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Karl Borris

January 31, 2023

Karl Borris (3 January 1916 – 18 August 1981) was a World War II Luftwaffe military aviator and test pilot. As a flying ace, he is credited with 43 victories, all of them over the Western Front, for which he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, the highest award in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II. Borris was involved in the introduction of the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 to front line service. Borris and 30 other pilots, technicians and engineers extensively tested the Fw 190 and their input was used in the decision to continue the project.

Karl Borris
Born3 January 1916
Heinsdorf
Died18 August 1981(1981-08-18) (aged 65)
Bornum
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service/branch Luftwaffe
Years of service1939–1945
RankMajor (major)
UnitJG 26 "Schlageter"
Commands held8./JG 26, I./JG 26
Battles/wars
See battles
World War II
AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross

World War II

World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. On 1 December 1939, Leutnant Borris joined Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" (JG 26—26th Fighter Wing), which had been named after Albert Leo Schlageter on 1 May 1939.[1] There, he was assigned to II. Gruppe (2nd group).[2] At the time, the Geschwader was commanded by Oberst Eduard Ritter von Schleich and II. Gruppe was led by Hauptmann Herwig Knüppel.[3] The Gruppe was based at Werl and patrolled western German border during the "Phoney War" without having contact with the enemy. On 27 January, II. Gruppe was ordered to Dortmund where it stayed until 9 May 1940.[4]

During the Battle of France on 13 May, Borris was shot down in his Messerschmitt Bf 109 E-3 by a Boulton Paul Defiant fighter near Dordrecht. He managed to bail out, was injured and returned to his Staffel on 17 May.[5] According to Mathews and Foremann, his victor was either Flight Lieutenant Ken Gillies from No. 66 Squadron or Pilot Officer P.E.J. Greenhous from No. 264 Squadron.[6] Prior to this mission, Borris had attended a gas-protection course in Berlin.[7] Command of II. Gruppe changed frequently in 1940. On 19 May, Knüppel was killed in action, he was temporarily replaced by Hauptmann Karl Ebbinghausen until he was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 4. Staffel on 31 May. On 1 June, command of II. Gruppe was officially handed over to Hauptmann Erich Noack.[8] Noack was killed in a landing accident on 24 July, and command of II. Gruppe was again given to Ebbighausen, who was then killed in action on 16 August. Hauptmann Erich Bode then led the Gruppe until 3 October when Hauptmann Walter Adolph was given command.[9]

Boris claimed his first aerial victory on 1 June during the Battle of Dunkirk. He was credited with the destruction of a Royal Air Force (RAF) Supermarine Spitfire at 12:42 over the combat area of Dunkirk.[10] The next day, II. Gruppe again fought over the Dunkirk battle zone and Borris claimed his second aerial victory. At 09:10, he claimed a Spitfire which came from either No. 66, No. 266 or No. 611 Squadron.[11]

During the Battle of Britain, Borris was credited with two aerial victories on 13 August, a day that was codenamed Adlertag (Eagle Day) by the Luftwaffe. II. Gruppe made contact with Hawker Hurricane fighters from No. 56 Squadron over Maidstone and for the loss of one Bf 109 E-1 shot down, claimed two Hurricanes destroyed, both of them by Borris between Maidstone and Detling.[12] On 6 September, he claimed another Hurricane shot down. This Hurricane was a No. 501 Squadron aircraft ans was claimed at 09:55 near Folkestone.[13] Borris claimed his final aerial victory of the Battle of Britain on 25 October. On an escort mission for fighter bombers from II. Gruppe of Lehrgeschwader 2 (LG 2—2nd Demonstration Wing), Borris claimed the destruction of a No. 603 Squadron Spitfire near Maidstone.[14]

Testing the Fw 190

 
A Focke-Wulf Fw 190 fighter similar to those flown by Borris.

On 5 March 1941, Borris, at the time the technical officer of II. Gruppe, and Oberleutnant Otto Behrens, the Staffelkapitän of 6. Staffel, were sent to the Luftwaffe main testing ground (Erprobungsstelle) for new aircraft designs at Rechlin for operational testing of the then new Focke Wulf Fw 190. Both Borris and Behrens were prewar aircraft mechanics and headed a team of 30 mechanics and engineers.[15] The unit was given six pre-production Fw 190 A-0 fighters for evaluation and conducted numerous test flights and made various suggestions which proved vital to working out all the technical challenges associated with a new aircraft design.[16][17]

The Erprobungsstaffel 190, the operational Fw 190 test squadron, headed by Behrens, was ordered from Rechlin to the Le Bourget airfield near Paris on 1 August. There, they were tasked with training II. Gruppe of JG 26 on the Fw 190 A-1.[18][19] Borris was transferred to the 6. Staffel which at the time was commanded by Oberleutnant Walter Schneider and was based at an airfield in Moorsele Belgium.[20] 6. Staffel was the first operational unit to be equipped with the Fw 190. By September, the entire II. Gruppe was flying the Fw 190.[21] On 9 August, he claimed his first aerial victory on the Fw 190. That day, the RAF had sent a "Rodeo" to Neufchâtel-Hardelot and Borris claimed a No. 403 Squadron Spitfire shot down near Campagne.[22] On 20 September, the RAF Fighter Command flew three "Circuses" simultaneously; No. 100A targeted the Hazebrouck motor yards, No. 100B the Abbeville motor yards, and No. 100C hit the Rouen shipyards. In defense of this attack, Borris was credited with destruction of Spitfire, claimed at 16:57 near Mardyck.[23] The next day, "Circus" No. 101 consisting of twelve Bristol Blenheim bombers and escorted by fourteen squadrons of Spitfires and Hurricanes targeted Béthune and Gosnay. In combat over Étaples, Borris managed to shoot down a No. 315 Polish Fighter Squadron Spitfire at 16:30.[24]

