fbpx
Wikipedia

Kara Mustafa Pasha

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha (Ottoman Turkish: مرزيفونلى قره مصطفى پاشا, Turkish: Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa; "Mustafa Pasha the Courageous of Merzifon"; 1634/1635 – 25 December 1683) was an Ottoman nobleman, military figure and Grand Vizier of Albanian origin, who was a central character in the Ottoman Empire's last attempts at expansion into both Central and Eastern Europe.

Mustafa
Imaginative portrait of Kara Mustafa Pasha, 1670-1724, Netherlands
Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
In office
19 October 1676 – 25 December 1683
MonarchMehmed IV
Preceded byKöprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha
Succeeded byBayburtlu Kara Ibrahim Pasha
Personal details
Born1634 or 1635
Mırınca near Merzifon, Rum Eyalet (today Karamustafapaşa)
Died25 December 1683
Belgrade, Budin Eyalet
NationalityOttoman
RelationsKöprülü Mehmed Pasha (father-in-law)
Köprülüzade Fazıl Ahmed Pasha (brother-in-law)
Köprülüzade Fazıl Mustafa Pasha (brother-in-law)
ChildrenAli Paşa
Fatma Hanım
OriginsTurkish
FamilyKöprülü family (adoptive)
Military service
Allegiance Ottoman Empire
Branch/service Ottoman Navy
Ottoman Army
Years of service1660s–1683
RankGrand Admiral (1666–70)
Commander-in-Chief (1676–83)
Battles/warsPolish–Ottoman War (1672–76)
Russo-Turkish War (1676–81)
Polish–Ottoman War (1683–99)
Great Turkish War (1683–99)

Early life and career

 
The Ottoman northern frontier in the seventeenth century, where Kara Mustafa Pasha led his early campaigns.

Kara Mustafa Pasha was of Turkish origin.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] However, he was brought up in the Köprülü family, of Albanian origin.[8][9][6] He was born in the village of Mirince/Marınca near Merzifon (now called Karamustafapaşa after him), the son of a sipahi, cavalry man.[10] His father is said to have served under Köprülü Mehmed Pasha. Possibly as a way to increase his possibilities to start an administrative career, he was introduced into the Köprülü household, where he was educated by Köprülü Mehmed Pasha, and married into the Köprülü family.[11] How he entered the family and the details of his marriage are unclear. Within the household's inner service (enderun), he held the positions of letter-carrier (telhisci, or assistant to the grand vizier)[12][10] to Köprülü Mehmed Pasha, and of silahdar (armourer). He then entered the household of the Sultan as mirahor-i-sani (master of the horse). It is said that while growing up, differently from his adoptive Köprülü brothers, he disliked alcohol, as well as Europeans and other non-Muslims.[4] A contemporary French account says he had two children with the little Köprülü princess, who both died young, and that his wife died shortly after their death, at 31. He had four concubines (Fatma, Emine, Ayşe, Zeynep), and by them at least two sons, Yusuf and Mehmed. According to another contemporary report by Giovanni Benaglia, secretary of the Austrian ambassador in Istanbul, he divorced his "beloved Köprülü princess" after their engagement and after they had many children, and gave her to a French renegade, one of his favorites. An account by a contemporary who visited his household, Claudio Angelo di Martelli, reports of three sons who survived his death: Yusuf, Mehmed, and the youngest Ali.[10]

He conformed to the Islamic custom of not wearing silk, and never wore silver or gold, which was a largely unenforced requirement. Europeans who met him (with few exceptions, such as Colyer, who initially described him as a man of "most agreeable nature") variously described him as greedy, humorous but terse, avid, intransigent, perfidious, covetous, unwilling to accept bribes yet concerned with improving his own well-being, and completely devoted to the Ottoman state. Later accounts by Giovanni Morosini di Alvise, Venetian bailo of Istanbul from 1675 to 1680, speak of a man "born in an obscure place of Asia, in Trebisonda, to castigate the nations," and describe him as "wholly venal, cruel and unfair." The English ambassador to Istanbul John Finch also describes him as greedy, and a "grievous oppressor of Christendom."[10][12] He was particularly "unbearable to Europeans", especially for the heavy taxes he imposed (a "stream of avanias in the years 1676-1683"). Even though his adoptive siblings also imposed notable avanias, their reputation with Europeans was not as bad.[10][12] Merlijn Orlon noted that his bad reputation doesn't do him justice. Orlon explains that he worked to maintain the House of Osman's supremacy in their own territories, clashing with ambitious foreign ministers. This resulted in his bad reputation. He dealt differently with the Dutchmen for political reasons, and this resulted in Colyer's more positive account of him. As the Franco-allied wars ended, a preferential treatment of the Dutch became useless, and, as a result, Mustafa's relationship with Colyer grew troubled.[12]

