] The party claims to derive its origin from the legacy of Andrej Hlinka and Jozef Tiso.[20]
People's Party Our Slovakia Ľudová strana naše Slovensko | |
|---|---|
| Abbreviation | ĽSNS |
| Leader | Marian Kotleba |
| Founded | 22 February 2010 |
| Preceded by | Slovak Togetherness |
| Headquarters | Nový svet 5667/63, Banská Bystrica |
| Newspaper | Naše Slovensko (Our Slovakia) |
| Youth wing | Ľudová mládež (People's Youth) |
| Membership (2022) | 960 ( 131)[1] |
| Ideology | |
| Political position | Far-right[14] |
| European affiliation | Alliance for Peace and Freedom |
| Colours | Green |
| Slogan | S Odvahou Proti Systému ("With Courage Against the System") |
| Anthem | "Hej, Slováci"[15] ("Hey, Slovaks") |
| National Council | 0 / 150 |
| European Parliament | 0 / 14 |
| Regional Presidents | 0 / 8 |
| Regional parliaments | 0 / 408 |
| Mayors[a] | 1 / 2,904 |
| Local councillors[b] | 75 / 20,686 |
| Website | |
| kotlebovci | |
Positioned on the far-right of the political spectrum, Kotleba – People's Party Our Slovakia's political platform expresses xenophobic and antiziganist rhetoric,[18] Christian fundamentalism, paternalism and economic interventionism, interest-free national loans, replacement of the euro currency with the Slovak koruna, strengthening of law and order, rejection and criminalization of same-sex civil unions and LGBT rights, and strong anti-establishment sentiment, most notably against Slovakia's current foreign and domestic policy.
The party proposes to reduce the number of MPs from 150 to 100, restrict the expression of "degenerate material" in media, establish a home guard militia with the goal of cracking down on "gypsy criminality", promote a corporatist mixed economy, prohibit abortion conducted in the second and third trimester, institute a national health service, subsidize families in accordance to their fertility and race, and withdraw the Slovak military from foreign operations. In addition, it advocates for Slovakia's departure from the European Union, the European Monetary Union, and NATO, and agitates for closer ties with the Russian Federation and the CSTO.[18]
Party's names edit
- 20 October 2000 – 18 May 2009: Party of the Friends of Wine (Slovak: Strana priateľov vína, SPV)
- 18 May 2009 – 22 February 2010: People's Party of Social Solidarity (Slovak: Ľudová strana sociálnej solidarity, ĽSSS)
- 22 February 2010 – 9 November 2015: People's Party Our Slovakia (Slovak: Ľudová strana Naše Slovensko, ĽSNS)
- 9 November 2015 – 12 November 2019: Kotleba – People's Party Our Slovakia (Slovak: Kotleba – Ľudová strana Naše Slovensko, KĽSNS)
- From 12 November 2019: Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia (Slovak: Kotlebovci – Ľudová strana naše Slovensko, KĽSNS)
History edit
The origins of the party are closely related to the extremely nationalist, racist, anti-Semitic and neo-fascist Slovak Togetherness organization.[21] The members of the movement tried to run in the 2006 elections under the name Slovak Togetherness – National Party, which was forcibly dissolved by the Supreme Court on grounds of anti-constitutional and anti-democratic activities.[22]
Instead of founding an entirely new party, former members of Slovak Togetherness under the leadership of Marian Kotleba hijacked the tiny Party of the Friends of Wine that had existed since 2000, changed its name to People's Party of Social Solidarity in May 2009, and then finally altered it to People's Party – Our Slovakia in early 2010.[23] This was done to avoid the legal difficulties with registering a new party under this name given that a different party called Our Slovakia already existed.[18]
Ties to fascism and far-right extremism edit