Squadron leader

On 6 November 1941, Hauptmann Johann Schmid, the Staffelkapitän of 8. Staffel, was killed in action. In consequence, Borris was transferred and chosen as his successor.[25] 8. Staffel was a squadron of III. Gruppe and at the time commanded by Major Gerhard Schöpfel.[26] Borris claimed his first aerial victory whilst flying with 8. Staffel on 13 March 1942. By this date, his Fw 190 had been equipped with the FuG 25a Erstling, an identification friend or foe transponder, allowing German radar operators to distinguish between friendly and enemy aircraft. That day, the RAF sent "Circus" No. 114 to bomb the railway yards at Hazebrouck. III. Gruppe was dispatched and fought a lengthy air battle with the Kenley Wing. During this air battle, Borris downed a No. 602 Squadron Spitfire for his tenth aerial victory.[27]

During the Dieppe Raid on 19 August 1942, on III. Gruppe's second patrol of the day, a flight led by Borris and Oberleutnant Klaus Mietusch took off from Wevelgem airfield at 09:36. The flight intercepted Spitfire fighters from No. 19 and No. 121 Squadron, an Eagle Squadron. In this encounter, Borris claimed a Spitfire shot down at 10:15 in the vicinity of Dieppe.[28] Following this 21st aerial victory claim, he was awarded the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold) on 8 September.[29]

Defense of the Reich

On 14 May 1943, the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) targeted four separate targets in Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands. In defense of this attack, Borris was shot down in his Fw 190 A-5 (Werknummer 7326—factory number) by the defensive gunfire of a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bomber in combat near Wevelgem. He managed to bail out at 7,000 meters (23,000 feet) but opened his parachute too soon, causing it to partially collapse. He sustained multiple broken bones, requiring a lengthy period in hospitals and convalescence.[30] On 22 June, Major Fritz Losigkeit the commander of I. Gruppe was transferred. In consequence, Oberst Josef Priller, the Geschwaderkommodore (wing commander) of JG 26, was forced to appoint a new Gruppenkommandeur (group commander). While Borris was still in a hospital, Priller called him and gave him command of I. Gruppe.[31]

24 July marked the beginning of a period in the Combined Bomber Offensive which was referred to as "Blitz Week". As part of the offensive, the next day, U.S. Martin B-26 Marauder bombers attacked the Ghent coke furnaces. I. Gruppe, led by Borris, was scrambled at Woensdrecht to intercept the attack on Ghent. The Gruppe engaged the escorting fighters and claimed four Spitfires destroyed plus a further Spitfire damaged, without loss. Following this aerial battle, Borris was credited with two aerial victories over two No. 165 Squadron Spitfires claimed shot down north of Ghent at 15:04 and 15:09 respectively.[32] The USAAF targeted the German aircraft industry on 17 August 1943 in the Schweinfurt–Regensburg mission. In defense of this attack, Borris, who had returned to his unit, claimed the first of 60 B-17 bombers lost by the USAAF that day.[33] At 11:30, he had shot down a B-17 from the 94th Bombardment Group which came down 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) east of Deest.[34][35]

On 17 September 1944, Allied forces launched Operation Market Garden, the operation to secure a bridgehead over the River Rhine.[36] As part of this operation, the Allies flew resupplies to the combat area around Arnhem on 23 September. The transport aircraft were protected by 519 fighters from the VIII Fighter Command and 40 Lockheed P-38 Lightning fighters from the Ninth Air Force. German fighters dispatched by Luftflotte Reich never reached the transports. Borris led I. Gruppe to the Goch-Wesel area where he shot down a North American P-51 Mustang fighter from the 339th Fighter Group.[37]

Operation Bodenplatte and defeat

 
A Fw 190 D-9 of 10./JG 54, piloted by Leutnant Theo Nibel, downed by a partridge which flew into the nose radiator.[38]

On 24 November 1944, Priller with his Geschwaderstab of JG 26 and Borris with his I. Gruppe moved to an airfield near Handrup and Fürstenau.[39] The next day, two pilots of JG 26 were awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes), Borris for 41 aerial victories, and Leutnant Heinz-Gerhard Vogt from 5. Staffel for 46 aerial victories.[40] The presentation of the Knight's Cross was made by Oberst Hannes Trautloft, at the time Inspekteur der Tagjäger (Inspector of Day Fighters), at Fürstenau airfield on 5 December. Following the presentation, Borris led a flight of five Fw 190s against a formation of B-17s bombing Berlin and managed to shoot down a straggler from the 452d Bombardment Group west of Lingen.[41] At Fürstenau airfield, the Gruppe was equipped with the Fw 190 D-9 aircraft and flew twelve combat missions in support of the Ardennes Counteroffensive, also known as the Battle of the Bulge. In these missions, Borris lost eight pilots killed in action, five were wounded and further four pilots were taken prisoner of war (POW).[42]

On 31 December, 20 Fw 190 aircraft from III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54—54th Fighter Wing) under the command of Oberleutnant Hans Dortenmann arrived at Fürstenau in preparation for Operation Bodenplatte.[43] Bodenplatte was an attempt at gaining air superiority during the stagnant stage of the Battle of the Bulge. That evening, Borris briefs the pilots of the mission, which is the Grimbergen Airfield. Led by Priller and Borris, 47 aircraft from the Geschwaderstab and I. Gruppe, and further 17 aircraft from III. Gruppe of JG 54 took off at 08:14 on 1 January 1945.[44] Flying at an altitude of approximately 50–150 metres (160–490 feet), the attack force sustained losses during the approach to the target area, largely due to anti-artillery fire. The airfield at Gimbergen was almost completely abandoned, the damage inflicted was minimal, and the losses sustained where significant. III. Gruppe of JG 54 suffered five pilots killed or missing in action, plus four further taken prisoner of war, Borris lost six pilots either killed or missing in action, making the mission a total failure.[45]

Borris claimed his 43rd and last aerial victory on 14 January and German forces were on the retreat in the Ardennes. At 15:25, Borris led a flight of 31 Fw 190 D-9s from Fürstenfeld, three Fw 190 had to abord the mission prematurely, on mission to protect the German jet bomber airfields in the vicinity of Rheine-Hopsten. Borris and his flight of 28 aircraft encountered Spitfires of the Second Tactical Air Force with the two Norwegian squadrons No. 331 and No. 332 Squadron. In this encounter, Borris claimed a Spitife shot down at 15:45 in the vicinity of Ibbenbüren.[46]

