fbpx
Wikipedia

Kermes (dye)

January 06, 2023

For other uses, see Kermes (disambiguation).

Kermes is a red dye derived from the dried bodies of the females of a scale insect in the genus Kermes, primarily Kermes vermilio. The Kermes insects are native in the Mediterranean region and are parasites living on the sap of the host plant, the Kermes oak (Quercus coccifera) and the Palestine oak (Quercus calliprinos).[1] These insects were used as a red dye since antiquity by the ancient Egyptians, Mesopotamians, Indians, Greeks, Romans, and Iranians. The kermes dye is a rich red, a crimson. It has good colour fastness in silk and wool. It was much esteemed in the medieval era for dyeing silk and wool, particularly scarlet cloth. Post-medievally it was replaced by other red dyes, starting with cochineal.

The Coronation Mantle of Roger II of Sicily, silk dyed with kermes and embroidered with gold thread and pearls. Royal Workshop, Palermo, Sicily, 1133–34. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.

Etymology

Kermes ultimately derives from the Sanskrit word कृमिज or kṛmija meaning "worm-made".[2] This was adopted into Persian and later Arabic as قرمز qermez. The modern English word kermes was borrowed from the French term kermès.

History

Kermes dye is of ancient origin; jars of kermes have been found in a Neolithic cave-burial at Adaouste, northeast of Aix-en-Provence.[3] The early Egyptians made use of the kermes dye.[4]

In the Middle Ages, rich crimson and scarlet silks dyed with kermes in the new silk-weaving centers of Italy and Sicily exceeded the legendary Tyrian purple "in status and desirability".[5] The dyestuff was called "grain" (grana) in all Western European languages because the desiccated eggs resembled fine grains of wheat or sand,[6] and textiles dyed with kermes were described as dyed in the grain.[7] Woollens were frequently dyed blue with woad before spinning and weaving, and then piece-dyed in kermes, producing a wide range colours from blacks and grays through browns, murreys, purples, and sanguines.[7] One source dated to the 12th-century notes that kermes dye adheres best to animal-based fibers (e.g. wool, silk, etc.), rather than to plant-based fibers (e.g. cotton, linen, etc.).[8]

By the 14th and early 15th century, brilliant full grain pure kermes scarlet was "by far the most esteemed, most regal" colour for luxury woollen textiles in the Low Countries, England, France, Spain and Italy.[6]

Following the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, Mexican cochineal, which produced a stronger dye and could thus be used in smaller quantities, replaced kermes dyes in general use in Europe.[9][10]

The biblical scarlet (tolaʻat šanī)

In the Bible, scarlet was one of three principal pigments used in the Temple curtain,[11][12] appurtenances,[11][13] and sacred vestments.[11][14] In some cases scarlet wool threads were woven together with threads of other colors;[15] elsewhere a purely scarlet fabric was required.[16] In addition, scarlet-dyed yarn was thrown as an adjunct into the burning ashes of the Red heifer,[17] and was used as an adjunct in the purification ritual of lepers who had been healed.[18]

The English word for the biblical "scarlet" (Exodus 25:4, etc.) is a literal translation from the Septuagint (Koinē Greek: κόκκινον = kókkinon, meaning "scarlet"). The original Hebrew text (tola'at shani) translates to "scarlet worm", indicating that the scarlet color is derived from an animal, a requirement which was formalized in the Jerusalem Talmud (Kila'im 9:1 [32a]).[19] This animal was known in the Roman world as grani coccum = "the grain of the scarlet yarn."[20]

While production of the crimson or scarlet dye from the kermes scale insect had, traditionally, been an art preserved with medieval dyers, the practice seemed to have been lost for many centuries.[21] Late exponents of Jewish law were baffled by the Tosefta's ruling that tola'at shani (scarlet colored ritual wool) may only be made from the tola'at (worm-like aphid) which lives in the mountainous regions.[22][23] The dye's crimson or scarlet-orange tinge is alluded to in an early rabbinic source, Pesikta Rabbati, where tola'at shani is said to be "neither red, nor green," but of an intermediate color.[24] Biblical exegete Saadia Gaon (882–942) wrote that the scarlet colored fabric was qirmiz (Arabic: قرمز), derived from the kermes insect[25][26] and which produced a color ranging from Venetian scarlet to crimson. According to Saadia, the dye was applied to silk yarns. A rare 10th-century Arabic document was retrieved by Zohar Amar, from which he was able to reproduce the dye extract, using antique methods.[27]