The party is classified by politicians, academics, media outlets, and political scientists as being fascist in nature. This is due to several members of the party being connected to extremist movements such as the Slovak Brotherhood, including Marian Kotleba himself. Party MPs requested a minute of silence for Jozef Tiso to be held in parliament. This request was denied.[24] Tiso was the president of the Slovak State, a clerofascist republic which existed during the Second World War and served as a satellite state to Nazi Germany. He supported and actively put laws in place that discriminated against Jews, and made the country pay Nazi Germany to deport Slovak Jews during the Holocaust in Slovakia.[25] The party still celebrates 14 March, the anniversary of the founding of the Slovak State.[26]
Kotleba attended a march while dressed in a uniform resembling the ones worn by the Hlinka Guard, described Jews as "devils in human skin", and promoted the conspiracy theory of a Zionist Occupation Government. The party distanced itself from its nostalgia for the Slovak State following failure during the 2006 elections, and instead focused on anti-Roma comments.[27] Kotleba and his party was also described by both the Slovak President Andrej Kiska[28] and Czech President Miloš Zeman as fascist.[29] The party denies any connection to fascism.[30] Members of the party have been repeatedly charged with Holocaust denial, which is a felony in Slovakia.[31][32]
During the 2016 Slovak parliamentary election, the party nominated several controversial and extremist candidates to the National Council, such as an ex-singer of neo-Nazi music bands Krátky proces and Juden Mord and a candidate who openly admired Adolf Hitler and promoted Hlinka's historical clerofascist Slovak People's Party.[33] In May 2017, the General Prosecutor's Office of the Slovak Republic made a proposal to the Supreme Court, requesting the dissolution of the party. The General Prosecutor's Office reasoned this step by pointing to the pro-fascist tendencies of the party, violation of the constitution of the Slovak Republic and violation of Slovak and international laws.[34] The Supreme Court rejected this bid, ruling that the prosecution did not produce sufficient evidence to support the dissolution of the party.[35]
During the party's congress meeting on 29 March 2018, a new logo was proposed which replaced the old logo depicting a straight Slovak double-cross which bore a strong resemblance to the logo used by HSĽS and the Hlinka Guard during the First Slovak Republic with the new logo that depicts the classic Slovak double-cross standing atop the Tatra Mountains. The party claimed that they changed the logo to distance themselves from fascism, Nazism, or any form of right-wing extremism.[36]
In 2019, party MP Milan Mazurek was convicted by the Supreme Court for the racist anti-Roma statements he made on the radio station Rádio Frontinus in 2016. He thus became the first Slovak MP to lose his parliamentary seat as a consequence of being convicted of a deliberate crime, and had to pay a €10,000 fine.[37] Mazurek was re-elected in 2020. As of 2020, the party spokesperson was Ondrej Ďurica, a former member of the neo-Nazi band Biely Odpor (White Resistance). 2020 candidate Andrej Medvecký was convicted of attacking a black man while shouting racist slurs, while another candidate, Anton Grňo, was fined for making a fascist salute.[38] Party leader Marian Kotleba was sentenced by a first-degree court to four years and four months in a lowest-security prison for giving cheques in the sum of €1,488 to three families at a charity event held on 14 March 2017 (the crime of supporting and propagating a movement whose aim is the repression of human rights and freedoms, and doing so publicly).[39] He appealed against the verdict.