Based at Flensburg Airfield, Borris surrendered I. Gruppe to British forces on 6 May 1945. He and his men were taken to a makeshift POW nearby.[47]

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces: Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 43 aerial victory claims, all of which were claimed on the Western Front.[48]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 05 Ost BE". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 × 4 km in size.[49]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Borris did not receive credit.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Caldwell, Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim Date Time Type Location Claim Date Time Type Location
– 5. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" –[6]
Battle of France — 10 May – 25 June 1940
1 1 June 1940 12:42 Spitfire?[Note 1] northwest of Dunkirk[50] 2 2 June 1940 09:10 Hurricane?[Note 2] Dunkirk[50]
– 4. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" –[6]
Action at the Channel and over England — 26 June – September 1940
3 13 August 1940 17:05 Hurricane Maidstone/Detling[51] 5 6 September 1940 09:55 Hurricane Folkestone[52]
30 km (19 mi) northwest of Folkestone
4 13 August 1940 17:07 Hurricane Maidstone/Detling[51]
Maidstone/Ashford
– 4. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" –[6]
Action at the Channel and over England — September 1940 – 21 June 1941
6 25 October 1940 11:04 Spitfire Maidstone[53]
– 6. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" –[6]
On the Western Front — 22 June – 31 December 1941
7 9 August 1941 18:30 Spitfire Campagne[54] 9 21 September 1941 16:30 Spitfire Étaples[55]
8 20 September 1941?[Note 3] 16:57 Spitfire Mardyck[55]
– 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" –[56]
On the Western Front — 1 January – 31 December 1942
10 13 March 1942 16:09 Spitfire[57] 16 28 April 1942 11:34 Spitfire south of Gravelines[58]
11 4 April 1942 11:40 Spitfire[57] Pas-de-Calais 17 28 April 1942 11:59 Spitfire[58]
12 4 April 1942 11:46 Spitfire 3 km (1.9 mi) north of Sangatte[57] 18 17 May 1942 11:50 Spitfire 6 km (3.7 mi) northwest of Sangatte[58]
13 15 April 1942 19:04 Spitfire east of Cap Gris-Nez[57] 19 1 June 1942 13:58 Spitfire 8 km (5.0 mi) north of De Panne[58]
14 17 April 1942 16:14 Spitfire[57] English Channel 20 30 July 1942 19:20 Spitfire[59]
15 24 April 1942 14:50 Spitfire 75 km (47 mi) west-northwest of Ostend[57] 21 19 August 1942 10:15 Spitfire[59] Dieppe
– 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" –[6]
On the Western Front — 1 January – 22 June 1943
22 3 February 1943 15:21 Spitfire north of Poperinge[60] 25 4 April 1943 14:40 B-17 Rouen/Dieppe[60]
23 3 February 1943 15:21 Spitfire north of Poperinge[60] 26 13 May 1943 16:45 Spitfire Saint-Pol[60]
24 7 February 1943 14:46 Typhoon PQ 05 Ost BE, Roeselare/Staden[60]
– Stab I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" –[48]
On the Western Front — 22 June 1943 – 8 May 1945
27 25 July 1943 15:04 Spitfire north of Ghent[61]
—
[Note 4]		 6 March 1944 14:35 P-47 southwest of Oldenburg[63]
28 25 July 1943 15:09 Spitfire north of Ghent[61] 36 8 March 1944 16:50 Spitfire east of Utrecht[64]
29 17 August 1943 11:30 B-17 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Deest[34] 37 19 April 1944 19:05 Spitfire east-northeast of Mechelen[65]
30 19 September 1943 12:52 Spitfire east of Ipswich[66] 38 14 July 1944 14:36 P-47 west of Paris[67]
31 7 January 1944 12:30 P-47 vicinity of Cousolre[68] 39 26 August 1944 09:32 Spitfire Rouen[69]
32 11 January 1944 13:00?[Note 5] B-17 Nordhorn-Zuiderzee[70] 40 16 September 1944 17:40 P-38 Bonn[36]
33 29 January 1944 11:05 B-17 east of Bonn[71] 41 23 September 1944 17:09 P-51 Wesel[72]
34 8 February 1944 11:15?[Note 6] P-47 east of Saint-Quentin[73] 42 5 December 1944 13:35 B-17 west of Lingen[41]
35 24 February 1944 13:05 P-47 north of Rheine[74] 43 14 January 1945 15:45 Spitfire Ibbenbüren[75]

Awards

Notes

  1. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Hawker Hurricane.[6]
  2. ^ According to Caldwell, Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Supermarine Spitfire.[6][11]
  3. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed on 10 September 1941.[6]
  4. ^ This claim is not listed by Mathews and Foreman.[62]
  5. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 13:25.[62]
  6. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 11:20.[62]
  7. ^ According to Obermaier on 21 September 1942.[2]