In 1659 he had become a governor of Silistria and subsequently held a number of important posts. Within ten years, he was acting as deputy for his brother-in-law, the grand vizier Köprülüzade Fazıl Ahmed Pasha when absent from the Sultan's court.[11]

He served as a commander of ground troops in a war against Poland, negotiating a settlement with John Sobieski in 1676 that added the province of Podolia to the empire. The victory enabled the Ottomans to transform the Cossack regions of the southern Ukraine into a protectorate. When his brother-in-law Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha died that same year, Mustafa succeeded him as grand vizier.[11]

Kara Mustafa led several successful campaigns into Ukraine, attempting to shore up the position of the Cossack state of Right-Bank Ukraine, then an Ottoman vassal. He established Ottoman garrisons in many of Ukraine's cities, and conquered the traditional Cossack capital of Chyhyryn, which had been under Russian occupation.[13]

Battle of Vienna

 
Imaginative portrait of Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha

In 1683, he launched a campaign northward into Austria in a last effort to expand the Ottoman Empire after more than 150 years of war. By mid-July, his 100,000-man army had besieged Vienna (guarded by 10,000 Habsburg soldiers), following in the footsteps of Suleiman the Magnificent in 1529. By September, he had taken a portion of the walls and appeared to be on his way to victory.

But on 12 September 1683, a Polish army under King John III Sobieski took advantage of dissent within the Ottoman military command and poor disposition of his troops, winning the Battle of Vienna with a devastating flank attack led by Sobieski's Polish Winged Hussars. The Ottomans retreated into Hungary, much of which was subsequently conquered by the Habsburgs and their Holy League allies.

The defeat cost Mustafa his position, and ultimately, his life. On 25 December 1683, Kara Mustafa was executed in Belgrade at the order of Mehmed IV. He suffered death by strangulation with a silk cord, which was the method of capital punishment inflicted on high-ranking persons in the Ottoman Empire. His last words were, "Am I to die?" and "As God pleases."[11]

 
Kara Mustafa Pasha's strangulation by a silk cord on 25 December 1683.

Legacy

The Foundation of Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha was one of the largest foundations ever founded both in Ottoman Empire and Turkey. According to the official records, it was last managed by the descendants of Kara Mustafa Pasha. The last few managers of the foundation were Mustafa Pasha's descendant Ahmed Asım Bey (born 1844), his son Mehmed Nebil Bey (born 1888) (also known as Merzifonlu Karamustafaoğlu or Merzifonlu Karamustafapaşaoğlu), and his son, the Turkish painter Doğan Yılmaz Merzifonlu Karamustafaoğlu, better known as Yılmaz Merzifonlu (1928–2010), until 1976. The "Merzifonlu Karamustafaoğlu" family name ended with the marriage of Yılmaz Merzifonlu's only daughter, Abide Tuğçe Mit.[14] Kara Mustafa Pasha's family and descendant tree can be found via Turkey's Directorate General of Foundations.[15]

Kara Mustafa Pasha's legacy in modern Turkey is mixed. Whereas historians describe him either as a capable tactician or reckless commander, Kemal Atatürk held a sympathetic view of the man. It is said that, while attending a lecture at an Ankara institution in 1933, at which a professor spoke disparagingly of Kara Mustafa Pasha, Atatürk spoke up in favour of Kara Mustafa, arguing that marching an army of 173,000 men from Constantinople to Vienna, the "heart of Europe", was a colossal undertaking for any commander, and that the only other person who came close to such a feat was Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent himself.

Kara Mustafa's birthplace near Merzifon district was renamed Karamustafapaşa in his honour.

