Köprülüzade Fazıl Ahmed Pasha
Köprülüzade Fazıl Ahmed Pasha (Ottoman Turkish: كپرولى زاده فاضل احمد پاشا, Turkish: Köprülü Fazıl Ahmet Paşa; Albanian: Fazlli Ahmed Pashë Kypriljoti; 1635 – 3 November 1676) was an Ottoman nobleman and statesman, who belonged to the renowned Köprülü family of Albanian origin, which produced six grand viziers of the Ottoman Empire.[3]
Fazıl Ahmed | |
|---|---|
| Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire | |
| In office 31 October 1661 – 3 November 1676 | |
| Monarch | Mehmed IV |
| Preceded by | Köprülü Mehmed Pasha |
| Succeeded by | Kara Mustafa Pasha |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1635 Vezirköprü (then named Köprü, present-day Samsun Province, Black Sea Region, Turkey)[1][2] |
| Died | 3 November 1676 (aged 40–41) Constantinople, Ottoman Empire |
| Nationality | Ottoman |
| Relations | Köprülüzade Fazıl Mustafa Pasha (brother) Köprülüzade Numan Pasha (nephew) Kara Mustafa Pasha (brother-in-law) Abaza Siyavuş Pasha (brother-in-law) Amcazade Köprülü Hüseyin Pasha (cousin) |
| Parent(s) | Köprülü Mehmed Pasha (father) Ayşe Hatun (mother) |
| Origins | Albanian (father), Turkish (mother) |
| Family | Köprülü family |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Ottoman Empire |
| Battles/wars | Austro-Turkish War (1663–64)
|
Life edit
He was born into the Köprülü family, the son of Köprülü Mehmed Pasha and Ayşe Hatun (Hanım), daughter of Yusuf Ağa. His father was an Ottoman general of devshirme origin who in 1656 became Grand Vizier, while his mother was the daughter of a notable originally from Kayacık, a village of Havza in Amasya. His maternal grandfather was a voyvoda (tax-farmer)[4] who built a bridge in Kadegra, that because of this was renamed Köprü, where his father Mehmed was stationed, and to which the Köprülü family owes its name.[5]
He served as grand vizier from 1661 to 1676 after he inherited the title from his father. Prior to this appointment, he served as the Ottoman governor of the Damascus Eyalet (1660 to 1661) and the Erzurum Eyalet (1659 to 1660).[6]
He was dubbed Fazıl, meaning "wise" (from the Arabic fazilet, meaning "wisdom"), for reducing taxation and promoting education. On the other hand, he was brutal in war. He led the Ottoman Army in the Austro-Turkish War (1663–64) in which he intended to subdue Austria and to finally conquer Vienna itself. At the beginning of July 1664, he succeeded in destroying Novi Zrin in the northern part of the Kingdom of Croatia after nearly a month-long siege. Although defeated in the Battle of Saint Gotthard, he was able to gain territory by the Peace of Vasvár in 1664.
Following this treaty, he concentrated on the Cretan War and captured Candia (present-day Heraklion) from the Republic of Venice in 1669. At the end of the Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676) against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, he signed the Treaty of Buchach in 1672 and the Treaty of Żurawno in 1676.
Contemporary European observers frequently remarked upon the atheistic tendencies of Fazıl Ahmed's inner circle of courtiers, and particularly those of Fazıl Ahmed himself. Nevertheless, his exact religious views remain unknown.[7]
Fazıl Ahmed Pasha died on November 3, 1676, from complications resulting from his lifestyle of heavy drinking.[8]
See also edit
- Köprülü family
- Köprülü era of the Ottoman Empire
- List of Ottoman grand viziers
- List of Ottoman governors of Damascus
References edit
- ^ The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2002. p. 955.
- ^ Selcuk Aksin Somel (2010). The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire. Scarecrow Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-4617-3176-4.
- ^ Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire By Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters, [1]
- ^ Suraiya Faroqhi; Bruce McGowan; Sevket Pamuk (2011). An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 671. ISBN 978-0-521-57455-6.
- ^ Kenan, Seyfi; Aksin Somel, Selçuk (2021). Dimensions of Transformation in the Ottoman Empire from the Late Medieval Age to Modernity: In Memory of Metin Kunt. Brill. p. 73. ISBN 978-90-04-44235-1.
daughter of a certain Yusuf Ağa, a notable originally from the Kayacik (village) of Havza (town) at Amasya. Yusuf Ağa was the voyvod[a] of Kadegra, a district of Amasya, where Mehmed was sancakbey in 1634, kadegra was named Köprü [from which the Köprülü get their name] after a bridge that Yusuf Ağa constructed
- ^ Mehmet Süreyya (1996) [1890], Nuri Akbayar; Seyit A. Kahraman (eds.), Sicill-i Osmanî (in Turkish), vol. 1, Beşiktaş, Istanbul: Türkiye Kültür Bakanlığı and Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfı, p. 209, ISBN 978-975-333-041-1
- ^ Wurm, Heidrun (1971). Der osmanische Historiker Ḥüseyn b. Ğafer, genannt Hezārfenn, und die Istanbuler Gesellschaft in der zweiten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts. Freiburg im Breisgau: Klaus Schwarz Verlag. p. 52. [in German]
- ^ Finkel, Caroline (2005). Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923. New York: Basic Books. pp. 278, 281. ISBN 978-0-465-02396-7.
External links edit
- . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.