References

Citations

  1. ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 6, 14.
  2. ^ a b Obermaier 1989, p. 93.
  3. ^ Prien et al. 2001, pp. 166, 191.
  4. ^ Prien et al. 2001, pp. 189, 194.
  5. ^ Prien et al. 2000, p. 219.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 132.
  7. ^ Weal 1996a, Chapter 5 — The Blitzkrieg Comes of Age.
  8. ^ Prien et al. 2000, p. 214.
  9. ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 307.
  10. ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 35–36.
  11. ^ a b Caldwell 1996, p. 36.
  12. ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 55–56.
  13. ^ Caldwell 1996, p. 70.
  14. ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 83–84.
  15. ^ Caldwell 1996, p. 122.
  16. ^ Scutts 1992, p. 55.
  17. ^ Weal 1996b, p. 9.
  18. ^ Caldwell 1996, p. 159.
  19. ^ Weal 1996b, p. 10.
  20. ^ Prien et al. 2003, pp. 528–529.
  21. ^ Price 1977, p. 31.
  22. ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 163–164.
  23. ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 177–179.
  24. ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 179–180.
  25. ^ Weal 1996b, p. 12.
  26. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 544.
  27. ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 215–216.
  28. ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 272, 279.
  29. ^ a b Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 53.
  30. ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 57–58.
  31. ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 106–107, 485.
  32. ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 120–121.
  33. ^ Weal 2011, p. 25.
  34. ^ a b Caldwell 1998, p. 139.
  35. ^ Middlebrook 2019, pp. 107–108.
  36. ^ a b Caldwell 1998, p. 349.
  37. ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 354–355.
  38. ^ Girbig 1997, p. 198.
  39. ^ Girbig 1997, p. 194.
  40. ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 379.
  41. ^ a b Caldwell 1998, p. 384.
  42. ^ Manrho & Pütz 2004, p. 277.
  43. ^ Manrho & Pütz 2004, p. 282.
  44. ^ Girbig 1997, p. 195.
  45. ^ Girbig 1997, pp. 196–198.
  46. ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 420–421.
  47. ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 478.
  48. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 132–133.
  49. ^ Planquadrat.
  50. ^ a b Prien et al. 2000, p. 218.
  51. ^ a b Prien et al. 2002, p. 310.
  52. ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 311.
  53. ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 312.
  54. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 531.
  55. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003, p. 533.
  56. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 366.
  57. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2004, p. 396.
  58. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2004, p. 397.
  59. ^ a b Prien et al. 2004, p. 398.
  60. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2010, p. 577.
  61. ^ a b Caldwell 1998, p. 121.
  62. ^ a b c Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 133.
  63. ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 226.
  64. ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 228.
  65. ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 246.
  66. ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 156.
  67. ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 302.
  68. ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 197.
  69. ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 336.
  70. ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 199.
  71. ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 205.
  72. ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 355.
  73. ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 210.
  74. ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 220.
  75. ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 421.
  76. ^ Patzwall 2008, p. 55.
  77. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 141.
  78. ^ Scherzer 2007, p. 236.

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  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
  • Scutts, Jerry (1992). Fighter Operations: The Tactics and Techniques of Air Combat, from World War I to the Gulf War. Sparkford: Patrick Stephens. ISBN 978-1-85260-127-0.
  • Spick, Mike (1996). Luftwaffe Fighter Aces. New York: Ivy Books. ISBN 978-0-8041-1696-1.
  • Weal, John (1996a). Bf 109D/E Aces 1939–41. London, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-487-9.
  • Weal, John (1996b). Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Aces of the Western Front. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-595-1.
  • Weal, John (2011). Fw 190 Defence of the Reich Aces. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-482-4.
Military offices
Preceded by
Hauptmann Fritz Losigkeit
 Commander of I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 26
23 June 1943 – 14 May 1944 		Succeeded by
Hauptmann Hermann Staiger
Preceded by
Hauptmann Hermann Staiger
 Commander of I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 26
1 August 1944 – 7 May 1945 		Succeeded by
None