In media

In the 2012 Polish and Italian historical drama film September Eleven 1683 about the Battle of Vienna, Kara Mustafa Pasha is portrayed by Italian actor Enrico Lo Verso.

See also

References

  1. ^ Bérenger, Jean (2003). Tollet, Daniel (ed.). Guerres et paix en Europe centrale aux époques moderne et contemporaine mélanges d'histoire des relations internationales offerts à Jean Bérenger. Paris-Sorbonne University Press. p. 103. ISBN 9782840502586. French: Il [Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pacha] était d'origine turque et fut élevé dans la famille des Köprülü. (English: He [Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha] was of Turkish descent and was brought up in the Köprülü family.
  2. ^ Veiga, Francisco (2006). El turco diez siglos a las puertas de Europa. Debate. p. 262. ISBN 9788483066706. Spanish: A él le sucedería Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasa, de origen turco. (English: He would be succeeded by Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasa, of Turkish origin.
  3. ^ Şimşir, Nahide (2004). Osmanlı araştırmaları makaleler · Volume 1. IQ Kültürsanat. p. 111. ISBN 9789752550056. Kara Mustafa Pasha, who was of Turkish origin and was brought up in the Köprülü family, was a passionate, ambitious and authoritarian person
  4. ^ a b Wheatcroft, Andrew (2009). The Enemy at the Gate Habsburgs, Ottomans, and the Battle for Europe. Basic Books. ISBN 9780786744541. While the other Köprülü were all of Albanian origin, the first of them brought to Istanbul in the youth levy, Kara Mustafa was a pure Anatolian.
  5. ^ Sevinç, Necdet (1992). Osmanlının yükselişi ve çöküşü sosyal ve ekonomik inceleme. Burak Yayınevi. p. 111. ISBN 9789757645009. Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha - Ethnicity: Turkish
  6. ^ a b Emir Şekip Arslan, Selda Meydan, Ahmet Meydan (2005). Bir Arap aydının gözüyle Osmanlı Tarihi ve I. Dünya Savaşı Aruları. Çatı Kitapları. p. 111. ISBN 9789758845163. Kara Mustafa Pasha from Merzifon was Turkish, and those from Köprülü were Albanians{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Dilek, Zeki (2000). Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa Uluslararası Sempozyumu 08-11 Haziran 2000, Merzifon. Merzifon Vakfı. p. 4. ISBN 9789759744700. Even later, Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha, one of the Grand Viziers of Turkish origin in the Ottoman Empire [...]
  8. ^ Hamilton, Alastair; Groot, Alexander Hendrik de; Boogert, Maurits H. Van Den (1 January 2000). Friends and Rivals in the East: Studies in Anglo-Dutch Relations in the Levant from the Seventeenth to the Early Nineteenth Century. BRILL. ISBN 9004118543.
  9. ^ Evliya Çelebi (ed. by von Hammer-Purgstall) (1 January 1834). The Travels of Evliya Efendi. p. 156.
  10. ^ a b c d e Reindl-Kiel, Hedda (2016). "The Must-Haves of a Grand Vizier. Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha's Luxury Assets". Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes. 106: 179–221. JSTOR 26449345. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  11. ^ a b c d The Siege of Vienna, John Stoye, p. 18.
  12. ^ a b c d Merlijn, Orlon (2003). "«Amost Agreeable and Pleasant Creature»? Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa in the Correspondence of Justinus Colyer (1668-1682)". Oriente Moderno. 83 (3): 649–669. doi:10.1163/22138617-08303006. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  13. ^ Kołodziejczyk, Dariusz (2004). "Introduction". The Ottoman Survey Register of Podolia (ca. 1681) Part I: Text, Translation, and Commentary. Harvard University Press. pp. 3–10.
  14. ^ "Son Merzifonlu o filme karşı değil". www.hurriyet.com.tr. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  15. ^ http://www.vgm.gov.tr/ (in Turkish)