Program and manifesto edit
In the manifesto of Kotleba – People's Party Our Slovakia, the party states it wants a "functioning state" that is free from corruption, foreign influences and "larceny of public finance". It seeks to give the general public the power to recall any member of the parliament and it wishes to decrease the total number of seats within the National Council from 150 to 100. Additionally, it wants to introduce a flat tax rate of 15% and stop the financing of campaigns for political parties from the state budget.[40]
The party sees the EU and NATO as "undermining the sovereignty of the Slovak nation", and wants to leave these organizations in order to "give Slovakia complete sovereignty and not be part of American war crimes and a toy in the hands of foreign superpowers". ĽSNS also advocates the investigation of foreign NGOs for possible corruption or unlawful activity, forcing opposition news outlets to be classified as "foreign agents", and to "liberate Slovakia from the slavery of foreign bankers".[40]
As for internal security, the party wants to establish a home guard with the intention of "protecting the people in areas where legitimate police forces are not adequate at stopping Gypsy extremists who steal, rape and murder decent people", while also advocating the arming of the populace for the "protection of personal life and private property". The party also wants to make politicians responsible for any criminal or corrupt activity they partake in while being a public servant and to be punished accordingly. In addition, ĽSNS also intends to make police forces undergo training in "illegal settlements" inhabited by the resident Romani populace and "demolish any illegal structures, whether they are black settlements or palaces of the rich". The party seeks to re-establish border controls on each segment of the country's borders and give the parliament the ability to use the army to secure and patrol these borders if necessary.[40]
Due to the country's armed forces being small and ill-prepared as a result of conscription being abolished, ĽSNS sees it as necessary to modernize, renew, and increase the size of the Slovak Armed Forces to be able to "effectively protect the nation from any foreign threats when it leaves NATO", to "prevent the hordes of Muslim immigrants from coming to Slovakia", and to "protect Christianity and European culture from Islamization".[40]
The party plans to give jobs to the long-term unemployed through public works programmes. These jobs would consist of the maintenance of roads, schools, national memorials, hospitals and construction of housing as part of their social policy. The retirement age would be lowered to 60 years and the government would increase financial benefits for mothers with children, with rentable housing being provided to "law-abiding and decent families" and benefits to "non-working gypsy thieves" and "asocials" being cancelled.[40]
The party also seeks to nationalize the health care system in order to provide universal comprehensive healthcare for the citizens of Slovakia, as written in the Constitution of Slovakia, and to create one national health insurance organization. Additionally, the party wants to return to a centralized emergency service and to make sure that every ambulance has a physician on board to administer appropriate medical care. Furthermore, the party wants to teach children traditionalist and fundamentalist Christian values, to "protect them from violent media", and to ban the operation of gambling machines in the country, while supporting and subsidizing domestic culture and artists to prevent Slovakia from "descending into a degenerate society made up by consumerism, secularism and empty liberalism".[40]
The party also seeks to subsidize tertiary education through taxes and eliminate college tuition, effectively introducing free college in Slovakia. In regards to the banking sector, the party intends to nationalize all private banks in the country and create one state-run central bank under the control of the government. The party also wants to nationalize all strategic industries of the country, such as powerplants, steel and automobile manufacturing, mining, agriculture, railways, or public transport. The party wants to assure energy and food self-sufficiency to make the country less dependent on imports by rebuilding the agricultural industry and placing a strong emphasis on locally produced goods. In addition, the party seeks to get rid of bureaucracy and red tape in business to increase growth of domestic companies.[40]
The party rejects the TTIP agreement, advocates a departure from the European Monetary Union, and seeks to re-establish the previous currency, the Slovak koruna, in order to give the state and the central bank authority to decide on the country's monetary policy. Moreover, the party advocates for the protection of the environment from pollution and exploitation by implementing conservationist laws and regulations and supporting the research and development of renewable energy.[40]
ĽSNS has also made proposals in parliament for the banning of abortion conducted in the second and third trimester and contraception in Slovakia, and is staunchly opposed to LGBTQ rights, denouncing the LGBTQ community as "freaks and perverts" and pushing for an active crackdown on LGBTQ activists and media, and the party also supports a constitutional ban on LGBTQ partnerships.[40]
