fbpx
Wikipedia

Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps

October 31, 2023

The Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps (JROTC, commonly pronounced JAY-are-oh-tee-see) is a federal program sponsored by the United States Armed Forces in high schools and also in some middle schools across the United States and at US military bases across the world. The program was originally created as part of the National Defense Act of 1916 and later expanded under the 1964 ROTC Vitalization Act.

A Navy JROTC cadet salutes during the parading of the colors ceremony held at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
Cadets from Bellevue East High School's AFJROTC marching in the Bellevue, Nebraska 2016 Veterans Day parade
Cadets from Elizabeth High School's MCJROTC and Linden High School's NJROTC hold a joint honor guard colors posting ceremony at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey

Role and purpose edit

 
NJROTC cadets visiting USS Theodore Roosevelt in November 2005

According to Title 10, Section 2031[1] of the United States Code, the purpose of the Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps is "to instill in students in [the United States] secondary educational institutions the values of citizenship, service to the United States, and personal responsibility and a sense of accomplishment."[2] Additional objectives are established by the service departments of the Department of Defense. Under 542.4[3] of Title 32 (National Defense) of the Code of Federal Regulations, the Department of the Army has declared those objectives for each cadet to be:

  • Developing citizenship and patriotism
  • Developing self-reliance and responsiveness to all authority
  • Improving the ability to communicate well both orally and in writing
  • Developing an appreciation of the importance of physical fitness
  • Increasing a respect for the role of the U.S. Armed Forces in support of national objectives
  • Developing a knowledge of team building skills and basic military skills
  • Taking 1–3 years of the course grants cadets the ability to rank higher if they pursue a military career.

Section 524.5[4] of the CFR National Defense title states in part that JROTC should "provide meaningful leadership instruction of benefit to the student and of value to the Armed Forces. ...Students will acquire: (1) An understanding of the fundamental concept of leadership, military art and science, (2) An introduction to related professional knowledge, and (3) An appreciation of requirements for national security. The dual roles of citizen/soldier and soldier/citizen are studied. ... These programs will enable cadets to better serve their country as leaders, as citizens, and in military service should they enter it. ... The JROTC and NDCC are not, of themselves, officer-producing programs but should create favorable attitudes and impressions toward the Services and toward careers in the Armed Forces."

The military has stated that JROTC will inform young Americans about the opportunities available in the military and "may help motivate young Americans toward military service."[5] A 1999 Army policy memorandum stated that "While not designed to be a specific recruiting tool, there is nothing in existing law that precludes ... facilitating the recruitment of young men and women into the U.S. Army," directing instructors to "actively assist cadets who want to enlist in the military [and] emphasize service in the U.S. Army; facilitate recruiter access to cadets in JROTC program and to the entire student body ... [and] work closely with high school guidance counselors to sell the Army story."[6]

In a February 2000 testimony before the House Armed Services Committee, the armed service chiefs of staff testified that 30%–50% of graduating JROTC cadets go on to join the military:

  • General James L. Jones, then Commandant of the Marine Corps, testified that the value of the Marine JROTC program "is beyond contest. Fully one-third of our young men and women who join a Junior ROTC program wind up wearing the uniform of a Marine."
  • General Eric K. Shinseki, then Chief of Staff of the United States Army, testified that "Our indications are about 30 percent of those youngsters—we don't recruit them, as you know. We are not permitted to do that. But by virtue of the things that they like about that experience, about 30 percent of them end up joining the Army, either enlisting or going on to ROTC and then joining the officer population."
  • General Michael E. Ryan, then Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force, testified that "almost 50 percent of the folks that go [...] out of the Air Force Junior ROTC go into one of the Services by enlisting or going to ROTC or going to one of the academies."
  • Admiral Jay L. Johnson, then Chief of Naval Operations, testified that "Even if the number is only 30 percent, that is a good number. But think about what we get out of the other 70 percent. They have exposure to us. They have exposure to the military. And the challenge of the education mandate that we all share in principals and school counselors and school districts that won't let us in, that is a powerful tool I think to educate whether or not they end up in the service. So it is a long way around saying it is well worth the investment for lots of different reasons."[7]

General Colin Powell said in his 1995 autobiography that "the armed forces might get a youngster more inclined to enlist as a result of Junior ROTC," but added that "Inner-city kids, many from broken homes, found stability and role models in Junior ROTC."[8] U.S. Congress found in the Recruiting, Retention, and Reservist Promotion Act of 2000 that JROTC and similar programs "provide significant benefits for the Armed Forces, including significant public relations benefits."[9] Former United States Secretary of Defense William Cohen referred to JROTC as "one of the best recruitment programs we could have."[10][11]

Organization edit

 
Army JROTC shoulder sleeve insignia
 
Marine Corps JROTC insignia
 
Navy JROTC insignia
 
Air Force JROTC insignia
 
Coast Guard JROTC insignia

Six of the eight branches of the Uniformed services of the United States maintain a Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps, organized into units. There are a total of 3,275 units:

Prior to 1967 the number of units was limited to 1,200. The cap was increased to 1,600 units in 1967 and again to 3,500 units in 1992; the statutory limitation on the number of units was struck from the law in 2001.[19][20] Their goal was to reach 3,500 units by February 2011 by encouraging program expansion into educationally and economically deprived areas.[21]

Units are set up according to the layout of their parent service, often referred to as the "Chain of Command."[22][23] Army JROTC units follow a company (usually the period the class is held in), battalion (all periods), and at larger events brigade (multiple battalions) structure. Marine Corps JROTC units follow the battalion, or in cases of larger size, brigade structure. Air Force JROTC units are composed structurally based on size. Individual if one, detail if 2, element if more than 2 and no more than 8, flight if 26, squadron if more than 51, group if more than 101, and wing if more than 251 cadets. Navy JROTC typically follows the company (100-149 cadets), battalion (150-299 cadets), or regiment (300+ cadets) structure depending on the size of the unit.

JROTC funding edit

JROTC is partly funded by the United States Department of Defense with an allocation in the military budget of about $340 million dollars for the fiscal year 2007, of which about 68 million are personnel costs.[24] The federal government subsidizes instructor salaries, cadet uniforms, equipment and textbooks. The instructors, usually retired military personnel, continue to receive retirement pay from the Federal government, but in addition, the schools pay the difference from what the instructors would receive if they were on active duty. The service concerned then reimburses the school for approximately one-half of the amount paid by the school to the instructor.

DoD Budget[25] FY 2007 FY 2008 FY 2009
AJROTC 128,281 146,147 149,329
NJROTC 45,411 47,844 50,494
MCJROTC 17,423 16,996 17,740
AFJROTC 77,901 94,760 108,730
Total U.S. $1,000 269,016 305,747 323,293

Note: Space Force JROTC funding is included in Air Force JROTC.[26]

Military staff and instructors edit

Although active duty officers may be assigned to JROTC, this is exceedingly rare, and is primarily limited to staff at the major command or sub-command headquarters overseeing each service's respective JROTC program or regional administrators overseeing a set number of individual units. Unlike the college/university ROTC program, which is an actual military officer training and accession track, the vast majority of NJROTC instructors are retired from the sponsoring branch of the Armed Forces. In the Army JROTC program, the cadet unit at each school is directed by at least one retired commissioned officer in the grade of Captain through Colonel) or a Warrant Officer (WO1 through CW5) who is designated as the Senior Army Instructor, and who is assisted by at least one retired Non-Commissioned Officer in the grade of Staff Sergeant through Command Sergeant Major who is designated as an Army Instructor (AI). In certain situations, there may be additional instructors.[27]

A new provision from the John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007 (Section 540) that was signed into law in October 2006 permits retired Reserve Component officers and noncommissioned officers to be hired as instructors.