Further reading

  • Olnon, Merlijn (2003). "'A Most Agreeable and Pleasant Creature'? Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa in the Correspondence of Justinus Colyer (1668–1682)". Oriente Moderno. New Series. 22 (3): 649–669. doi:10.1163/22138617-08303006.
Political offices
Preceded by Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
19 October 1676 – 25 December 1683
Succeeded by

kara, mustafa, pasha, confused, with, governor, egypt, kemankeş, this, ottoman, turkish, style, name, given, name, mustafa, title, pasha, there, family, name, merzifonlu, ottoman, turkish, مرزيفونلى, قره, مصطفى, پاشا, turkish, merzifonlu, kara, mustafa, paşa, . Not to be confused with Kara Mustafa Pasha governor of Egypt or Kemankes Kara Mustafa Pasha In this Ottoman Turkish style name the given name is Mustafa the title is Pasha and there is no family name Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha Ottoman Turkish مرزيفونلى قره مصطفى پاشا Turkish Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasa Mustafa Pasha the Courageous of Merzifon 1634 1635 25 December 1683 was an Ottoman nobleman military figure and Grand Vizier of Albanian origin who was a central character in the Ottoman Empire s last attempts at expansion into both Central and Eastern Europe Merzifonlu KaraMustafaPashaImaginative portrait of Kara Mustafa Pasha 1670 1724 NetherlandsGrand Vizier of the Ottoman EmpireIn office 19 October 1676 25 December 1683MonarchMehmed IVPreceded byKoprulu Fazil Ahmed PashaSucceeded byBayburtlu Kara Ibrahim PashaPersonal detailsBorn1634 or 1635Mirinca near Merzifon Rum Eyalet today Karamustafapasa Died25 December 1683Belgrade Budin EyaletNationalityOttomanRelationsKoprulu Mehmed Pasha father in law Kopruluzade Fazil Ahmed Pasha brother in law Kopruluzade Fazil Mustafa Pasha brother in law ChildrenAli Pasa Fatma HanimOriginsTurkishFamilyKoprulu family adoptive Military serviceAllegianceOttoman EmpireBranch serviceOttoman Navy Ottoman ArmyYears of service1660s 1683RankGrand Admiral 1666 70 Commander in Chief 1676 83 Battles warsPolish Ottoman War 1672 76 Russo Turkish War 1676 81 Polish Ottoman War 1683 99 Great Turkish War 1683 99 Battle of Vienna 1683 Contents 1 Early life and career 2 Battle of Vienna 3 Legacy 4 In media 5 See also 6 References 7 Further readingEarly life and career Edit The Ottoman northern frontier in the seventeenth century where Kara Mustafa Pasha led his early campaigns Kara Mustafa Pasha was of Turkish origin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 However he was brought up in the Koprulu family of Albanian origin 8 9 6 He was born in the village of Mirince Marinca near Merzifon now called Karamustafapasa after him the son of a sipahi cavalry man 10 His father is said to have served under Koprulu Mehmed Pasha Possibly as a way to increase his possibilities to start an administrative career he was introduced into the Koprulu household where he was educated by Koprulu Mehmed Pasha and married into the Koprulu family 11 How he entered the family and the details of his marriage are unclear Within the household s inner service enderun he held the positions of letter carrier telhisci or assistant to the grand vizier 12 10 to Koprulu Mehmed Pasha and of silahdar armourer He then entered the household of the Sultan as mirahor i sani master of the horse It is said that while growing up differently from his adoptive Koprulu brothers he disliked alcohol as well as Europeans and other non Muslims 4 A contemporary French account says he had two children with the little Koprulu princess who both died young and that his wife died shortly after their death at 31 He had four concubines Fatma Emine Ayse Zeynep and by them at least two sons Yusuf and Mehmed According to another contemporary report by Giovanni Benaglia secretary of the Austrian ambassador in Istanbul he divorced his beloved Koprulu princess after their engagement and after they had many children and gave her to a French renegade one of his favorites An account by a contemporary who visited his household Claudio Angelo di Martelli reports of three sons who survived his death Yusuf Mehmed and the youngest Ali 10 He conformed to the Islamic custom of not wearing silk and never wore silver or gold which was a largely unenforced requirement Europeans who met him with few exceptions such as Colyer who initially described him as a man of most agreeable nature variously described him as greedy humorous but terse avid intransigent perfidious covetous unwilling to accept bribes yet concerned with improving his own well being