January 31, 2023
karl, borris, january, 1916, august, 1981, world, luftwaffe, military, aviator, test, pilot, flying, credited, with, victories, them, over, western, front, which, awarded, knight, cross, iron, cross, highest, award, military, paramilitary, forces, nazi, german. Karl Borris 3 January 1916 18 August 1981 was a World War II Luftwaffe military aviator and test pilot As a flying ace he is credited with 43 victories all of them over the Western Front for which he was awarded the Knight s Cross of the Iron Cross the highest award in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II Borris was involved in the introduction of the Focke Wulf Fw 190 to front line service Borris and 30 other pilots technicians and engineers extensively tested the Fw 190 and their input was used in the decision to continue the project Karl BorrisBorn3 January 1916HeinsdorfDied18 August 1981 1981 08 18 aged 65 BornumAllegiance Nazi GermanyService wbr branch LuftwaffeYears of service1939 1945RankMajor major UnitJG 26 Schlageter Commands held8 JG 26 I JG 26Battles warsSee battlesWorld War II Battle of FranceBattle of DunkirkBattle of Britain Defense of the ReichDieppe Raid Schweinfurt Regensburg mission Operation BodenplatteAwardsKnight s Cross of the Iron Cross Contents 1 World War II 1 1 Testing the Fw 190 1 2 Squadron leader 1 3 Defense of the Reich 1 4 Operation Bodenplatte and defeat 2 Summary of career 2 1 Aerial victory claims 2 2 Awards 3 Notes 4 References 4 1 Citations 4 2 BibliographyWorld War II EditWorld War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland On 1 December 1939 Leutnant Borris joined Jagdgeschwader 26 Schlageter JG 26 26th Fighter Wing which had been named after Albert Leo Schlageter on 1 May 1939 1 There he was assigned to II Gruppe 2nd group 2 At the time the Geschwader was commanded by Oberst Eduard Ritter von Schleich and II Gruppe was led by Hauptmann Herwig Knuppel 3 The Gruppe was based at Werl and patrolled western German border during the Phoney War without having contact with the enemy On 27 January II Gruppe was ordered to Dortmund where it stayed until 9 May 1940 4 During the Battle of France on 13 May Borris was shot down in his Messerschmitt Bf 109 E 3 by a Boulton Paul Defiant fighter near Dordrecht He managed to bail out was injured and returned to his Staffel on 17 May 5 According to Mathews and Foremann his victor was either Flight Lieutenant Ken Gillies from No 66 Squadron or Pilot Officer P E J Greenhous from No 264 Squadron 6 Prior to this mission Borris had attended a gas protection course in Berlin 7 Command of II Gruppe changed frequently in 1940 On 19 May Knuppel was killed in action he was temporarily replaced by Hauptmann Karl Ebbinghausen until he was appointed Staffelkapitan squadron leader of 4 Staffel on 31 May On 1 June command of II Gruppe was officially handed over to Hauptmann Erich Noack 8 Noack was killed in a landing accident on 24 July and command of II Gruppe was again given to Ebbighausen who was then killed in action on 16 August Hauptmann Erich Bode then led the Gruppe until 3 October when Hauptmann Walter Adolph was given command 9 Boris claimed his first aerial victory on 1 June during the Battle of Dunkirk He was credited with the destruction of a Royal Air Force RAF Supermarine Spitfire at 12 42 over the combat area of Dunkirk 10 The next day II Gruppe again fought over the Dunkirk battle zone and Borris claimed his second aerial victory At 09 10 he claimed a Spitfire which came from either No 66 No 266 or No 611 Squadron 11 During the Battle of Britain Borris was credited with two aerial victories on 13 August a day that was codenamed Adlertag Eagle Day by the Luftwaffe II Gruppe made contact with Hawker Hurricane fighters from No 56 Squadron over Maidstone and for the loss of one Bf 109 E 1 shot down claimed two Hurricanes destroyed both of them by Borris between Maidstone and Detling 12 On 6 September he claimed another Hurricane shot down This Hurricane was a No 501 Squadron aircraft ans was claimed at 09 55 near Folkestone 13 Borris claimed his final aerial victory of the Battle of Britain on 25 October On an escort mission for fighter bombers from II Gruppe of Lehrgeschwader 2 LG 2 2nd Demonstration Wing Borris claimed the destruction of a No 603 Squadron Spitfire near Maidstone 14 Testing the Fw 190 Edit A Focke Wulf Fw 190 fighter similar to those flown by Borris On 5 March 1941 Borris at the time the technical officer of II Gruppe and Oberleutnant Otto Behrens the Staffelkapitan of 6 Staffel were sent to the Luftwaffe main testing ground Erprobungsstelle for new aircraft designs at Rechlin for operational testing of the then new Focke Wulf Fw 190 Both Borris and Behrens were prewar aircraft mechanics and headed a team of 30 mechanics and engineers 15 The unit was given six pre production Fw 190 A 0 fighters for evaluation and conducted numerous test flights and made various suggestions which proved vital to working out all the technical challenges associated with a new aircraft design 16 17 The Erprobungsstaffel 190 the operational Fw 190 test squadron headed by Behrens was ordered from Rechlin to the Le Bourget airfield near Paris on 1 August There they were tasked with training II Gruppe of JG 26 on the Fw 190 A 1 18 19 Borris was transferred to the 6 Staffel which at the time was commanded by Oberleutnant Walter Schneider and was based at an airfield in Moorsele Belgium 20 6 Staffel was the first operational unit to be equipped with the Fw 190 By September the entire II Gruppe was flying the Fw 190 21 On 9 August he claimed his first aerial victory on the Fw 190 That day the RAF had sent a Rodeo to Neufchatel Hardelot and Borris claimed a No 403 Squadron Spitfire shot down near Campagne 22 On 20 September the RAF Fighter Command flew three Circuses simultaneously No 100A targeted the Hazebrouck motor yards No 100B the Abbeville motor yards and No 100C hit the Rouen shipyards In defense of this attack Borris was credited with destruction of Spitfire claimed at 16 57 near Mardyck 23 The next day Circus No 101 consisting of twelve Bristol Blenheim bombers and escorted by fourteen squadrons of Spitfires and Hurricanes targeted Bethune and Gosnay In combat over Etaples Borris managed to shoot down a No 315 Polish Fighter Squadron Spitfire at 16 30 24 Squadron leader Edit On 6 November 1941 Hauptmann Johann Schmid the Staffelkapitan of 8 Staffel was killed in action In consequence Borris was transferred and chosen as his successor 25 8 Staffel was a squadron of III Gruppe and at the time commanded by Major Gerhard Schopfel 26 Borris claimed his first aerial victory whilst flying with 8 Staffel on 