There are no national requirements that JROTC instructors have the teaching credential required by other teachers in public high school, although there are a handful of counties that do require a teaching credential.[28] In at least one jurisdiction (California), the government requires JROTC instructors to have at least four years of military experience and possess a high school diploma or equivalent.[29] AJROTC instructors need to be within one year of retirement or retired from active military service for five or fewer years. MCJROTC instructors need to have graduated from high school, have at least 20 years of active military service and be physically qualified according to Marine Corps standards.[30]

AFJROTC previously required a minimum of 20 years of active duty but has since been overridden by a provision in the John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007 (Section 540), signed into law in October 2006, permitting retired Reserve Component (e.g., Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard officers and noncommissioned officers to be hired as instructors. Officer instructors need to have a minimum of a bachelor's degree, while a high school diploma or equivalent is sufficient for enlisted instructors.

For AJROTC the Non-commissioned Officer has to attain an associate degree (AA), with teaching credential, in order to be assigned an AI. To be assigned as a SAI the AJROTC Instructor has to hold a BA degree, with teaching credentials.[31]

NJROTC also required a minimum of 20 years of active duty until it was overridden by a provision in the John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007 (Section 540), signed into law in October 2006, permitting retired Reserve Component personnel (e.g., U.S. Navy Reserve officers, chief petty officers and petty officers) to be hired as NJROTC instructors. The minimum education requirement for an enlisted Naval Science Instructor (NSI) is a high school diploma or equivalent, with a baccalaureate degree from an accredited college or university required for a commissioned officer to serves as a Senior Naval Science Instructor (SNSI).[32] The Navy requires that JROTC instructors be employees of the school or school district and that they are accorded the same status as other school faculty members.[33]

National Defense Cadet Corps[34] (NDCC) offers similar programs as JROTC. NDCC units differ from JROTC in that they receive little or no financial support from the Armed Forces; uniforms, equipment, other materials and instructor salaries must normally be furnished by the school hosting an NDCC program.[35] Except for the funding aspects, JROTC and NDCC programs are virtually identical, although the cadet corps is not limited by the federal statute that restricts JROTC to offering courses only for students in ninth through 12th grades.[36] Per 2005, Chicago had 26 Middle School Cadet Corps enlisting more than 850 students.[37]

Instruction and activities edit

A Navy Junior ROTC recruiting video from the mid-2000s
 
A Marine Corps JROTC unit in Hendersonville, Tennessee

The Code of Federal Regulations states that JROTC is "designed for physically fit citizens attending participating schools."[38] In public schools, JROTC is usually an elective course with membership limited to US citizens and legal foreign nationals, those who will graduate with their 9th-grade cohort, and have not experienced an out of school suspension during the preceding six-month period. Often, students who participate for one year receive credit in lieu of a physical education class. Students who excel in the first year of JROTC can apply for a second year. Most schools offer three to four years of JROTC training.[citation needed]

Boarding schools or (pre-college) military schools may offer JROTC programs, with some requiring participation as a condition for acceptance to the school. Some public military schools mandate JROTC as a class for all grade levels, and have a curriculum that includes military history, military protocol, civics, and physical fitness.[39] Chicago has six public military academies, more than any other city and one-third of all in the country.[39]

The JROTC program stresses military discipline,[40][41] with a curriculum that emphasizes study of military science and military history.[42] Cadets typically wear their uniforms once or twice a week, usually standing for inspection, with the exception being those cadets who attend a JROTC-based military academy. Their creed encourages conduct that brings credit to family, country, school and the corps of cadets, loyalty, citizenship and patriotism.[43] Many cadets participate in extracurricular activities such as the following:

The most notable JROTC marching band is the Virginia 91st Air Force Junior ROTC Band of the Randolph-Macon Academy.[45] Being a rare part of a JROTC unit, there are few in existence, with the state of Texas only boasting two units with marching bands.[46]

There are other extracurricular activities that the JROTC's programs provide for their cadets, including trips to military installations, ROTC college programs, and other sites that give the cadets a look at the military community. During the school year, there are regional competitions between JROTC units, with testing in all areas of military, naval and aerospace science. Some units organize special visits to US military bases during school breaks. There are also many summertime "leadership academies" for cadets hosted by various military installations.[47] These academies include the JROTC Leadership and Academic Bowl (JLAB), and JROTC Cadet Leadership Challenge (JCLC), a physical fitness competition.[48]

Cadets may be awarded ribbons, ribbon devices, medals and aiguillettes for participation in JROTC and team activities, as well as for personal academic and athletic achievement and leadership. Awards may be presented by organizations other than the cadet's JROTC program, such as other JROTC programs, Military Officers Association of America, American Veterans, Order of the Daedalians, American Legion, and the National Rifle Association of America.[49] Ribbons and medals are positioned in order of precedence, as prescribed by the Cadet Field Manual and the senior JROTC instructor.[50]

Some units also host an annual formal military ball (mess dress) and formal dinner. Usually, awards are presented. Female cadets are generally excused from wearing the dress uniform for military ball. Sometimes units also have a separate awards ceremony, which is attended by the instructors, guests, and parents. Fraternal organizations, such as the American Legion, often give out awards for military excellence, academics, and citizenship, in addition to the standard awards given by the JROTC program. The year may be finished with a change of command ceremony, where the new unit commander, executive officer, and other unit officers are named and take command from the current officers. Mid-level officers are also named. Some units choose the next year's NCO and junior officer corps based on officer and NCO candidate schools, usually held immediately following the end of the school year.

Successful completion of a JROTC Program (1–3 years of classes) can lead to advanced rank upon enlistment in the Armed Forces.[4][51] For example, upon completion of three years of Air Force JROTC, cadets may at their instructor's discretion enlist in the Air Force at the rank of Airman First Class (E-3). However, JROTC participation incurs no obligation to join the military.[4]

A JROTC unit (through the Senior Instructor) may recommend current JROTC cadets for nomination to the Service Academy of the unit's branch. JROTC units designated as Honor Units may nominate up to three cadets to the Service Academy of any branch, in addition to the nominations to the unit's own branch academy.

Competitions edit

Leadership and Academic Bowl edit

The JROTC Leadership and Academic Bowl (JLAB) is a national academic competition which is the largest of its kind for high schools in the country. There are three levels of the competition, which units who complete levels 1 and 2 successfully attending the last level at Catholic University of America in Washington D.C.[52] Subjects that are covered in all three levels include history, literature, current events and JROTC curriculum.[53][54] Depending on the represented branch, there may be 4-8 cadets representing a school.[55] Aside from Cadet Command, the competition is also sponsored by the College Options Foundation.

National High School Drill Team Championship edit

Established in 1982, the National High School Drill Team Championship is a joint-service exhibition drill competition for JROTC drill teams, held in Daytona Beach, Florida. Although it has been held since 1982, it only became an officially service-based sanctioned event when the U.S. Army Cadet Command became the sponsor in 1988.[56][57]

Cadet Creeds edit

In every branch of the Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps, there is a branch creed that every cadet in their designated branches must remember.

Army Junior Reserves Officers' Training Corps Cadet Creed edit

I am an Army Junior ROTC Cadet.

I will always conduct myself to bring credit to my family, country, school, and the Corps of Cadets.

I am loyal and patriotic.

I am the future of the United States of America.

I do not lie, cheat, or steal, and will always be accountable for my actions, and deeds.

I will always practice good citizenship and patriotism.

I will work hard to improve my mind and strengthen my body.

I will seek the mantle of leadership and stand prepared to uphold the Constitution and the American way of life.

May God grant me the strength to always live by this creed!


Hooah!