Dye production

Out of the four kermes scale insects tested in Israel, the wingless female Kermes echinatus with her unhatched eggs still in her body yielded the brightest red colorant.[1][28] The scale insect is first dried and ground to a powder. The dyestuff is then placed in a pot of water and cooked on a low heat, which turns the water red.[29] The water is then strained and is ready for use.[29] Those familiar with the dyeing technique have noted that before inserting the fabric into the bath containing the dye solution, the fabric is first dipped into a bath of dissolved alum, which, when added to the dye solution, gives to the fabric its bright reddish-orange color, besides serving as a mordant.[30][31] Darker shades are achieved by repeating the dyeing process several times, having the fabric dry, and re-dyed.[32]

According to field research conducted by Amar and colleagues, the female K. echinatus insect, which has a camouflage color of grey to reddish-brown, "produces the dye pigment in both her body and in her eggs, only at the peak of her adulthood, which continues for no more than one month, around July and August."[33][1] A delay in harvesting the scale insect with eggs may result in a significant reduction in dye production.[28] After collecting, the insects are first dried in the shade for a period of one week, ground to a powder, and then steeped in water for 45 minutes and which maintains a low-heated temperature of 60 degrees Celsius to 80°C (140° Fahrenheit to 176°F). To this hot bath is added the fabric to absorb the dye. Heating the dye solution to a temperature more than this is liable to destroy the pigment or to cause fading.[28] When alum is added to the dye substance as a mordant, a bright red-orange hue is obtained, which color is then made color-fast.

 
Wool dyed with the scale insect kermes

Chemical analysis of the dye extract shows a high percentage of kermesic acid (C16H10O8) (Ka; maximum at 480 nanometers [nm]) and flavokermesic acid (Fk; maximum at 432 nm). Wool dyed in an acid bath solution with kermes produced a red-orange hue, but without the acidic addition the color remained a brick red or dark red.[34] Other acid bath solutions produced a golden-yellow hue.[34]

Amar found that the host trees in the Land of Israel (viz. Quercus calliprinos) produced varied sizes of the scale insect Kermes echinatus, the largest of which being found in Israel's north, particularly in the Upper Galilee region and in the northern parts of the Golan Heights, which reached a mean size of 6.4–5 millimeters.[28] However, the scale insect's distribution was not uniform. Some trees were effected by the parasites, while others were not.[28] 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) of freshly harvested kermes scale insects loses about two-thirds of its weight when dried.[35][28] The dried dyestuff is sold either in its raw form as kernels, as powder, or as briquettes.[35] Approximately 50,000 to 60,000 scale insects are needed to produce one kilogram of the dried dyestuff.[35][28]

In literature

In the Hebrew Bible, scarlet was considered a striking and lively color,[36] and was used in priestly garments and other ritual items,[37] but could also symbolize sin.[38]

Scarlet was one of the chief colors used to decorate the bridal chamber in Jewish weddings, in which large colored sheets of scarlet overlaid with gold were hung.[39][28]