The party is vocally opposed to liberalism and Atlanticism, and harbours strong anti-establishment sentiment, rejecting the standard left-right classification and positioning itself as a syncretic movement. Other policies include opposition to gun control, rejection of same-sex marriages, banning abortions conducted after the third month of pregnancy, withholding of welfare funds for those who refuse to work, ending the financing of NGOs, and protesting NATO convoys passing through Slovakia. In 2019, the party resumed its notorious campaign to collect enough petition signatures to leave the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.[40]
Views on Roma and migrants edit
The party sees and describes the unintegrated groups of Romani people as being a drain on the social security system due to large Roma families receiving a higher amount of benefits for children compared to ethnic Slovaks. This especially applies to illegal Roma settlements, where these "gypsy extremists", as the party calls them, often reside in. Occasionally, the party has said that it wants to crack down on "Gypsy terror", and uses the Krásna Hôrka Castle fire of 2012 as an example of "gypsy criminality", whilst using rhetoric that describes the "gypsy extremists" as "social parasites and extremists that steal, rape and murder decent people".[40]
According to the party, immigrants from third world countries are "invaders who are supported by globalists to destroy the old continent of Europe". The party is against the acceptance of even a single refugee, stating that "even one is too much", while blaming the EU and the Schengen Agreement for alleged "immigrant invasion".[40]
Pro-Russian activities edit
On 31 January 2014, during Kotleba's governorship of the Banská Bystrica region, Marian Kotleba sent a personal letter to Viktor Yanukovych during the Euromaidan revolution in Ukraine, urging him as a "fellow Slav" not to "surrender his country to EU interests, markets and NATO aggression, to stay vigilant against foreign coup d'etats, and to remember what happened to Serbian national heroes such as Slobodan Milošević".[41]
On 29 August 2014, Marian Kotleba hung up a sign saying "Yankees go home! STOP NATO!" on the governor's building in Banská Bystrica, demonstrating the party's anti-Americanism.[42]
On 5 May 2016, the ĽSNS branch located in the Banská Bystrica region hung up a Russian flag in the city of Banská Bystrica, to show solidarity with the Russian community in the city and the Night Wolves biker club.[43] which came to commemorate the Russian victory over fascism. The party also sent three people, including one MP, to commemorate the Slovak National Uprising at the SNP monument and museum. However, party leader Marian Kotleba denounced the Allied campaign during the Uprising and indirectly endorsed the pro-Axis Slovak State.[44]
Several media outlets such as Pluska[45] and Denník N[46] accused the party of being financed by Russian intelligence services. The Polish Internal Security Agency was the first to come with this evidence after the arrest of Mateusz Piskorski.[47] The party denied all of these claims, describing the party's position of neutrality in regards to the United States and Russia, but firmly opposing any aggression against Russia or its government, accusing the US of being the main sponsor of terrorism across the world and NATO of being an actual aggressor against Russia. The foreign policy of the United States is cited by the party as one of the reasons for why the party wants Slovakia to leave NATO. Another reason is the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999.
On 2 February 2017, Kotleba and his party spoke against sending a contingent of 152 Slovak soldiers on a NATO training mission in Latvia near the Russian border, stating that it was a clear provocation of the Russian Federation by NATO.[48] During a voting session on this issue in the Slovak parliament, only his party and We Are Family voted against sending troops on the NATO mission, while every other party supported it. He also accused the government and opposition of acting like the Nazis and Adolf Hitler in 1941 when he was preparing to attack the Soviet Union before Operation Barbarossa.[49]
On 2 June 2017, the party was accused of being financed by Alexander Usovskij from Belarus, after his emails were leaked to the public and were reported on by German broadcaster ZDF. It is said that he was supplying money from the Russian Federation to Eastern European countries, including Slovakia, to support pro-Russian activities and political parties, even mentioning that Usovskij is supporting ĽSNS work. Usovskij denied that he was in any contact with ĽSNS, but said that he sympathises with the party's activities, agreeing with their bid for a referendum to leave NATO. ZDF also added that he may have been looking for investors that could help the party's campaign in said referendum.[50] An investigation by the National Criminal Agency (The Slovak equivalent of the FBI) found no evidence that ĽSNS was being funded by the Russian government.[51]
During his presidential campaign, Kotleba frequently deployed slogans such as "For Slavic brotherhood, against a war with Russia!" on his campaign billboards. Moreover, the party's candidates for the European Parliament, such as Milan Mazurek, uttered the phrase "For cooperation with Russia, against the sanctions!" during their respective campaigns. The Party firmly supports the complete cancellation of all sanctions against the Russian Federation.