Marine Corps Junior Reserves Officers' Training Corps Cadet Creed edit

I am a Marine Cadet.

I will be true to myself and to others.

I will not lie, cheat, or steal.

I will serve my school, community, and nation.

I will wear my uniform with pride.

I will do my personal best at all times.

I will honor those who have gone before me: the Few, the Proud, the Finest.

Oorah!

Navy Junior Reserves Officers' Training Corps Cadet Creed edit

I am a Navy Junior ROTC cadet.

I strive to promote patriotism and become an informed and responsible citizen.

I respect those in positions of authority.

I support those who have defended freedom and democracy around the world.

I proudly embrace the Navy's core values of Honor, Courage and Commitment.

I am committed to excellence and the fair treatment of all!

Air Force Junior Reserves Officers' Training Corps Cadet Creed edit

I am an Air Force Junior ROTC Cadet.

I am connected and faithful to every Corps of Cadets who served their community and nation with patriotism.

I earn respect when I uphold the Core Values of Integrity First, Service Before Self, and Excellence In All We Do.

I will always conduct myself to bring credit to my family, school, Corps of Cadets, community, and to myself.

My character defines me. I will not lie, cheat, or steal. I am accountable for my actions and deeds.

I will hold others accountable for their actions as well. I will honor those I serve with, those who have gone before me, and those who will come after me.

I am a Patriot, a Leader, and a Wingman devoted to those I follow, serve, and lead.

I am an Air Force Junior ROTC Cadet!

Coast Guard Junior Reserves Officers' Training Corps Cadet Creed edit

I am proud to be a United States Coast Guard JROTC Cadet.

I revere that long line of Splendid Coasties who, by their devotion to duty and sacrifice, have made it possible for me to be associated with a service honored and respected throughout the world.

I never, by word or deed, will bring disgrace upon the name of the U.S Coast Guard.

I will cheerfully fulfill my commitments and obligations and shall endeavor to do more, rather than less, than my share.

I will always act with integrity and be respectful.

I shall endeavor to be a model citizen in the community in which I live in.

I shall endeavor to be a noble work, living by the Coast Guard's core values: Honor, Respect, and Devotion to Duty!

Awards and decorations edit

Army Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps edit

 
Army JROTC Medal For Heroism Ribbon 		 
Army JROTC Superior Cadet Ribbon 		 
Army JROTC Distinguished Cadet Ribbon
 
Army JROTC Academic Excellence Ribbon 		 
Army JROTC Academic Achievement Ribbon 		 
Army JROTC Perfect Attendance Ribbon
 
Army JROTC Student Government Ribbon 		 
Army JROTC Leadership Education Training Service Ribbon 		 
Army JROTC N 1 7 Ribbon
 
Army JROTC N 1 8 Ribbon 		 
Army JROTC N 1 9 Ribbon 		 
Army JROTC N 1 10 Ribbon
 
Army JROTC Dai Sai Instructor Leadership Ribbon 		 
Army JROTC Personal Appearance Ribbon 		 
Army JROTC Proficiency Ribbon
 
Army JROTC Drill Team Ribbon 		 
Army JROTC Orienteering Ribbon 		 
Army JROTC Color Guard Ribbon
 
Army JROTC Rifle Team Ribbon 		 
Army JROTC Adventure Training Ribbon 		 
Army JROTC Commendation Ribbon
 
Army JROTC Good Conduct Ribbon 		 
Army JROTC JCLC Participation Ribbon 		 
Army JROTC N 3 12 Ribbon
 
Army JROTC N 3 13 Ribbon 		 
Army JROTC N 3 14 Ribbon 		 
Army JROTC N 3 15 Ribbon
 
Army JROTC Varsity Athletics Ribbon 		 
Army JROTC Physical Fitness Ribbon 		 
Army JROTC Athletics Ribbon
 
Army JROTC N 2 4 Ribbon 		 
Army JROTC N 2 5 Ribbon 		 
Army JROTC Parade Ribbon
 
Army JROTC Recruiting Ribbon 		 
Army JROTC N 4 3 Ribbon 		 
Army JROTC N 4 4 Ribbon
 
Army JROTC N 4 5 Ribbon 		 
Army JROTC Service Learning Ribbon 		 
Army JROTC Excellent Staff Performance Ribbon
Ribbon appurtenances[58]
  Bronze Oil Lamp Signifies second award of a ribbon.
  Silver Oil Lamp Signifies third award of a ribbon.
  Gold Oil Lamp Signifies fourth award of a ribbon.

Navy Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps edit

                                     
Service designation stars (three maximum)
   
Meritorious Achievement Ribbon[59]		  
Distinguished Unit Ribbon
 
Distinguished Cadet Ribbon 		 
Honor Cadet Ribbon 		 
Cadet Achievement Ribbon
 
Unit Achievement Ribbon 		 
Aptitude Ribbon 		 
NS IV Outstanding Cadet Ribbon
 
NS III Outstanding Cadet Ribbon 		 
NS II Outstanding Cadet Ribbon 		 
NS I Outstanding Cadet Ribbon
 
Exemplary Conduct Ribbon 		 
Exemplary Personal Appearance Ribbon 		 
Physical Fitness Ribbon
 
Participation Ribbon 		 
Unit Service Ribbon 		 
Community Service Ribbon
 
Academic Award Ribbon 		 
Drill Team Ribbon 		 
Color Guard Ribbon
 
Rifle Team Ribbon 		 
Orienteering Ribbon 		 
Inter service competition Ribbon
 
Recruiting Ribbon 		 
Basic Leadership Training Ribbon 		 
Sea Cruise Ribbon[60]

Air Force Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps edit

 
Air Force JROTC Gold Valor Award 		 
Air Force JROTC Silver Valor Award 		 
Cadet Humanitarian Award
 
Silver Star Community Service with Excellence Award 		 
Community Service with Excellence Award 		 
 
Daedalian Award 		 
American Legion Scholastic Award 		 
American Legion General Military Excellence Award
 
American Veterans Award 		 
Military Order of World Wars Medal 		 
 
Military Officers Association Award 		 
Veterans of Foreign Wars Award 		 
Military Order of the Purple Heart
 
Air Force Sergeants Association 		 
Tuskegee Airmen Inc. AFJROTC Cadet Award 		 
The Retired Enlisted Association Award
 
Celebrate Freedom Foundation Award 		 
Air Commando Association Award 		 
Distinguished Unit Award with Merit
 
Distinguished Unit Award 		 
Outstanding Organization Award 		 
Outstanding Flight Award
 
Top Performer Award 		 
Outstanding Cadet Award 		 
Leadership Ribbon
 
Achievement Ribbon 		 
Superior Performance Ribbon 		 
Academic Ribbon
 
Leadership School Ribbon 		 
Special Teams Competition 		 
 
Orienteering Ribbon 		 
Co-Curricular Activities Leadership Ribbon 		 
 
Drill Team Ribbon 		 
Color Guard Ribbon 		 
Sabre Team Ribbon
 
Marksmanship Ribbon 		 
Good Conduct Ribbon 		 
Service Ribbon
 
Health and Wellness Ribbon 		 
Recruiting Ribbon 		 
Activities Ribbon
 
Attendance Ribbon 		 
Dress and Appearance Ribbon 		 
Longevity Ribbon
 
Bataan Death March Memorial Hike Ribbon 		 
Patriotic Flag Ribbon 		 
Sources:[61]

Career military who were members of JROTC edit

Many members of JROTC go on to have careers in the United States Armed Forces as they are twice as likely to enlist than other high school students.[62] Some notable former members of JROTC include:

Controversy edit

There has been controversy about JROTC and militarism in schools.[8] The American Friends Service Committee, the Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors (CCCO), Veterans for Peace,[68] War Resisters League,[69] and the Project on Youth and Nonmilitary Opportunities, actively oppose the JROTC for a number of reasons, including:

  • High cost—A 1999 report by the American Friends Service Committee found that local school districts ended up paying substantially more than the cost estimate the military provided, and that a JROTC program cost more on a per-pupil basis than academic, non-military instruction.[70]
  • Lack of local control—The CCCO is concerned that the federal military dictates the JROTC curriculum and selects the instructors, resulting in local school districts losing control of curriculum and staff.[citation needed]
  • Low-quality curriculum—The CCCO considers the JROTC textbooks to contain substandard learning material with factual distortions and outdated methods of teaching, basing their conclusions on a 1995 academic study of the Army JROTC curriculum commissioned by the American Friends Service Committee,[71] which argues that the curriculum narrows the viewpoint of the students, encourages blind following rather than critical thinking, and indoctrinates students in militaristic authoritarian loyalty and passivity.[72] Veterans for Peace resolved that JROTC teaching that the government gives the citizens its rights[73] "is a complete perversion of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence."[68]

The Coalition For Alternatives to Militarism in Our Schools, formed by more than 50 teachers in the Los Angeles Unified School District,[74] aims to "eliminate the Junior Reserves Officer Training Corps in our High Schools."[75] Many cases of abuse by JROTC instructors, as well as credentialing issues, and of having students forced into JROTC due to lack of space in physical education classes have been noted in Los Angeles Public Schools.[76] The group claims 2006 showed a reduction in JROTC enrollment in Los Angeles, with a drop of one-third or approximately 1,500 students, suggesting part of the explanation is efforts to stop the involuntary enrollment of students into JROTC.[77] At Roosevelt High School in the Boyle Heights section of Los Angeles, a local campaign against JROTC cut the number of cadets 43 percent in four years, with a JROTC instructor reporting a 24 percent drop in enrollment from 2003–04 to 2006-07 for the rest of the Los Angeles unified School District.[78]

In October 2005, the New York Civil Liberties Union pressured Hutchinson Central Technical High School in Buffalo, New York to release students from a mandatory JROTC program, arguing that the practice violates the State's Education Law, which provides that no child may be enrolled in JROTC without prior written parental consent.[79]

In May 2008, the American Civil Liberties Union stated that JROTC violates the United Nations sponsored Convention on the Rights of the Child by targeting students as young as 14 for recruitment to the military.[80] The United States has not ratified the convention, although it has ratified an optional protocol to the Convention on "the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict."[81] However, recruiting is not an official goal of JROTC, as stated in United States Code pertaining to the program.[2] Nor is it a stated goal in each of the individual service's JROTC program mission statements.[82]

Sexual harassment and assault of JROTC cadets by instructors is reported to have occurred in the program, and some instructors have been criminally charged in relation to these crimes. Lack of oversight and the minimal training required for instructors have been cited as factors contributing to this problem.[83]

See also edit

Other similar U.S.-based organizations edit

Youth-based, non-ROTC organizations include:

Similar organizations in other countries edit

References edit

  1. ^ "10 U.S. Code § 2031 - Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps". Legal Information Institute.
  2. ^ a b 10 U.S.C. § 2031
  3. ^ . Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved November 30, 2007.
  4. ^ a b c . Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved April 12, 2007.
  5. ^ . United States Army. Archived from the original on December 27, 2006. Retrieved December 29, 2006.
  6. ^ "Cadet Command Policy memorandum 50" (PDF). United States Army Cadet Command. March 30, 1999. (PDF) from the original on September 12, 2006. Retrieved December 29, 2006.
  7. ^ "H.R. 4205 - Hearings on National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2001 before the Committee on Armed Services". House of Representatives. February 10, 2000. p. 42. from the original on December 29, 2000.
  8. ^ a b Stodghill, Ron (March 4, 2002). . TIME. Archived from the original on November 18, 2007. Retrieved December 30, 2006.
  9. ^ Granger, Kay (July 19, 2000). "Text - H.R.4208 - 106th Congress (1999-2000): Recruiting, Retention, and Reservist Promotion Act of 2000". U.S. Congress.
  10. ^ Huet-Vaughn, Emiliano (September–December 2001). (PDF). The Human Quest. pp. 10–11. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2007. Retrieved December 29, 2006.
  11. ^ "Child Soldiers Global Report 2001 - United States of America". Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers. 2001. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
  12. ^ United States Army. . Archived from the original on February 8, 2013. Retrieved December 29, 2006.
  13. ^ Air Force Officer Accession and Training Schools. "AFJROTC History". Retrieved December 29, 2006.
  14. ^ . United States Navy Naval Service Training Command. Archived from the original on June 29, 2007. Retrieved December 29, 2006.
  15. ^ "History of Marine Corps JROTC Program". United States Marine Corps JROTC. Retrieved December 29, 2006.
  16. ^ Riggs, Joshua. "Space Force JROTC". Alabama JROTC. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
  17. ^ "Space Force JROTC to Get First Units Starting This Fall". Air Force Magazine. March 22, 2021. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
  18. ^ "JROTC Units". United States Coast Guard. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
  19. ^ . The US Code. January 15, 2013. Archived from the original on July 7, 2013.
  20. ^ . Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on September 23, 2006.
  21. ^ "Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps Assessment". The White House. 2006. from the original on September 16, 2012.
  22. ^ . Furr High School NJROTC. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
  23. ^ "Chain of Command". Port Charlotte High School NJROTC. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
  24. ^ "Operation and Maintenance Overview Fiscal Year (FY) 2007 Budget Estimates" (PDF). Office of the Secretary of Defense. February 2006. Retrieved December 29, 2006.
  25. ^ "Department of Defense Budget Fiscal Year 2009" (PDF). Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller). February 2008. Retrieved May 3, 2011.
  26. ^ "Congressional Research Service Reports - General National Security". sgp.fas.org. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
  27. ^ U.S. Department of the Army. (2000). Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps Program Organization, Administration, Operation, and Support: Army Regulation 145-2.
  28. ^ . American Friends Service Committee. Archived from the original on April 19, 2007. Retrieved April 24, 2007.
  29. ^ California Commission on Teacher Credentialing (January 2004). . Archived from the original on December 7, 2006. Retrieved December 29, 2006.
  30. ^ . Marine Corps Junior ROTC Program. Archived from the original on July 28, 2007. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
  31. ^ . Air Force Officer Accession and Training Schools. January 3, 2006. Archived from the original on March 10, 2006. Retrieved April 24, 2007.
  32. ^ . Navy Junior Reserves Officers' Training Corps. 2007. Archived from the original on June 29, 2007. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
  33. ^ . United States Navy Naval Service Training Command. August 2001. Archived from the original on May 10, 2009. Retrieved December 29, 2006.
  34. ^ . Army Dictionary (N). Archived from the original on July 22, 2006. Retrieved December 14, 2006.
  35. ^ . Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved April 24, 2007.
  36. ^ Schaeffer-Duffy, Claire (March 28, 2003). . National Catholic Reporter. Archived from the original on February 28, 2007. Retrieved April 24, 2007.
  37. ^ Wedekind, Jennifer (June 5, 2005). "The Childrens Crusade". In These Times. Retrieved April 24, 2007.
  38. ^ . Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Archived from the original on May 31, 2010.
  39. ^ a b McDuffee, Allen (August 20, 2008). . In These Times. Archived from the original on November 9, 2008.
  40. ^ For more about the regulations relating all personnel (including cadets) to military command authority, see: U.S.Army (2006). . Headquarters: Department of the Army. AR 600-20. Archived from the original on December 16, 2018 – via Online Personal Trainer.
  41. ^ For historical context for many military customs, from ceremonies to activities forbidden by force of observed custom, as such customs are adopted by individual JROTC units under mentorship of instructors on their retirement from active duty, see Bonn, LTC Keith E. (2002). Army Officer's Guide (49th ed.). Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-2649-5.
  42. ^ "JROTC Syllabus" (PDF). Online Personal Trainer.[dead link]
  43. ^ "JROTC Creed History". Online Personal Trainer. Archived from the original on December 17, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2007.
  44. ^ Miles, Dale (April 2005). "CMP Develops New JROTC Marksmanship Instructor Course". Civilian Marksmanship Program.
  45. ^ "Band". Randolph-Macon Academy.
  46. ^ "JROTC". Central Catholic High School.
  47. ^ Military History and Professional Development: Suggestions to Units and Formations (PDF). U. S. Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute. 1985. 85-CSI-21 85. (PDF) from the original on June 19, 2021.
  48. ^ . JROTC. Archived from the original on June 24, 2018. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
  49. ^ Naval Education and Training Command (June 2010). "Precedence of Order of Seniority". (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 15, 2011. Retrieved July 15, 2011. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  50. ^ Naval Education and Training Command (June 2010). "Awards and Decorations". (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 15, 2011. Retrieved July 15, 2011. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  51. ^ U.S. Army (2011). (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army. AR 601-210. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 17, 2012. See paragraph 2-18, "Enlistment pay grades for personnel without prior Service". Students who complete 1 or more years of JROTC may enlist at pay grades E-2 (PV2) or E-3 (PFC).
  52. ^ "Academic Competitions". JROTC.
  53. ^ "2019-2020 JROTC Leadership & Academic Bowl". Marine Corps JROTC.
  54. ^ "JLAB expands minds, leadership skills of JROTC Cadets". U.S. Army.
  55. ^ Caruso, Project. "Quiz Bowl". Cofcontests.com.
  56. ^ "National High School Drill Team Championship". JROTC.
  57. ^ "National High School Drill Team Championships". thenationals.net.
  58. ^ (PDF). Ft. Knox, KY: U.S. Army Cadet Command. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 1, 2017.
  59. ^ "NJROTC Ribbons and Criteria". Duluth High School NJROTC.
  60. ^ "MIL-DTL-11589: Ribbon, at Sea Cruise, NJROTC". ASSIST.
  61. ^ "Air Force Junior ROTC Ribbon Chart" (PDF). Edl.io. August 1, 2018.
  62. ^ Rempfer, Kyle (November 7, 2019). "Army leaders weigh expanding JROTC in high schools". Army Times.
  63. ^ Parker, J. Michael (November 21, 2008). "Central Catholic Trio Who Died on Tarawa Remembered". Today's Catholic. Retrieved October 20, 2013. [...] Bordelon, the ROTC battalion major during his senior year in 1937-38, was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor six years later for his extraordinary heroism and determination in leading men despite several serious wounds. [...]
  64. ^ . Who's Who in Marine Corps History. United States Marine Corps History Division. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved September 23, 2009.
  65. ^ Steele, Kathy (September 9, 2009). "Memorial, display to honor war hero". South Tampa News & Tribune. Tampa, Florida. Archived from the original on July 14, 2012. Retrieved September 23, 2009.
  66. ^ Partlow, Joshua; Parker, Lonnae O'Neal (September 27, 2006). "West Point Mourns a Font Of Energy, Laid to Rest by War". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 20, 2013. [...] From early on, she wanted to be a soldier, her friends recalled, and she became wing commander of Junior ROTC at Oxon Hill. [...]
  67. ^ . AllenWestTX. May 27, 2019. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021.
  68. ^ a b "Veterans For Peace National Resolutions (Updated January 2013)" (PDF). Veterans For Peace. That VFP opposes Junior Reserve Officer Training (JROTC) in the public schools of the U.S. and calls for their discontinuance." and "Veterans For Peace National encourages its members to work with like minded organizations and people to develop resources and classes in public schools that offer alternative views of citizenship to that of JROTC.
  69. ^ Ullah, Asif (April 2003). . War Resisters League. Archived from the original on January 14, 2008.
  70. ^ , American Friends Service Committee, 1999, archived from the original on June 26, 2004, retrieved December 29, 2006
  71. ^ Lutz, Catherine & Bartlett, Lesley (April 1995). (PDF). American Friends Service Committee. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 7, 2005. Reprinted in Education Digest, November 1995: 9-14.
  72. ^ . American Friends Service Committee. April 1995. Archived from the original on January 19, 2007.
  73. ^ See e.g. Army JROTC (PDF). Ft. Monroe, Virginia: Department of the Army Cadet Command. p. 43. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2007.
  74. ^ Pogash, Carol (April 2005). . Edutopia. Archived from the original on June 30, 2006. Retrieved December 29, 2006.
  75. ^ . Coalition Against Militarism in Our Schools. Archived from the original on June 10, 2007. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
  76. ^ Inouye, Arlene (November 2005). . Coalition Against Militarism in Our Schools. Archived from the original on June 9, 2007. Retrieved December 29, 2006.
  77. ^ Inouye, Arlene (December 5, 2006). . Coalition Against Militarism In Our Schools. Archived from the original on April 19, 2007.
  78. ^ Nazario, Sonia (February 25, 2007). "Activists in Calif. school district crusading against junior ROTC". Los Angeles Times – via Boston.com.
  79. ^ "NYCLU Pushes Buffalo High School To Release Students From Mandatory JROTC Program". New York Civil Liberties Union. October 12, 2005. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
  80. ^ "Soldiers of Misfortune" (PDF). American Civil Liberties Union. 2008.
  81. ^ . United Nations Treaty Collection. May 25, 2000. Archived from the original on April 25, 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
  82. ^ "Marine Corps Order 1533.6E" (PDF). Commandant of the United States Marine Corps. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
  83. ^ Baker, Mike; Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas; Marcus, Ilana; Calvert, Mary F. (July 9, 2022). "'I Felt Trapped': Sexual Abuse of Teens in the Military's J.R.O.T.C. Program". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps
 
 
 
 
  Scouting portal

Videos edit

  • Atlanta Public Schools' JROTC Pass-in-Review
  • Union HS Army JROTC Unarmed Regulation at Central Regional Drill Competition 2019
  • North Salem HS JROTC Vanir Guard Color Guard @ The Nationals, 5 May 2017
  • Joint Service Academic Bowl Championship
  • Ozark High School JROTC Drill Team 2017
  • Virginia 91st Air Force JROTC Band at Fall Family Day Parade 2015
  • JROTC Spring Competition - Lincoln Drum Corps 2015

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps.
  • U.S. Air Force University JROTC[permanent dead link]
  • U.S. Army JROTC
  • U.S. Marine Corps JROTC
  • U.S. Navy JROTC