As part of the Yom Kippur Temple service, a man would lead away the scapegoat and, when he reached a precipitous ravine some distance away, he would tie scarlet thread to its horns, before pushing it down to its death.[40][41]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Amar, et al. (2005), p. 1081
  2. ^ Company, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing. "The American Heritage Dictionary entry: Kermes". www.ahdictionary.com. Retrieved 2021-08-16.
  3. ^ Barber (1991), pp. 230–231
  4. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica, s.v. Kermes insect and dye
  5. ^ Schoeser (2007), p. 118
  6. ^ a b Munro, John H. "The Anti-Red Shift – To the Dark Side: Colour Changes in Flemish Luxury Woollens, 1300–1500". In Netherton & Owens-Crocker (2007), pp. 56–57.
  7. ^ a b Munro, John H. "Medieval Woollens: Textiles, Technology, and Organisation". In Jenkins (2003), pp. 214–215.
  8. ^ Amar (2007), pp. 34, 52 (citing Ibn al-Baitar and others).
  9. ^ Schoeser (2007), pp. 121, 248
  10. ^ Barber (1982), p. 55.
  11. ^ a b c Amar (2007), p. 21
  12. ^ Cf. Exodus 26:31; 2 Chronicles 3:14
  13. ^ Cf. Numbers 4:8
  14. ^ Cf. Exodus 28:5–6; Exodus 39:1
  15. ^ Exodus 26:31; Exodus 28:6
  16. ^ Numbers 4:8
  17. ^ Cf. Numbers 19:6
  18. ^ Cf. Leviticus 14:4
  19. ^ Amar (2007), pp. 15–20
  20. ^ Amar (2007), p. 28, citing Pliny the Elder, Natural History (XXII.3.3.), and which Pliny says was used to dye the military costumes of their generals.
  21. ^ Amar, et al. (2005), p. 1080
  22. ^ Bleich (1967), p. 114. Cf. Exodus 39:29
  23. ^ Cf. Tosefta Menachot 9:6 [16]–7 [17], where it states: "Shani tola'at (scarlet producing worm) comes from the tola'at (worm-like aphid) that is in the mountains. Had it been brought from aught other than the tola'at that is in the mountains, it is invalid." [Tosefta with the commentary Ḥasdei David, David Pardo (ed.), vol. 6 (Kodashim – I), Vagshal: Jerusalem 1994, p. 331 (s.v. Menachot 9:6)].
  24. ^ Pesikta Rabbati (n.d.). Meir Ish Shalom of Vienna (ed.). Midrash Pesikta Rabbati (in Hebrew). Israel: not identified. p. 98b (chapter 20 – end, section Matan Torah). OCLC 249274973. (reprinted from 1880 edition): "[When Moses went up on high]... he saw a troop of angels that were dressed in clothing that resembled the sea. He (God) said to him: `This is the [color of] techelet` (i.e. blue). ... He [then] saw men dressed in red clothing... He (God) said to him: `This is [the color of] arğaman` (i.e. purple red). He went backwards and he saw a troop that were dressed in clothes that were neither red, nor green. He (God) said to him: `This is [the color of] tola'at shani` (i.e. crimson). He [again] went backwards and saw before him troops that were dressed in white clothing. `This is [the color of] twined linen` (i.e. that is referred to among the four colors used in the Temple service)."
  25. ^ Amar (2007), pp. 14, 31
  26. ^ Taj (Codex of the First Five Books of Moses), including the Targum of Onkelos and the Judeo-Arabic translation of Rabbi Saadia Gaon (Tafsir) and readings from the prophets (Hafṭarah), 2 volumes, Jerusalem 1894–1901 (jointly published with Shalom ben Yosef 'Iraqi Cohen-Tzedek), s.v. Exodus 25:4, Exodus 26:1, et al.
  27. ^ Amar (2007), pp. 32, 51–52; citing The Nabataean Agriculture (Kitāb al-Filāḥa al-Nabaṭiyya), by Ibn Wahshiyya.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h Segal, Arnon (2014). "Orange Riband (סרט כתום)". Maḳor Rishon (מקור ראשון) (in Hebrew) (860): 14. OCLC 1037747901.
  29. ^ a b Amar (2007), p. 51
  30. ^ Amar (2007), p. 52
  31. ^ "Mediterranean Kermes (Kermes vermilio Planchon)". Cultural Heritage Preservation and Natural Dyes Laboratory (DATU). 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  32. ^ Amar (2007), p. 53
  33. ^ Amar (2007), p. 42
  34. ^ a b Amar, et al. (2005), p. 1082
  35. ^ a b c Amar (2007), p. 82
  36. ^ Genesis 38:28; Joshua 2:18,21; Jeremiah 4:30
  37. ^ Exodus 25:4
  38. ^ Isaiah 1:18
  39. ^ Tosefta, Sotah 15:9
  40. ^ Mishnah Yoma 6:6)
  41. ^ Amar (2007), pp. 21–22

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

 
Look up kermes (dye) in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  •   Media related to Kermes (dye) at Wikimedia Commons
  • The torah process of curing tzoraath; using tolaath shani תולעת שני, the Kermes dye (Kehuna.org)
  • Wool dyed with the scale insect Kermes echinatus (David Iluz)