13 March 1942 By this date his Fw 190 had been equipped with the FuG 25a Erstling an identification friend or foe transponder allowing German radar operators to distinguish between friendly and enemy aircraft That day the RAF sent Circus No 114 to bomb the railway yards at Hazebrouck III Gruppe was dispatched and fought a lengthy air battle with the Kenley Wing During this air battle Borris downed a No 602 Squadron Spitfire for his tenth aerial victory 27 During the Dieppe Raid on 19 August 1942 on III Gruppe s second patrol of the day a flight led by Borris and Oberleutnant Klaus Mietusch took off from Wevelgem airfield at 09 36 The flight intercepted Spitfire fighters from No 19 and No 121 Squadron an Eagle Squadron In this encounter Borris claimed a Spitfire shot down at 10 15 in the vicinity of Dieppe 28 Following this 21st aerial victory claim he was awarded the German Cross in Gold Deutsches Kreuz in Gold on 8 September 29 Defense of the Reich Edit On 14 May 1943 the United States Army Air Forces USAAF targeted four separate targets in Germany Belgium and the Netherlands In defense of this attack Borris was shot down in his Fw 190 A 5 Werknummer 7326 factory number by the defensive gunfire of a Boeing B 17 Flying Fortress bomber in combat near Wevelgem He managed to bail out at 7 000 meters 23 000 feet but opened his parachute too soon causing it to partially collapse He sustained multiple broken bones requiring a lengthy period in hospitals and convalescence 30 On 22 June Major Fritz Losigkeit the commander of I Gruppe was transferred In consequence Oberst Josef Priller the Geschwaderkommodore wing commander of JG 26 was forced to appoint a new Gruppenkommandeur group commander While Borris was still in a hospital Priller called him and gave him command of I Gruppe 31 24 July marked the beginning of a period in the Combined Bomber Offensive which was referred to as Blitz Week As part of the offensive the next day U S Martin B 26 Marauder bombers attacked the Ghent coke furnaces I Gruppe led by Borris was scrambled at Woensdrecht to intercept the attack on Ghent The Gruppe engaged the escorting fighters and claimed four Spitfires destroyed plus a further Spitfire damaged without loss Following this aerial battle Borris was credited with two aerial victories over two No 165 Squadron Spitfires claimed shot down north of Ghent at 15 04 and 15 09 respectively 32 The USAAF targeted the German aircraft industry on 17 August 1943 in the Schweinfurt Regensburg mission In defense of this attack Borris who had returned to his unit claimed the first of 60 B 17 bombers lost by the USAAF that day 33 At 11 30 he had shot down a B 17 from the 94th Bombardment Group which came down 10 kilometres 6 2 miles east of Deest 34 35 On 17 September 1944 Allied forces launched Operation Market Garden the operation to secure a bridgehead over the River Rhine 36 As part of this operation the Allies flew resupplies to the combat area around Arnhem on 23 September The transport aircraft were protected by 519 fighters from the VIII Fighter Command and 40 Lockheed P 38 Lightning fighters from the Ninth Air Force German fighters dispatched by Luftflotte Reich never reached the transports Borris led I Gruppe to the Goch Wesel area where he shot down a North American P 51 Mustang fighter from the 339th Fighter Group 37 Operation Bodenplatte and defeat Edit A Fw 190 D 9 of 10 JG 54 piloted by Leutnant Theo Nibel downed by a partridge which flew into the nose radiator 38 On 24 November 1944 Priller with his Geschwaderstab of JG 26 and Borris with his I Gruppe moved to an airfield near Handrup and Furstenau 39 The next day two pilots of JG 26 were awarded the Knight s Cross of the Iron Cross Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes Borris for 41 aerial victories and Leutnant Heinz Gerhard Vogt from 5 Staffel for 46 aerial victories 40 The presentation of the Knight s Cross was made by Oberst Hannes Trautloft at the time Inspekteur der Tagjager Inspector of Day Fighters at Furstenau airfield on 5 December Following the presentation Borris led a flight of five Fw 190s against a formation of B 17s bombing Berlin and managed to shoot down a straggler from the 452d Bombardment Group west of Lingen 41 At Furstenau airfield the Gruppe was equipped with the Fw 190 D 9 aircraft and flew twelve combat missions in support of the Ardennes Counteroffensive also known as the Battle of the Bulge In these missions Borris lost eight pilots killed in action five were wounded and further four pilots were taken prisoner of war POW 42 On 31 December 20 Fw 190 aircraft from III Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 54 JG 54 54th Fighter Wing under the command of Oberleutnant Hans Dortenmann arrived at Furstenau in preparation for Operation Bodenplatte 43 Bodenplatte was an attempt at gaining air superiority during the stagnant stage of the Battle of the Bulge That evening Borris briefs the pilots of the mission which is the Grimbergen Airfield Led by Priller and Borris 47 aircraft from the Geschwaderstab and I Gruppe and further 17 aircraft from III Gruppe of JG 54 took off at 08 14 on 1 January 1945 44 Flying at an altitude of approximately 50 150 metres 160 490 feet the attack force sustained losses during the approach to the target area largely due to anti artillery fire The airfield at Gimbergen was almost completely abandoned the damage inflicted was minimal and the losses sustained where significant III Gruppe of JG 54 suffered five pilots killed or missing in action plus four further taken prisoner of war Borris lost six pilots either killed or missing in action making the mission a total failure 45 Borris claimed his 43rd and last aerial victory on 14 January and German forces were on the retreat in the Ardennes At 15 25 Borris led a flight of 31 Fw 190 D 9s from Furstenfeld three Fw 190 had to abord the mission prematurely on mission to protect the German jet bomber airfields in the vicinity of Rheine Hopsten Borris and his flight of 28 aircraft encountered Spitfires of the Second Tactical Air Force with the two Norwegian squadrons No 331 and No 332 Squadron In this encounter Borris claimed a Spitife shot down at 15 45 in the vicinity of Ibbenburen 46 Based at Flensburg Airfield Borris surrendered I Gruppe to British forces on 6 May 1945 He and his men were taken to a makeshift POW nearby 47 Summary of career EditAerial victory claims Edit Mathews and Foreman authors of Luftwaffe Aces Biographies and Victory Claims researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 43 aerial victory claims all of which were claimed on the Western Front 48 Victory claims were logged to a map