October 31, 2023
junior, reserve, officers, training, corps, junior, reserve, officer, training, corps, jrotc, commonly, pronounced, federal, program, sponsored, united, states, armed, forces, high, schools, also, some, middle, schools, across, united, states, military, bases,. The Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps JROTC commonly pronounced JAY are oh tee see is a federal program sponsored by the United States Armed Forces in high schools and also in some middle schools across the United States and at US military bases across the world The program was originally created as part of the National Defense Act of 1916 and later expanded under the 1964 ROTC Vitalization Act A Navy JROTC cadet salutes during the parading of the colors ceremony held at Pearl Harbor HawaiiCadets from Bellevue East High School s AFJROTC marching in the Bellevue Nebraska 2016 Veterans Day paradeCadets from Elizabeth High School s MCJROTC and Linden High School s NJROTC hold a joint honor guard colors posting ceremony at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford New Jersey Contents 1 Role and purpose 2 Organization 2 1 JROTC funding 2 2 Military staff and instructors 3 Instruction and activities 3 1 Competitions 3 1 1 Leadership and Academic Bowl 3 1 2 National High School Drill Team Championship 4 Cadet Creeds 4 1 Army Junior Reserves Officers Training Corps Cadet Creed 4 2 Marine Corps Junior Reserves Officers Training Corps Cadet Creed 4 3 Navy Junior Reserves Officers Training Corps Cadet Creed 4 4 Air Force Junior Reserves Officers Training Corps Cadet Creed 4 5 Coast Guard Junior Reserves Officers Training Corps Cadet Creed 5 Awards and decorations 5 1 Army Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps 5 2 Navy Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps 5 3 Air Force Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps 6 Career military who were members of JROTC 7 Controversy 8 See also 8 1 Other similar U S based organizations 8 2 Similar organizations in other countries 9 References 10 Videos 11 External linksRole and purpose edit nbsp NJROTC cadets visiting USS Theodore Roosevelt in November 2005According to Title 10 Section 2031 1 of the United States Code the purpose of the Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps is to instill in students in the United States secondary educational institutions the values of citizenship service to the United States and personal responsibility and a sense of accomplishment 2 Additional objectives are established by the service departments of the Department of Defense Under 542 4 3 of Title 32 National Defense of the Code of Federal Regulations the Department of the Army has declared those objectives for each cadet to be Developing citizenship and patriotism Developing self reliance and responsiveness to all authority Improving the ability to communicate well both orally and in writing Developing an appreciation of the importance of physical fitness Increasing a respect for the role of the U S Armed Forces in support of national objectives Developing a knowledge of team building skills and basic military skills Taking 1 3 years of the course grants cadets the ability to rank higher if they pursue a military career Section 524 5 4 of the CFR National Defense title states in part that JROTC should provide meaningful leadership instruction of benefit to the student and of value to the Armed Forces Students will acquire 1 An understanding of the fundamental concept of leadership military art and science 2 An introduction to related professional knowledge and 3 An appreciation of requirements for national security The dual roles of citizen soldier and soldier citizen are studied These programs will enable cadets to better serve their country as leaders as citizens and in military service should they enter it The JROTC and NDCC are not of themselves officer producing programs but should create favorable attitudes and impressions toward the Services and toward careers in the Armed Forces The military has stated that JROTC will inform young Americans about the opportunities available in the military and may help motivate young Americans toward military service 5 A 1999 Army policy memorandum stated that While not designed to be a specific recruiting tool there is nothing in existing law that precludes facilitating the recruitment of young men and women into the U S Army directing instructors to actively assist cadets who want to enlist in the military and emphasize service in the U S Army facilitate recruiter access to cadets in JROTC program and to the entire student body and work closely with high school guidance counselors to sell the Army story 6 In a February 2000 testimony before the House Armed Services Committee the armed service chiefs of staff testified that 30 50 of graduating JROTC cadets go on to join the military General James L Jones then Commandant of the Marine Corps testified that the value of the Marine JROTC program is beyond contest Fully one third of our young men and women who join a Junior ROTC program wind up wearing the uniform of a Marine General Eric K Shinseki then Chief of Staff of the United States Army testified that Our indications are about 30 percent of those youngsters we don t recruit them as you know We are not permitted to do that But by virtue of the things that they like about that experience about 30 percent of them end up joining the Army either enlisting or going on to ROTC and then joining the officer population General Michael E Ryan then Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force testified that almost 50 percent of the folks that go out of the Air Force Junior ROTC go into one of the Services by enlisting or going to ROTC or going to one of the academies Admiral Jay L Johnson then Chief of Naval Operations testified that Even if the number is only 30 percent that is a good number But think about what we get out of the other 70 percent They have exposure to us They have exposure to the military And the challenge of the education mandate that we all share in principals and school counselors and school districts that won t let us in that is a powerful tool I think to educate whether or not they end up in the service So it is a long way around saying it is well worth the investment for lots of different reasons 7 General Colin Powell said in his 1995 autobiography that the armed forces might get a youngster more inclined to enlist as a result of Junior ROTC but added that Inner city kids many from broken homes found stability and role models in Junior ROTC 8 U S Congress found in the Recruiting Retention and Reservist Promotion Act of 2000 that JROTC and similar programs provide significant benefits for the Armed Forces including significant public relations benefits 9 Former United States Secretary of Defense William Cohen referred to JROTC as one of the best recruitment programs we could have 10 11 Organization edit nbsp Army JROTC shoulder sleeve insignia nbsp Marine Corps JROTC insignia nbsp Navy JROTC insignia nbsp Air Force JROTC insignia nbsp Coast Guard JROTC insigniaSix of the eight branches of the Uniformed services of the United States maintain a Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps organized into units There are a total of 3 275 units 1 600 Army AJROTC units 12 794 Air Force AFJROTC units 13 619 Navy NJROTC units 14 260 Marine Corps MCJROTC units 15 10 Space Force SFJROTC units 16 17 6 Coast Guard CGJROTC units 4 more planned to commence in 2023 18 Prior to 1967 the number of units was limited to 1 200 The cap was increased to 1 600 units in 1967 and again to 3 500 units in 1992 the statutory limitation on the number of units was struck from the law in 2001 19 20 Their goal was to reach 3 500 units by February 2011 by encouraging program expansion into educationally and economically deprived areas 21 Units are set up according to the layout of their parent service often referred to as the Chain of Command 22 23 Army JROTC units follow a company usually the period the class is held in battalion all periods and at larger events brigade multiple battalions structure Marine Corps JROTC units follow the battalion or in cases of larger size brigade structure Air Force JROTC units are composed structurally based on size Individual if one detail if 2 element if more than 2 and no more than 8 flight if 26 squadron if more than 51 group if more than 101 and wing if more than 251 cadets Navy JROTC typically follows the company 100 149 cadets battalion 150 299 cadets or regiment 300 cadets structure depending on the size of the unit JROTC funding edit This article needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information February 2023 JROTC is partly funded by the United States Department of Defense with an allocation in the military budget of about 340 million dollars for the fiscal year 2007 of which about 68 million are personnel costs 24 The federal government subsidizes instructor salaries cadet uniforms equipment and textbooks The instructors usually retired military personnel continue to receive retirement pay from the Federal government but in addition the schools pay the difference from what the instructors would receive if they were on active duty The service concerned then reimburses the school for approximately one half of the amount paid by the school to the instructor DoD Budget 25 FY 2007 FY 2008 FY 2009AJROTC 128 281 146 147 149 329NJROTC 45 411 47 844 50 494MCJROTC 17 423 16 996 17 740AFJROTC 77 901 94 760 108 730Total U S 1 000 269 016 305 747 323 293Note Space Force JROTC funding is included in Air Force JROTC 26 Military staff and instructors edit Although active duty officers may be assigned to JROTC this is exceedingly rare and is primarily limited to staff at the major command or sub command headquarters overseeing each service s respective JROTC program or regional administrators overseeing a set number of individual units Unlike the college university ROTC program which is an actual military officer training and accession track the vast majority of NJROTC instructors are retired from the sponsoring branch of the Armed Forces In the Army JROTC program the cadet unit at each school is directed by at least one retired