January 06, 2023
kermes, other, uses, kermes, disambiguation, kermes, derived, from, dried, bodies, females, scale, insect, genus, kermes, primarily, kermes, vermilio, kermes, insects, native, mediterranean, region, parasites, living, host, plant, kermes, quercus, coccifera, p. For other uses see Kermes disambiguation Kermes is a red dye derived from the dried bodies of the females of a scale insect in the genus Kermes primarily Kermes vermilio The Kermes insects are native in the Mediterranean region and are parasites living on the sap of the host plant the Kermes oak Quercus coccifera and the Palestine oak Quercus calliprinos 1 These insects were used as a red dye since antiquity by the ancient Egyptians Mesopotamians Indians Greeks Romans and Iranians The kermes dye is a rich red a crimson It has good colour fastness in silk and wool It was much esteemed in the medieval era for dyeing silk and wool particularly scarlet cloth Post medievally it was replaced by other red dyes starting with cochineal The Coronation Mantle of Roger II of Sicily silk dyed with kermes and embroidered with gold thread and pearls Royal Workshop Palermo Sicily 1133 34 Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 The biblical scarlet tolaʻat sani 3 1 Dye production 3 2 In literature 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 Further reading 8 External linksEtymology EditKermes ultimately derives from the Sanskrit word क म ज or kṛmija meaning worm made 2 This was adopted into Persian and later Arabic as قرمز qermez The modern English word kermes was borrowed from the French term kermes History EditKermes dye is of ancient origin jars of kermes have been found in a Neolithic cave burial at Adaouste northeast of Aix en Provence 3 The early Egyptians made use of the kermes dye 4 In the Middle Ages rich crimson and scarlet silks dyed with kermes in the new silk weaving centers of Italy and Sicily exceeded the legendary Tyrian purple in status and desirability 5 The dyestuff was called grain grana in all Western European languages because the desiccated eggs resembled fine grains of wheat or sand 6 and textiles dyed with kermes were described as dyed in the grain 7 Woollens were frequently dyed blue with woad before spinning and weaving and then piece dyed in kermes producing a wide range colours from blacks and grays through browns murreys purples and sanguines 7 One source dated to the 12th century notes that kermes dye adheres best to animal based fibers e g wool silk etc rather than to plant based fibers e g cotton linen etc 8 By the 14th and early 15th century brilliant full grain pure kermes scarlet was by far the most esteemed most regal colour for luxury woollen textiles in the Low Countries England France Spain and Italy 6 Following the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire Mexican cochineal which produced a stronger dye and could thus be used in smaller quantities replaced kermes dyes in general use in Europe 9 10 The biblical scarlet tolaʻat sani EditIn the Bible scarlet was one of three principal pigments used in the Temple curtain 11 12 appurtenances 11 13 and sacred vestments 11 14 In some cases scarlet wool threads were woven together with threads of other colors 15 elsewhere a purely scarlet fabric was required 16 In addition scarlet dyed yarn was thrown as an adjunct into the burning ashes of the Red heifer 17 and was used as an adjunct in the purification ritual of lepers who had been healed 18 The English word for the biblical scarlet Exodus 25 4 etc is a literal translation from the Septuagint Koine Greek kokkinon kokkinon meaning scarlet The original Hebrew text tola at shani translates to scarlet worm indicating that the scarlet color is derived from an animal a requirement which was formalized in the Jerusalem Talmud Kila im 9 1 32a 19 This animal was known in the Roman world as grani coccum the grain of the scarlet yarn 20 While production of the crimson or scarlet dye from the kermes scale insect had traditionally been an art preserved with medieval dyers the practice seemed to have been lost for many centuries 21 Late exponents of Jewish law were baffled by the Tosefta s ruling that tola at shani scarlet colored ritual wool may only be made from the tola at worm like aphid which lives in the mountainous regions 22 23 The dye s crimson or scarlet orange tinge is alluded to in an early rabbinic source Pesikta Rabbati where tola at shani is said to be neither red nor green