On 16 May 2019, the Russian Foreign Ministry criticized the extremist policies and tactics of Kotleba-ĽSNS.[52]
Many members of the party are known for their sympathy towards the Russian Federation and its allies. Party leader Marian Kotleba is known for his sympathy towards the Russian Federation and the Syrian Arab Republic, as evidenced by his repeated use of pro-Russian slogans during his presidential campaign and his declaration on national television that Bashar al-Assad is "a hero of the Middle-East". Kotleba also made trips to Syria, having met with the Syrian Speaker of the House and the Foreign Minister of Syria.[53]
It was revealed from the documents found within the governor's office upon Kotleba's departure from Banská Bystrica's governorship that he wanted to send a letter to the Russian ambassador, in which he asked for assistance and personally wrote about his intention to buy a Russian car. MEP Milan Uhrík visited the People's Republic of China on one occasion and spoke in support of their authoritarian government. Milan Mazurek and Miroslav Radačovský are also known for their Russophilic views.[54]
On 13 October 2019, Milan Uhrík made a speech in the European Parliament about the situation in Ukraine and the ongoing conflict in Donbass, blaming the United States for orchestrating an alleged coup d'état in Kiev during the Euromaidan protests and the 2014 Ukrainian Revolution which ousted Viktor Yanukovych, and then proceeded to condemn the United States and other western nations for allegedly supporting a war between Slavic countries such as Ukraine and Russia, stating: "We Slavs are not stupid and we don't need American agents, their advice or their wars".[55]
Supporter demographics edit
The party has little to no support in Bratislava, Košice, Nitra, Komárno, Poprad, and other major cities. However the party's message resonates more in smaller towns and rural areas where people feel left behind and disliked by political elites.[26]
Election results edit
National Council edit
| Election | Leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Government |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | Marian Kotleba | 33,724 | 1.33 (#10) | 0 / 150 | Extra-parliamentary | |
| 2012 | 40,460 | 1.58 (#10) | 0 / 150 | Extra-parliamentary | ||
| 2016 | 209,779 | 8.04 (#5) | 14 / 150 | 14 | Opposition | |
| 2020 | 229,581 | 7.97 (#4) | 17 / 150 | 3 | Opposition | |
| 2023 | 25,003 | 0.84 (#12) | 0 / 150 | 17 | Extra-parliamentary |
European Parliament edit
| Election | Group | Leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | None | Martin Beluský | 9,749 | 1.73 (#11) | 0 / 13 | |
| 2019 | NI | 118,995 | 12.07 (#3) | 2 / 14 | 2 |
Presidential edit
| Election | Candidate | First round | Second round | Result | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Votes | % | |||
| 2019 | Marian Kotleba | 222,935 | 10.39 | Lost | ||
| 2024 | Marian Kotleba | 12,771 | 0.57 | Lost | ||
Regional edit
| Election | Bratislava | Trnava | Trenčín | Nitra | Žilina | Banská Bystrica | Prešov | Košice | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2013[56] | 0 / 44 | 0 / 40 | 0 / 45 | 0 / 54 | 0 / 57 | 1 / 49 | 0 / 62 | 0 / 57 | 1 / 408 |
| 2017[57] | 0 / 44 | 0 / 40 | 0 / 45 | 1 / 54 | 0 / 57 | 1 / 49 | 0 / 62 | 0 / 57 | 2 / 408 |
| 2022[58] | 0 / 44 | 0 / 40 | 0 / 45 | 0 / 54 | 0 / 57 | 0 / 49 | 0 / 62 | 0 / 57 | 0 / 408 |
See also edit
Notes edit
References edit
- ^ "Výročná správa za rok 2022" (PDF). Ministry of Interior of the Slovak Republic (in Slovak). 17 April 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
- ^ a b c Foy, Henry (March 7, 2016). "Neo-Nazi party makes an electoral breakthrough in Slovakia". Financial Times.
- ^ a b c "Rise of proudly-neo-Nazi party unnerves a European nation". CBS News. November 18, 2016.
- ^ a b c Cunningham, Benjamin (3 June 2016). "5 takeaways from Slovakia's election". POLITICO. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
- ^ "Masters thesis" (TXT). is.muni.cz.
- ^ Kluknavská, Alena (2015-03-14). "A right-wing extremist or people's protector? Media coverage of extreme right leader Marian Kotleba in 2013 regional elections in Slovakia". Intersections. East European Journal of Society and Politics. 1 (1). doi:10.17356/ieejsp.v1i1.35. ISSN 2416-089X.