commissioned officer in the grade of Captain through Colonel or a Warrant Officer WO1 through CW5 who is designated as the Senior Army Instructor and who is assisted by at least one retired Non Commissioned Officer in the grade of Staff Sergeant through Command Sergeant Major who is designated as an Army Instructor AI In certain situations there may be additional instructors 27 A new provision from the John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007 Section 540 that was signed into law in October 2006 permits retired Reserve Component officers and noncommissioned officers to be hired as instructors There are no national requirements that JROTC instructors have the teaching credential required by other teachers in public high school although there are a handful of counties that do require a teaching credential 28 In at least one jurisdiction California the government requires JROTC instructors to have at least four years of military experience and possess a high school diploma or equivalent 29 AJROTC instructors need to be within one year of retirement or retired from active military service for five or fewer years MCJROTC instructors need to have graduated from high school have at least 20 years of active military service and be physically qualified according to Marine Corps standards 30 AFJROTC previously required a minimum of 20 years of active duty but has since been overridden by a provision in the John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007 Section 540 signed into law in October 2006 permitting retired Reserve Component e g Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard officers and noncommissioned officers to be hired as instructors Officer instructors need to have a minimum of a bachelor s degree while a high school diploma or equivalent is sufficient for enlisted instructors For AJROTC the Non commissioned Officer has to attain an associate degree AA with teaching credential in order to be assigned an AI To be assigned as a SAI the AJROTC Instructor has to hold a BA degree with teaching credentials 31 NJROTC also required a minimum of 20 years of active duty until it was overridden by a provision in the John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007 Section 540 signed into law in October 2006 permitting retired Reserve Component personnel e g U S Navy Reserve officers chief petty officers and petty officers to be hired as NJROTC instructors The minimum education requirement for an enlisted Naval Science Instructor NSI is a high school diploma or equivalent with a baccalaureate degree from an accredited college or university required for a commissioned officer to serves as a Senior Naval Science Instructor SNSI 32 The Navy requires that JROTC instructors be employees of the school or school district and that they are accorded the same status as other school faculty members 33 National Defense Cadet Corps 34 NDCC offers similar programs as JROTC NDCC units differ from JROTC in that they receive little or no financial support from the Armed Forces uniforms equipment other materials and instructor salaries must normally be furnished by the school hosting an NDCC program 35 Except for the funding aspects JROTC and NDCC programs are virtually identical although the cadet corps is not limited by the federal statute that restricts JROTC to offering courses only for students in ninth through 12th grades 36 Per 2005 Chicago had 26 Middle School Cadet Corps enlisting more than 850 students 37 Instruction and activities edit source source source source source A Navy Junior ROTC recruiting video from the mid 2000s nbsp A Marine Corps JROTC unit in Hendersonville TennesseeThe Code of Federal Regulations states that JROTC is designed for physically fit citizens attending participating schools 38 In public schools JROTC is usually an elective course with membership limited to US citizens and legal foreign nationals those who will graduate with their 9th grade cohort and have not experienced an out of school suspension during the preceding six month period Often students who participate for one year receive credit in lieu of a physical education class Students who excel in the first year of JROTC can apply for a second year Most schools offer three to four years of JROTC training citation needed Boarding schools or pre college military schools may offer JROTC programs with some requiring participation as a condition for acceptance to the school Some public military schools mandate JROTC as a class for all grade levels and have a curriculum that includes military history military protocol civics and physical fitness 39 Chicago has six public military academies more than any other city and one third of all in the country 39 The JROTC program stresses military discipline 40 41 with a curriculum that emphasizes study of military science and military history 42 Cadets typically wear their uniforms once or twice a week usually standing for inspection with the exception being those cadets who attend a JROTC based military academy Their creed encourages conduct that brings credit to family country school and the corps of cadets loyalty citizenship and patriotism 43 Many cadets participate in extracurricular activities such as the following Drill unarmed armed and regulation drill Color Guard PT team Rocketry usually available in AFJROTC Orienteering Rifle or pistol marksmanship programs offered by at least two thirds of JROTC units 44 Academic Team Drum corps Marching Band although very rare The most notable JROTC marching band is the Virginia 91st Air Force Junior ROTC Band of the Randolph Macon Academy 45 Being a rare part of a JROTC unit there are few in existence with the state of Texas only boasting two units with marching bands 46 There are other extracurricular activities that the JROTC s programs provide for their cadets including trips to military installations ROTC college programs and other sites that give the cadets a look at the military community During the school year there are regional competitions between JROTC units with testing in all areas of military naval and aerospace science Some units organize special visits to US military bases during school breaks There are also many summertime leadership academies for cadets hosted by various military installations 47 These academies include the JROTC Leadership and Academic Bowl JLAB and JROTC Cadet Leadership Challenge JCLC a physical fitness competition 48 Cadets may be awarded ribbons ribbon devices medals and aiguillettes for participation in JROTC and team activities as well as for personal academic and athletic achievement and leadership Awards may be presented by organizations other than the cadet s JROTC program such as other JROTC programs Military Officers Association of America American Veterans Order of the Daedalians American Legion and the National Rifle Association of America 49 Ribbons and medals are positioned in order of precedence as prescribed by the Cadet Field Manual and the senior JROTC instructor 50 Some units also host an annual formal military ball mess dress and formal dinner Usually awards are presented Female cadets are generally excused from wearing the dress uniform for military ball Sometimes units also have a separate awards ceremony which is attended by the instructors guests and parents Fraternal organizations such as the American Legion often give out awards for military excellence academics and citizenship in addition to the standard awards given by the JROTC program The year may be finished with a change of command ceremony where the new unit commander executive officer and other unit officers are named and take command from the current officers Mid level officers are also named Some units choose the next year s NCO and junior officer corps based on officer and NCO candidate schools usually held immediately following the end of the school year Successful completion of a JROTC Program 1 3 years of classes can lead to advanced rank upon enlistment in the Armed Forces 4 51 For example upon completion of three years of Air Force JROTC cadets may at their instructor s discretion enlist in the Air Force at the rank of Airman First Class E 3 However JROTC participation incurs no obligation to join the military 4 A JROTC unit through the Senior Instructor may recommend current JROTC cadets for nomination to the Service Academy of the unit s branch JROTC units designated as Honor Units may nominate up to three cadets to the Service Academy of any branch in addition to the nominations to the unit s own branch academy Competitions edit Leadership and Academic Bowl edit The JROTC Leadership and Academic Bowl JLAB is a national academic competition which is the largest of its kind for high schools in the country There are three levels of the competition which units who complete levels 1 and 2 successfully attending the last level at Catholic University of America in Washington D C 52 Subjects that are covered in all three levels include history literature current events and JROTC curriculum 53 54 Depending on the represented branch there may be 4 8 cadets representing a school 55 Aside from Cadet Command the competition is also sponsored by the College Options Foundation National High School Drill Team Championship edit Established in 1982 the National High School Drill Team Championship is a joint service exhibition drill competition for JROTC drill teams held in Daytona Beach Florida Although it has been held since 1982 it only became an officially service based sanctioned event when the U S Army Cadet Command became the sponsor in 1988 56 57 Cadet Creeds editIn every branch of the Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps there is a branch creed that every cadet in their designated branches must remember Army Junior Reserves Officers Training Corps Cadet Creed edit I am an Army Junior ROTC Cadet I will always conduct myself to bring credit to my family country school and the Corps of Cadets I am loyal and patriotic I am the future of the United States of America I do not lie cheat or steal and will always be accountable for my actions and deeds I will always practice good citizenship and patriotism I will work hard to improve my mind and strengthen my body I will seek