but of an intermediate color 24 Biblical exegete Saadia Gaon 882 942 wrote that the scarlet colored fabric was qirmiz Arabic قرمز derived from the kermes insect 25 26 and which produced a color ranging from Venetian scarlet to crimson According to Saadia the dye was applied to silk yarns A rare 10th century Arabic document was retrieved by Zohar Amar from which he was able to reproduce the dye extract using antique methods 27 Dye production Edit Out of the four kermes scale insects tested in Israel the wingless female Kermes echinatus with her unhatched eggs still in her body yielded the brightest red colorant 1 28 The scale insect is first dried and ground to a powder The dyestuff is then placed in a pot of water and cooked on a low heat which turns the water red 29 The water is then strained and is ready for use 29 Those familiar with the dyeing technique have noted that before inserting the fabric into the bath containing the dye solution the fabric is first dipped into a bath of dissolved alum which when added to the dye solution gives to the fabric its bright reddish orange color besides serving as a mordant 30 31 Darker shades are achieved by repeating the dyeing process several times having the fabric dry and re dyed 32 According to field research conducted by Amar and colleagues the female K echinatus insect which has a camouflage color of grey to reddish brown produces the dye pigment in both her body and in her eggs only at the peak of her adulthood which continues for no more than one month around July and August 33 1 A delay in harvesting the scale insect with eggs may result in a significant reduction in dye production 28 After collecting the insects are first dried in the shade for a period of one week ground to a powder and then steeped in water for 45 minutes and which maintains a low heated temperature of 60 degrees Celsius to 80 C 140 Fahrenheit to 176 F To this hot bath is added the fabric to absorb the dye Heating the dye solution to a temperature more than this is liable to destroy the pigment or to cause fading 28 When alum is added to the dye substance as a mordant a bright red orange hue is obtained which color is then made color fast Wool dyed with the scale insect kermes Chemical analysis of the dye extract shows a high percentage of kermesic acid C16H10O8 Ka maximum at 480 nanometers nm and flavokermesic acid Fk maximum at 432 nm Wool dyed in an acid bath solution with kermes produced a red orange hue but without the acidic addition the color remained a brick red or dark red 34 Other acid bath solutions produced a golden yellow hue 34 Amar found that the host trees in the Land of Israel viz Quercus calliprinos produced varied sizes of the scale insect Kermes echinatus the largest of which being found in Israel s north particularly in the Upper Galilee region and in the northern parts of the Golan Heights which reached a mean size of 6 4 5 millimeters 28 However the scale insect s distribution was not uniform Some trees were effected by the parasites while others were not 28 1 kilogram 2 2 lb of freshly harvested kermes scale insects loses about two thirds of its weight when dried 35 28 The dried dyestuff is sold either in its raw form as kernels as powder or as briquettes 35 Approximately 50 000 to 60 000 scale insects are needed to produce one kilogram of the dried dyestuff 35 28 In literature Edit In the Hebrew Bible scarlet was considered a striking and lively color 36 and was used in priestly garments and other ritual items 37 but could also symbolize sin 38 Scarlet was one of the chief colors used to decorate the bridal chamber in Jewish weddings in which large colored sheets of scarlet overlaid with gold were hung 39 28 As part of the Yom Kippur Temple service a man would lead away the scapegoat and when he reached a precipitous ravine some distance away he would tie scarlet thread to its horns before pushing it down to its death 40 41 See also EditAlchermes Natural dye PorphyrophoraReferences Edit a b c Amar et al 2005 p 1081 Company Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing The American Heritage Dictionary entry Kermes www ahdictionary com Retrieved 2021 08 16 Barber 1991 pp 230 231 Encyclopaedia Britannica s v Kermes insect and dye Schoeser 2007 p 118 a b Munro John H The Anti Red Shift To the Dark Side Colour Changes in Flemish Luxury Woollens 1300 1500 In Netherton amp Owens Crocker 2007 pp 56 57 a b Munro John H Medieval Woollens Textiles Technology