- ^ "Not Even a Prosperous Slovakia Is Immune to Doubts About the E.U." New York Times. 17 December 2016.
- ^ "Kotlebovi nahrala celková xenofóbna atmosféra". Euractiv. 8 December 2016.
- ^ "Kotleba dal na úrad transparent Yankees go home! Stop NATO!". 29 August 2014.
- ^ "Kotlebovci spúšťajú petíciu za vystúpenie Slovenska z EÚ". Teraz. 25 June 2016.
- ^ "Slovensko má v politike tvrdých euroskeptikov, no žiadnych eurofederalistov". Euractiv. 11 February 2020.
- ^ "NAKA veriffied Kotleba because of money from Russia". Aktuality.sk. 2017-03-10. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
- ^ "Hoax: Vláda nás tlačí do vojny s Ruskom! ĽSNS šíri poplašné dezinformácie". Dennik N. 30 June 2017.
- ^ Antonis Klapsis (2015). An Unholy Alliance: The European Far Right and Putin's Russia. Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies. p. 14. ISBN 978-2-930632-39-1.
- ^ "spevácky zbor z Brezna zaspievaním hymny prvého slovenského štátu Hej, Slováci. V tej chvíli bola už celá sála na nohách a všetci prítomní spievali túto nádhernú pieseň, ktorá je zároveň aj hymnou Ľudovej strany Naše Slovensko". Dennik N. 2019-10-31. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
- ^ Vicenová, Radka (19 December 2013). . OpenDemocracy. Archived from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
- ^ Mareš, Miroslav; Stojar, Richard (2016). Extreme right perpetrators. Routledge. p. 80.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ a b c d Nociar, Tomáš (December 2012). "Right-Wing Extremism in Slovakia" (PDF). Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung International Policy Analysis: 5–6.
- ^ Bartek Pytlas (2015). Radical Right Parties in Central and Eastern Europe: Mainstream Party Competition and Electoral Fortune. Routledge. p. 224. ISBN 978-1-317-49586-4.
- ^ "O nás". Kotleba - Ľudová strana Naše Slovensko (in Slovak). Retrieved 2017-02-14.
- ^ Nociar, Tomáš (December 2012). "Right-Wing Extremism in Slovakia". Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung International Policy Analysis: 4.
- ^ "Najvyšší súd rozpustil Slovenskú pospolitosť" [The Supreme Court dissolved Slovak Togetherness]. Pravda (in Slovak). Perex. 1 March 2006. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
- ^ . Organization for Information Technologies of Public Administration. Ministry of Interior of the Slovak Republic. Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
- ^ "Far-right Slovak party urges remembrance of hanged Nazi-era president". Reuters. 18 April 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
- ^ Ward, James Mace (2013). Priest, Politician, Collaborator: Jozef Tiso and the Making of Fascist Slovakia. Ithaka: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-6812-4.
- ^ a b Colborne, Michael (28 February 2020). "Marian Kotleba Wants to Make Slovakia Based Again". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ Paulovičová, Nina (2018). "Holocaust Memory and Antisemitism in Slovakia: The Postwar Era to the Present". Antisemitism Studies. 2 (1). Indiana University Press: 17, 19–22. doi:10.2979/antistud.2.1.02. S2CID 165383570.
On March 14, 2004, in his public speech to commemorate the establishment of the 1939 Slovak state, Marian Kotleba, the leader of the extreme PP-OS (People's Party Our Slovakia), mocked efforts to come to terms with the Holocaust past and marked out Jews as "devils in human skin." Kotleba further promoted the view of Ľudovít Štúr—the leading representative of Slovak national revival in the nineteenth century—that Jews have no historical, cultural, or social ties with Slovaks. When the Jewish community expressed outrage against the demonstration of Kotleba supporters in Komárno in 2005, Kotleba defended the extremists by accusing Jews of plotting "against the Slovak nation, statehood, and Christian traditions" often with the help of the "Magyar chauvinists and domestic traitors." In Kotleba's eyes, every political skirmish in Slovakia is a "very well prepared performance" directed by Z. O. G. (the "Zionist Occupation Government").