reference PQ Planquadrat for example PQ 05 Ost BE The Luftwaffe grid map Jagermeldenetz covered all of Europe western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude an area of about 360 square miles 930 km2 These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 4 km in size 49 Chronicle of aerial victories This and the dash indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Borris did not receive credit This and the question mark indicates information discrepancies listed by Caldwell Prien Stemmer Rodeike Bock Mathews and Foreman Claim Date Time Type Location Claim Date Time Type Location 5 Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 26 Schlageter 6 Battle of France 10 May 25 June 19401 1 June 1940 12 42 Spitfire Note 1 northwest of Dunkirk 50 2 2 June 1940 09 10 Hurricane Note 2 Dunkirk 50 4 Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 26 Schlageter 6 Action at the Channel and over England 26 June September 19403 13 August 1940 17 05 Hurricane Maidstone Detling 51 5 6 September 1940 09 55 Hurricane Folkestone 52 30 km 19 mi northwest of Folkestone4 13 August 1940 17 07 Hurricane Maidstone Detling 51 Maidstone Ashford 4 Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 26 Schlageter 6 Action at the Channel and over England September 1940 21 June 19416 25 October 1940 11 04 Spitfire Maidstone 53 6 Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 26 Schlageter 6 On the Western Front 22 June 31 December 19417 9 August 1941 18 30 Spitfire Campagne 54 9 21 September 1941 16 30 Spitfire Etaples 55 8 20 September 1941 Note 3 16 57 Spitfire Mardyck 55 8 Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 26 Schlageter 56 On the Western Front 1 January 31 December 194210 13 March 1942 16 09 Spitfire 57 16 28 April 1942 11 34 Spitfire south of Gravelines 58 11 4 April 1942 11 40 Spitfire 57 Pas de Calais 17 28 April 1942 11 59 Spitfire 58 12 4 April 1942 11 46 Spitfire 3 km 1 9 mi north of Sangatte 57 18 17 May 1942 11 50 Spitfire 6 km 3 7 mi northwest of Sangatte 58 13 15 April 1942 19 04 Spitfire east of Cap Gris Nez 57 19 1 June 1942 13 58 Spitfire 8 km 5 0 mi north of De Panne 58 14 17 April 1942 16 14 Spitfire 57 English Channel 20 30 July 1942 19 20 Spitfire 59 15 24 April 1942 14 50 Spitfire 75 km 47 mi west northwest of Ostend 57 21 19 August 1942 10 15 Spitfire 59 Dieppe 8 Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 26 Schlageter 6 On the Western Front 1 January 22 June 194322 3 February 1943 15 21 Spitfire north of Poperinge 60 25 4 April 1943 14 40 B 17 Rouen Dieppe 60 23 3 February 1943 15 21 Spitfire north of Poperinge 60 26 13 May 1943 16 45 Spitfire Saint Pol 60 24 7 February 1943 14 46 Typhoon PQ 05 Ost BE Roeselare Staden 60 Stab I Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 26 Schlageter 48 On the Western Front 22 June 1943 8 May 194527 25 July 1943 15 04 Spitfire north of Ghent 61 Note 4 6 March 1944 14 35 P 47 southwest of Oldenburg 63 28 25 July 1943 15 09 Spitfire north of Ghent 61 36 8 March 1944 16 50 Spitfire east of Utrecht 64 29 17 August 1943 11 30 B 17 10 km 6 2 mi east of Deest 34 37 19 April 1944 19 05 Spitfire east northeast of Mechelen 65 30 19 September 1943 12 52 Spitfire east of Ipswich 66 38 14 July 1944 14 36 P 47 west of Paris 67 31 7 January 1944 12 30 P 47 vicinity of Cousolre 68 39 26 August 1944 09 32 Spitfire Rouen 69 32 11 January 1944 13 00 Note 5 B 17 Nordhorn Zuiderzee 70 40 16 September 1944 17 40 P 38 Bonn 36 33 29 January 1944 11 05 B 17 east of Bonn 71 41 23 September 1944 17 09 P 51 Wesel 72 34 8 February 1944 11 15 Note 6 P 47 east of Saint Quentin 73 42 5 December 1944 13 35 B 17 west of Lingen 41 35 24 February 1944 13 05 P 47 north of Rheine 74 43 14 January 1945 15 45 Spitfire Ibbenburen 75 Awards Edit Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe Iron Cross 1939 2nd Class 7 September 1940 1st Class 5 September 1941 Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 25 May 1942 as Oberleutnant and Staffelkapitan 76 German Cross in Gold on 8 September 1942 as Oberleutnant in the 8 Jagdgeschwader 26 29 Note 7 Knight s Cross of the Iron Cross on 25 November 1944 as Major and Gruppenkommandeur of I Jagdgeschwader 26 Schlageter 77 78 Notes Edit According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Hawker Hurricane 6 According to Caldwell Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Supermarine Spitfire 6 11 According to Mathews and Foreman claimed on 10 September 1941 6 This claim is not listed by Mathews and Foreman 62 According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 13 25 62 According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 11 20 62 According to Obermaier on 21 September 1942 2 References EditCitations Edit Caldwell 1996 pp 6 14 a b Obermaier 1989 p 93 Prien et al 2001 pp 166 191 Prien et al 2001 pp 189 194 Prien et al 2000 p 219 a b c d e f g h i Mathews amp Foreman 2014 p 132 Weal 1996a Chapter 5 The Blitzkrieg Comes of Age Prien et al 2000 p 214 Prien et al 2002 p 307 Caldwell 1996 pp 35 36 a b Caldwell 1996 p 36 Caldwell 1996 pp 55 56 Caldwell 1996 p 70 Caldwell 1996 pp 83 84 Caldwell 1996 p 122 Scutts 1992 p 55 Weal 1996b p 9 Caldwell 1996 p 159 Weal 1996b p 10 Prien et al 2003 pp 528 529 Price 1977 p 31 Caldwell 1996 pp 163 164 Caldwell 1996 pp 177 179 Caldwell 1996 pp 179 180 Weal 1996b p 12 Prien et al 2003 p 544 Caldwell 1996 pp 215 216 Caldwell 1996 pp 272 279 a b Patzwall amp Scherzer 2001 p 53 Caldwell 1998 pp 57 58 Caldwell 1998 pp 106 107 485 Caldwell 1998 pp 120 121 Weal 2011 p 25 a b Caldwell 1998 p 139 Middlebrook 2019 pp 107 108 a b Caldwell 1998 p 349 Caldwell 1998 pp 354 355 Girbig 1997 p 198 Girbig 1997 p 194 Caldwell 1998 p 379 a b Caldwell 1998 p 384 Manrho amp Putz 2004 p 277 Manrho amp Putz 2004 p 282 Girbig 1997 p 195 Girbig 1997 pp 196 198 Caldwell 1998 pp 420 421 Caldwell 1998 p 478 a b Mathews amp Foreman 2014 pp 132 133 Planquadrat a b Prien et al 2000 p 218 a b Prien et al 2002 p 310 Prien et al 2002 p 311 Prien et al 2002 p 312 Prien et al 2003 p 531 a b Prien et al 2003 p 533 Mathews amp Foreman 2014 p 366 a b c d e f Prien et al 2004 p 396 a b c d Prien et al 2004 p 397 a b Prien et al 2004 p 398 a b c d e Prien et al 2010 p 577 a b Caldwell 1998 p 121 a b c Mathews amp Foreman 2014 p 133 Caldwell 1998 p 226 Caldwell 1998 p 228 Caldwell 1998 p 246 Caldwell 1998 p 156 Caldwell 1998 p 302 Caldwell 1998 p 197 Caldwell 1998 p 336 Caldwell 1998 p 199 Caldwell 1998 p 205 Caldwell 1998 p 355 Caldwell 1998 p 210 Caldwell 1998 p 220 Caldwell 1998 p 421 Patzwall 2008 p 55 Fellgiebel 2000 p 141 Scherzer 2007 p 236 Bibliography Edit Bergstrom Christer Bergstrom Black Cross Red Star website Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat Archived from the original on 22 December 2018 Retrieved 18 February 2020 Caldwell Donald L 1996 The JG 26 War Diary Volume One 1939 1942 London UK Grubstreet ISBN 978 1 898697 52 7 Caldwell Donald L 1998 The JG 26 War Diary Volume Two 1943 1945 London Grub Street ISBN 978 1 898697 86 2 Fellgiebel Walther Peer in German 2000 1986 Die Trager des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 1945 Die Inhaber der hochsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile The Bearers of the Knight s Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 1945 The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches in German Friedberg Germany Podzun Pallas ISBN 978 3 7909 0284 6 Girbig Werner 1997 Start im Morgengrauen Takeoff at Dawn in German Stuttgart Germany Motorbuch Verlag ISBN 978 3 613 01292 9 Manrho John Putz Ron 2004 Bodenplatte The Luftwaffe s Last Hope The Attack on Allied Airfields New Year s Day 1945 Crowborough UK Hikoki Publications ISBN 978 1 902109 40 4 Mathews Andrew Johannes Foreman John 2014 Luftwaffe Aces Biographies and Victory Claims Volume 1 A F Walton on Thames Red Kite ISBN 978 1 906592 18 9 Middlebrook Martin 2019 1983 The Schweinfurt Regensburg Mission The American Raids on 17 August 1943 Yorkshire Pen and Sword Books ISBN 978 1 84884 760 6 Obermaier Ernst 1989 Die Ritterkreuztrager der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 1945 The Knight s Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 1945 in German Mainz Germany Verlag Dieter Hoffmann ISBN 978 3 87341 065 7 Patzwall Klaus D Scherzer Veit 2001 Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II The German Cross 1941 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2 in German Norderstedt Germany Verlag Klaus D Patzwall ISBN 978 3 931533 45 8 Patzwall Klaus D 2008 Der Ehrenpokal fur besondere Leistung im Luftkrieg The Honor Goblet for Outstanding Achievement in the Air War in German Norderstedt Germany Verlag Klaus D Patzwall ISBN 978 3 931533 08 3 Price Alfred 1977 Focke Wulf 190 At War New York Scribner ISBN 978 0 684 15323 0 LCCN 77 78704 Prien Jochen Stemmer Gerhard Rodeike Peter Bock Winfried 2001 Die Jagdfliegerverbande der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945 Teil 2 Der Sitzkrieg 1 9 1939 bis 9 5 1941 The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945 Part 2 The Phoney War 1 September 1939 to 9 May 1940 in German Eutin Germany Struve Druck ISBN 978 3 923457 59 5 Prien Jochen Stemmer Gerhard Rodeike Peter Bock Winfried 2000 Die Jagdfliegerverbande der deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945 Teil 3 Einsatz in Danemark und Norwegen 9 4 bis 30 11 1940 Der Feldzug im Westen 10 5 bis 25 6 1940 Fighter Pilot Association of the German Luftwaffe 1934 to 1945 Part 3 Assignments in Denmark and Norway 9 April to 30 November 1940 The campaign in the West 10 May to 25 June 1940 in German Struve Druck ISBN 978 3 923457 61 8 Prien Jochen Stemmer Gerhard Rodeike Peter Bock Winfried 2002 Die Jagdfliegerverbande der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945 Teil 4 I Einsatz am Kanal und uber England 26 6 1940 bis 21 6 1941 The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945 Part 4 I Action at the Channel and over England 26 June 1940 to 21 June 1941 in German Eutin Germany Struve Druck ISBN 978 3 923457 63 2 Prien Jochen Stemmer Gerhard Rodeike Peter Bock Winfried 2003 Die Jagdfliegerverbande der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945 Teil 5 Heimatverteidigung 10 Mai 1940 bis 31 Dezember 1941 Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum Oktober 1940 bis November 1941 Einsatz im Westen 22 Juni bis 31 Dezember 1941 Die Erganzungsjagdgruppen Einsatz 1941 bis zur Auflosung Anfang 1942 The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945 Part 5 Defense of the Reich 10 May 1940 to 31 December 1941 Action in the Mediterranean Theater October 1940 to November 1941 Action in the West 22 June to 31 December 1941 The Supplementary Fighter Groups Action from 1941 until their Breakup in Early 1942 in German Eutin Germany Struve Druck ISBN 978 3 923457 68 7 Prien Jochen Stemmer Gerhard Rodeike Peter Bock Winfried 2004 Die Jagdfliegerverbande der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945 Teil 7 Heimatverteidigung 1 January bis 31 Dezember 1942 Einsatz im Westen 1 Januar bis 31 Dezember 1942 The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945 Part 7 Defense of the Reich 1 January to 31 December 1942 Action in the West 1 January to 31 December 1942 in German Eutin Germany Struve Druck ISBN 978 3 923457 73 1 Prien Jochen Stemmer Gerhard Rodeike Peter Bock Winfried 2010 Die Jagdfliegerverbande der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945 Teil 10 IV Einsatz im Westen 1 1 bis 31 12 1943 The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945 Part 10 IV Action in the West 1 January to 31 December 1943 in German Eutin Germany Struve Druck ISBN 978 3 923457 92 2 Scherzer Veit 2007 Die Ritterkreuztrager 1939 1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer Luftwaffe Kriegsmarine Waffen SS Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbundeter Streitkrafte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives The Knight s Cross Bearers 1939 1945 The Holders of the Knight s Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army Air Force Navy Waffen SS Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives in German Jena Germany Scherzers Militaer Verlag ISBN 978 3 938845 17 2 Scutts Jerry 1992 Fighter Operations The Tactics and Techniques of Air Combat from World War I to the Gulf War Sparkford Patrick Stephens ISBN 978 1 85260 127 0 Spick Mike 1996 Luftwaffe Fighter Aces New York Ivy Books ISBN 978 0 8041 1696 1 Weal John 1996a Bf 109D E Aces 1939 41 London UK Osprey Publishing ISBN 978 1 85532 487 9 Weal John 1996b Focke Wulf Fw 190 Aces of the Western Front Oxford UK Osprey Publishing ISBN 978 1 85532 595 1 Weal John 2011 Fw 190 Defence of the Reich Aces Oxford UK Osprey Publishing ISBN 978 1 84603 482 4 Military officesPreceded byHauptmann Fritz Losigkeit Commander of I Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 2623 June 1943 14 May 1944 Succeeded byHauptmann Hermann StaigerPreceded byHauptmann Hermann Staiger Commander of I Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 261 August 1944 7 May 1945 Succeeded byNone Portals Aviation Biography Military of Germany World War II Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Karl Borris amp oldid 1136634301, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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