and Organisation In Jenkins 2003 pp 214 215 Amar 2007 pp 34 52 citing Ibn al Baitar and others Schoeser 2007 pp 121 248 Barber 1982 p 55 a b c Amar 2007 p 21 Cf Exodus 26 31 2 Chronicles 3 14 Cf Numbers 4 8 Cf Exodus 28 5 6 Exodus 39 1 Exodus 26 31 Exodus 28 6 Numbers 4 8 Cf Numbers 19 6 Cf Leviticus 14 4 Amar 2007 pp 15 20 Amar 2007 p 28 citing Pliny the Elder Natural History XXII 3 3 and which Pliny says was used to dye the military costumes of their generals Amar et al 2005 p 1080 Bleich 1967 p 114 Cf Exodus 39 29 Cf Tosefta Menachot 9 6 16 7 17 where it states Shani tola at scarlet producing worm comes from the tola at worm like aphid that is in the mountains Had it been brought from aught other than the tola at that is in the mountains it is invalid Tosefta with the commentary Ḥasdei David David Pardo ed vol 6 Kodashim I Vagshal Jerusalem 1994 p 331 s v Menachot 9 6 Pesikta Rabbati n d Meir Ish Shalom of Vienna ed Midrash Pesikta Rabbati in Hebrew Israel not identified p 98b chapter 20 end section Matan Torah OCLC 249274973 reprinted from 1880 edition When Moses went up on high he saw a troop of angels that were dressed in clothing that resembled the sea He God said to him This is the color of techelet i e blue He then saw men dressed in red clothing He God said to him This is the color of argaman i e purple red He went backwards and he saw a troop that were dressed in clothes that were neither red nor green He God said to him This is the color of tola at shani i e crimson He again went backwards and saw before him troops that were dressed in white clothing This is the color of twined linen i e that is referred to among the four colors used in the Temple service Amar 2007 pp 14 31 Taj Codex of the First Five Books of Moses including the Targum of Onkelos and the Judeo Arabic translation of Rabbi Saadia Gaon Tafsir and readings from the prophets Hafṭarah 2 volumes Jerusalem 1894 1901 jointly published with Shalom ben Yosef Iraqi Cohen Tzedek s v Exodus 25 4 Exodus 26 1 et al Amar 2007 pp 32 51 52 citing The Nabataean Agriculture Kitab al Filaḥa al Nabaṭiyya by Ibn Wahshiyya a b c d e f g h Segal Arnon 2014 Orange Riband סרט כתום Maḳor Rishon מקור ראשון in Hebrew 860 14 OCLC 1037747901 a b Amar 2007 p 51 Amar 2007 p 52 Mediterranean Kermes Kermes vermilio Planchon Cultural Heritage Preservation and Natural Dyes Laboratory DATU 2021 Retrieved 30 June 2021 Amar 2007 p 53 Amar 2007 p 42 a b Amar et al 2005 p 1082 a b c Amar 2007 p 82 Genesis 38 28 Joshua 2 18 21 Jeremiah 4 30 Exodus 25 4 Isaiah 1 18 Tosefta Sotah 15 9 Mishnah Yoma 6 6 Amar 2007 pp 21 22Bibliography EditAmar Z Gottlieb Hugo Varshavsky Lucy Iluz David 2005 The Scarlet Dye of the Holy Land BioScience American Institute of Biological Sciences 55 12 1080 1083 doi 10 1641 0006 3568 2005 055 1080 TSDOTH 2 0 CO 2 Amar Z 2007 Serri Yaron ed Tracking the scarlet dye of the Holy Land Be ʻiḳvot tolaʻat ha shani ha Erets Yisreʼelit in Hebrew Neṿeh Tsuf Modi in ISBN 965 90818 2 0 OCLC 645876294 Barber E J W 1991 Prehistoric Textiles Princeton University Press ISBN 0 691 00224 X Bleich J David 1967 A Review of Halakhic Literature Pertaining to the Reinstitution of the Sacrificial Order Tradition A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought Rabbinical Council of America RCA 9 3 103 124 JSTOR 23256821 Goodwin Jill 1982 A Dyer s Manual Pelham ISBN 0 7207 1327 7 Jenkins David ed 2003 The Cambridge History of Western Textiles Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 34107 8 Netherton Robin Gale R Owen Crocker eds 2007 Medieval Clothing and Textiles Vol 3 Boydell Press ISBN 978 1 84383 291 1 Pesikta Rabbati n d Meir Ish Shalom of Vienna ed Midrash Pesikta Rabbati in Hebrew Israel not identified OCLC 249274973 Schoeser Mary 2007 Silk Yale University Press ISBN 0 300 11741 8 Further reading EditCordon Dominique 1990 Kermes a dying dye Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 106 191 192 M Spofek Z Mendel amp Y Ben Dov 2016 Natural history of Kermesidae Hemiptera Coccomorpha in Israel Journal of Natural History 30 1 14 External links Edit Look up kermes dye in Wiktionary the free dictionary Media related to Kermes dye at Wikimedia Commons The torah process of curing tzoraath using tolaath shani תולעת שני the Kermes dye Kehuna org Wool dyed with the scale insect Kermes echinatus David Iluz Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kermes dye amp oldid 1121624344, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.