- ^ "Kiska: Let's be clear, Kotleba is fascist". spectator.sme.sk. Petit Press a.s. Retrieved 2017-02-14.
- ^ "Zeman: Kotlebova Lidová strana je fašistická". Novinky.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 2017-02-14.
- ^ "Tlačová konferencia: Vznik politickej polície považujeme za prejav fašizmu vládnej moci". Kotleba - Ľudová strana Naše Slovensko (in Slovak). Retrieved 2017-02-14.
- ^ "Mazurek not prosecuted for Holocaust denial". The Slovak Spectator. 7 September 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
- ^ "Extremist charged with Holocaust denial". The Slovak Spectator. 2 August 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
- ^ [A fan of Hitler and a singer of Juden Mord - even these candidates are running for Parliament]. HN Online (in Slovak). MAFRA Slovakia, a.s. 17 February 2016. Archived from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
- ^ "Čižnár dal návrh na rozpustenie Kotlebovej strany". Pravda (in Slovak). Retrieved 2017-05-17.
- ^ "Court failed to dissolve far-right ĽSNS". The Slovak Spectator. 29 April 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
- ^ "Zo zákulisia ĽS Naše Slovensko: Záznam z celoštátneho snemu, predstavenie nového loga strany". Kotleba - Ľudová strana Naše Slovensko (in Slovak). Retrieved 2017-03-29.
- ^ "Far-right MP Mazurek found guilty. He will lose his seat". The Slovak Spectator. 3 September 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
- ^ "ĽSNS member fined for fascist salute". The Slovak Spectator. 28 Jan 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
- ^ "Guilty: Kotleba sentenced to four years and four months in prison". The Slovak Spectator. 12 October 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Program" (PDF). Kotleba - Ľudová strana Naše Slovensko.
- ^ . Topky.sk. Archived from the original on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
- ^ Webnoviny.sk. "Kotleba dal na úrad transparent Yankees go home! Stop NATO!". Webnoviny.sk.
- ^ . Pluska.sk. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
- ^ "Kotleba vyvesil čierne zástavy. Išlo o vlajky za padlých v SNP, tvrdí kraj". Pravda (in Slovak).
- ^ . Pluska.sk. Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
- ^ "V Poľsku zatkli proruského politika, spomínajú aj Kotlebu". Denník N (in Slovak).[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Bezpečnostné orgány taja, či vyšetrujú napojenie Kotlebu na Moskvu". domov.sme.sk (in Slovak). Petit Press a.s.
- ^ . naseslovensko.net (in Slovak). Archived from the original on 2017-10-21. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
- ^ "Do Lotyšska vyšleme 152 vojakov. Cvičiť budú obranu východnej hranice NATO". Aktuálne.sk (in Slovak). News and Media Holding a.s.
- ^ "Bielorus, ktorý mal posielať na Slovensko peniaze z Ruska: Podporujem myšlienku Kotlebu". hnonline.sk (in Slovak).
- ^ "Policajti nakoniec u kotlebovcov sponzorov z Ruska nenašli". etrend.sk (in Slovak). 8 November 2017.
- ^ Čaplovič, Miroslav (16 May 2019). "Moskva odsúdila extrémizmus kotlebovcov". Pravda.sk (in Slovak).
- ^ . Kotleba - Ľudová strana Naše Slovensko. 30 June 2018. Archived from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
- ^ "How a Slovakian neo-Nazi got elected". The Guardian. 14 February 2019.
- ^ "Uhrík šíri v Európskom parlamente proruské dezinformácie". antipropaganda.sk. 13 October 2019.
- ^ "Number and share of representatives elected to regional corporations by political parties and independent candidates". Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
- ^ "Number and share of representatives elected to regional corporations by political parties and independent candidates". Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic.
- ^ "Elections to Regional Governments - the elections to the bodies of self‑governing regions 2022". Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic.
Further reading edit
- Gyárfášová, Oľga (2018). "The Fourth Generation: From Anti-Establishment to Anti-System Parties in Slovakia". New Perspectives. 26 (1): 109–134. ISSN 2336-825X.
External links edit
- Official website