and completely devoted to the Ottoman state Later accounts by Giovanni Morosini di Alvise Venetian bailo of Istanbul from 1675 to 1680 speak of a man born in an obscure place of Asia in Trebisonda to castigate the nations and describe him as wholly venal cruel and unfair The English ambassador to Istanbul John Finch also describes him as greedy and a grievous oppressor of Christendom 10 12 He was particularly unbearable to Europeans especially for the heavy taxes he imposed a stream of avanias in the years 1676 1683 Even though his adoptive siblings also imposed notable avanias their reputation with Europeans was not as bad 10 12 Merlijn Orlon noted that his bad reputation doesn t do him justice Orlon explains that he worked to maintain the House of Osman s supremacy in their own territories clashing with ambitious foreign ministers This resulted in his bad reputation He dealt differently with the Dutchmen for political reasons and this resulted in Colyer s more positive account of him As the Franco allied wars ended a preferential treatment of the Dutch became useless and as a result Mustafa s relationship with Colyer grew troubled 12 In 1659 he had become a governor of Silistria and subsequently held a number of important posts Within ten years he was acting as deputy for his brother in law the grand vizier Kopruluzade Fazil Ahmed Pasha when absent from the Sultan s court 11 He served as a commander of ground troops in a war against Poland negotiating a settlement with John Sobieski in 1676 that added the province of Podolia to the empire The victory enabled the Ottomans to transform the Cossack regions of the southern Ukraine into a protectorate When his brother in law Koprulu Fazil Ahmed Pasha died that same year Mustafa succeeded him as grand vizier 11 Kara Mustafa led several successful campaigns into Ukraine attempting to shore up the position of the Cossack state of Right Bank Ukraine then an Ottoman vassal He established Ottoman garrisons in many of Ukraine s cities and conquered the traditional Cossack capital of Chyhyryn which had been under Russian occupation 13 Battle of Vienna EditMain article Battle of Vienna Imaginative portrait of Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha In 1683 he launched a campaign northward into Austria in a last effort to expand the Ottoman Empire after more than 150 years of war By mid July his 100 000 man army had besieged Vienna guarded by 10 000 Habsburg soldiers following in the footsteps of Suleiman the Magnificent in 1529 By September he had taken a portion of the walls and appeared to be on his way to victory But on 12 September 1683 a Polish army under King John III Sobieski took advantage of dissent within the Ottoman military command and poor disposition of his troops winning the Battle of Vienna with a devastating flank attack led by Sobieski s Polish Winged Hussars The Ottomans retreated into Hungary much of which was subsequently conquered by the Habsburgs and their Holy League allies The defeat cost Mustafa his position and ultimately his life On 25 December 1683 Kara Mustafa was executed in Belgrade at the order of Mehmed IV He suffered death by strangulation with a silk cord which was the method of capital punishment inflicted on high ranking persons in the Ottoman Empire His last words were Am I to die and As God pleases 11 Kara Mustafa Pasha s strangulation by a silk cord on 25 December 1683 Legacy EditThe Foundation of Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha was one of the largest foundations ever founded both in Ottoman Empire and Turkey According to the official records it was last managed by the descendants of Kara Mustafa Pasha The last few managers of the foundation were Mustafa Pasha s descendant Ahmed Asim Bey born 1844 his son Mehmed Nebil Bey born 1888 also known as Merzifonlu Karamustafaoglu or Merzifonlu Karamustafapasaoglu and his son the Turkish painter Dogan Yilmaz Merzifonlu Karamustafaoglu better known as Yilmaz Merzifonlu 1928 2010 until 1976 The Merzifonlu Karamustafaoglu family name ended with the marriage of Yilmaz Merzifonlu s only daughter Abide Tugce Mit 14 Kara Mustafa Pasha s family and descendant tree can be found via Turkey s Directorate General of Foundations 15 Kara Mustafa Pasha s legacy in modern Turkey is mixed Whereas historians describe him either as a capable tactician or reckless commander Kemal Ataturk held a sympathetic view of the man It is said that while attending a lecture at an Ankara institution in 1933 at which a professor spoke disparagingly of Kara Mustafa Pasha Ataturk spoke up in favour of Kara Mustafa arguing that marching an army of 173 000 men from Constantinople to Vienna the heart of Europe was a colossal undertaking for any commander and that the only other person who came close to such a feat was Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent himself Kara Mustafa s birthplace near Merzifon district was renamed Karamustafapasa in his honour In media EditIn the 2012 Polish and Italian historical drama film September Eleven 1683 about the Battle of Vienna Kara Mustafa Pasha is portrayed by Italian actor Enrico Lo Verso See also EditKoprulu era of the Ottoman Empire Koprulu family List of Ottoman Grand ViziersReferences Edit Berenger Jean 2003 Tollet Daniel ed Guerres et paix en Europe centrale aux epoques moderne et contemporaine melanges d histoire des relations internationales offerts a Jean Berenger Paris Sorbonne University Press p 103 ISBN 9782840502586 French Il Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pacha etait d origine turque et fut eleve dans la famille des Koprulu English He Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha was of Turkish descent and was brought up in the Koprulu family Veiga Francisco 2006 El turco diez siglos a las puertas de Europa Debate p 262 ISBN 9788483066706 Spanish A el le sucederia Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasa de origen turco English He would be succeeded by Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasa of Turkish origin Simsir Nahide 2004 Osmanli arastirmalari makaleler Volume 1 IQ Kultursanat p 111 ISBN 9789752550056 Kara Mustafa Pasha who was of Turkish origin and was brought up in the Koprulu family was a passionate ambitious and authoritarian person a b Wheatcroft Andrew 2009 The Enemy at the Gate Habsburgs Ottomans and the Battle for Europe Basic Books ISBN 9780786744541 While the other Koprulu were all of Albanian origin the first of them brought to Istanbul in the youth levy Kara Mustafa was a pure Anatolian Sevinc Necdet 1992 Osmanlinin yukselisi ve cokusu sosyal ve ekonomik inceleme Burak Yayinevi p 111 ISBN 9789757645009 Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha Ethnicity Turkish a b Emir Sekip Arslan Selda Meydan Ahmet Meydan 2005 Bir Arap aydinin gozuyle Osmanli Tarihi ve I Dunya Savasi Arulari Cati Kitaplari p 111 ISBN 9789758845163 Kara Mustafa Pasha from Merzifon was Turkish and those from Koprulu were Albanians a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Dilek Zeki 2000 Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasa Uluslararasi Sempozyumu 08 11 Haziran 2000 Merzifon Merzifon Vakfi p 4 ISBN 9789759744700 Even later Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha one of the Grand Viziers of Turkish origin in the Ottoman Empire Hamilton Alastair Groot Alexander Hendrik de Boogert Maurits H Van Den 1 January 2000 Friends and Rivals in the East Studies in Anglo Dutch Relations in the Levant from the Seventeenth to the Early Nineteenth Century BRILL ISBN 9004118543 Evliya Celebi ed by von Hammer Purgstall 1 January 1834 The Travels of Evliya Efendi p 156 a b c d e Reindl Kiel Hedda 2016 The Must Haves of a Grand Vizier Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha s Luxury Assets Wiener Zeitschrift fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes 106 179 221 JSTOR 26449345 Retrieved 28 August 2021 a b c d The Siege of Vienna John Stoye p 18 a b c d Merlijn Orlon 2003 Amost Agreeable and Pleasant Creature Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasa in the Correspondence of Justinus Colyer 1668 1682 Oriente Moderno 83 3 649 669 doi 10 1163 22138617 08303006 Retrieved 28 August 2021 Kolodziejczyk Dariusz 2004 Introduction The Ottoman Survey Register of Podolia ca 1681 Part I Text Translation and Commentary Harvard University Press pp 3 10 Son Merzifonlu o filme karsi degil www hurriyet com tr Retrieved 24 March 2016 http www vgm gov tr in Turkish Further reading Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kara Mustafa Pasha Olnon Merlijn 2003 A Most Agreeable and Pleasant Creature Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasa in the Correspondence of Justinus Colyer 1668 1682 Oriente Moderno New Series 22 3 649 669 doi 10 1163 22138617 08303006 Political officesPreceded byKoprulu Fazil Ahmed Pasha Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire19 October 1676 25 December 1683 Succeeded byBayburtlu Kara Ibrahim Pasha Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kara Mustafa Pasha amp oldid 1136841646, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.