the mantle of leadership and stand prepared to uphold the Constitution and the American way of life May God grant me the strength to always live by this creed Hooah Marine Corps Junior Reserves Officers Training Corps Cadet Creed edit I am a Marine Cadet I will be true to myself and to others I will not lie cheat or steal I will serve my school community and nation I will wear my uniform with pride I will do my personal best at all times I will honor those who have gone before me the Few the Proud the Finest Oorah Navy Junior Reserves Officers Training Corps Cadet Creed edit I am a Navy Junior ROTC cadet I strive to promote patriotism and become an informed and responsible citizen I respect those in positions of authority I support those who have defended freedom and democracy around the world I proudly embrace the Navy s core values of Honor Courage and Commitment I am committed to excellence and the fair treatment of all Air Force Junior Reserves Officers Training Corps Cadet Creed edit I am an Air Force Junior ROTC Cadet I am connected and faithful to every Corps of Cadets who served their community and nation with patriotism I earn respect when I uphold the Core Values of Integrity First Service Before Self and Excellence In All We Do I will always conduct myself to bring credit to my family school Corps of Cadets community and to myself My character defines me I will not lie cheat or steal I am accountable for my actions and deeds I will hold others accountable for their actions as well I will honor those I serve with those who have gone before me and those who will come after me I am a Patriot a Leader and a Wingman devoted to those I follow serve and lead I am an Air Force Junior ROTC Cadet Coast Guard Junior Reserves Officers Training Corps Cadet Creed edit I am proud to be a United States Coast Guard JROTC Cadet I revere that long line of Splendid Coasties who by their devotion to duty and sacrifice have made it possible for me to be associated with a service honored and respected throughout the world I never by word or deed will bring disgrace upon the name of the U S Coast Guard I will cheerfully fulfill my commitments and obligations and shall endeavor to do more rather than less than my share I will always act with integrity and be respectful I shall endeavor to be a model citizen in the community in which I live in I shall endeavor to be a noble work living by the Coast Guard s core values Honor Respect and Devotion to Duty Awards and decorations editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed January 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message Army Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps edit nbsp Army JROTC Medal For Heroism Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC Superior Cadet Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC Distinguished Cadet Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC Academic Excellence Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC Academic Achievement Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC Perfect Attendance Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC Student Government Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC Leadership Education Training Service Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC N 1 7 Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC N 1 8 Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC N 1 9 Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC N 1 10 Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC Dai Sai Instructor Leadership Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC Personal Appearance Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC Proficiency Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC Drill Team Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC Orienteering Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC Color Guard Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC Rifle Team Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC Adventure Training Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC Commendation Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC Good Conduct Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC JCLC Participation Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC N 3 12 Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC N 3 13 Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC N 3 14 Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC N 3 15 Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC Varsity Athletics Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC Physical Fitness Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC Athletics Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC N 2 4 Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC N 2 5 Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC Parade Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC Recruiting Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC N 4 3 Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC N 4 4 Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC N 4 5 Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC Service Learning Ribbon nbsp Army JROTC Excellent Staff Performance RibbonRibbon appurtenances 58 nbsp Bronze Oil Lamp Signifies second award of a ribbon nbsp Silver Oil Lamp Signifies third award of a ribbon nbsp Gold Oil Lamp Signifies fourth award of a ribbon Navy Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps edit nbsp nbsp nbsp Service designation stars three maximum nbsp Meritorious Achievement Ribbon 59 nbsp Distinguished Unit Ribbon nbsp Distinguished Cadet Ribbon nbsp Honor Cadet Ribbon nbsp Cadet Achievement Ribbon nbsp Unit Achievement Ribbon nbsp Aptitude Ribbon nbsp NS IV Outstanding Cadet Ribbon nbsp NS III Outstanding Cadet Ribbon nbsp NS II Outstanding Cadet Ribbon nbsp NS I Outstanding Cadet Ribbon nbsp Exemplary Conduct Ribbon nbsp Exemplary Personal Appearance Ribbon nbsp Physical Fitness Ribbon nbsp Participation Ribbon nbsp Unit Service Ribbon nbsp Community Service Ribbon nbsp Academic Award Ribbon nbsp Drill Team Ribbon nbsp Color Guard Ribbon nbsp Rifle Team Ribbon nbsp Orienteering Ribbon nbsp Inter service competition Ribbon nbsp Recruiting Ribbon nbsp Basic Leadership Training Ribbon nbsp Sea Cruise Ribbon 60 Air Force Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps edit nbsp Air Force JROTC Gold Valor Award nbsp Air Force JROTC Silver Valor Award nbsp Cadet Humanitarian Award nbsp Silver Star Community Service with Excellence Award nbsp Community Service with Excellence Award nbsp Air Force Association Award nbsp Daedalian Award nbsp American Legion Scholastic Award nbsp American Legion General Military Excellence Award nbsp American Veterans Award nbsp Military Order of World Wars Medal nbsp Military Officers Association Award nbsp Veterans of Foreign Wars Award nbsp Military Order of the Purple Heart nbsp Air Force Sergeants Association nbsp Tuskegee Airmen Inc AFJROTC Cadet Award nbsp The Retired Enlisted Association Award nbsp Celebrate Freedom Foundation Award nbsp Air Commando Association Award nbsp Distinguished Unit Award with Merit nbsp Distinguished Unit Award nbsp Outstanding Organization Award nbsp Outstanding Flight Award nbsp Top Performer Award nbsp Outstanding Cadet Award nbsp Leadership Ribbon nbsp Achievement Ribbon nbsp Superior Performance Ribbon nbsp Academic Ribbon nbsp Leadership School Ribbon nbsp Special Teams Competition nbsp Orienteering Ribbon nbsp Co Curricular Activities Leadership Ribbon nbsp Drill Team Ribbon nbsp Color Guard Ribbon nbsp Sabre Team Ribbon nbsp Marksmanship Ribbon nbsp Good Conduct Ribbon nbsp Service Ribbon nbsp Health and Wellness Ribbon nbsp Recruiting Ribbon nbsp Activities Ribbon nbsp Attendance Ribbon nbsp Dress and Appearance Ribbon nbsp Longevity Ribbon nbsp Bataan Death March Memorial Hike Ribbon nbsp Patriotic Flag Ribbon Sources 61 Career military who were members of JROTC editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed August 2010 Learn how and when to remove this template message Many members of JROTC go on to have careers in the United States Armed Forces as they are twice as likely to enlist than other high school students 62 Some notable former members of JROTC include William J Bordelon Central Catholic Marianist High School 1938 staff sergeant U S Marine Corps awarded the Medal of Honor 63 Harry B Harris Jr admiral U S Navy first Asian American to achieve the rank of admiral in the Navy served as commander of U S Pacific Command Baldomero Lopez first lieutenant U S Marine Corps awarded the Medal of Honor 64 65 James Cartwright general U S Marine Corps Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Shoshana Johnson specialist U S Army first female African American prisoner of war in the history of the United States military medically retired Emily Perez Oxon Hill High School 2001 second lieutenant U S Army first Class of 9 11 West Point graduate to die in the Iraq War 66 Alan G Rogers major U S Army Allen B West lieutenant colonel U S Army and United States Representative from Florida Henry Grady High School JROTC 67 Thomas E White brigadier general U S Army Secretary of the Army 2001 2003 Charles D Ranger Dave Sellers major U S Air Force amp U S Army Booker High School JROTC 1986 1990Controversy editThere has been controversy about JROTC and militarism in schools 8 The American Friends Service Committee the Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors CCCO Veterans for Peace 68 War Resisters League 69 and the Project on Youth and Nonmilitary Opportunities actively oppose the JROTC for a number of reasons including High cost A 1999 report by the American Friends Service Committee found that local school districts ended up paying substantially more than the cost estimate the military provided and that a JROTC program cost more on a per pupil basis than academic non military instruction 70 Lack of local control The CCCO is concerned that the federal military dictates the JROTC curriculum and selects the instructors resulting in local school districts losing control of curriculum and staff citation needed Low quality curriculum The CCCO considers the JROTC textbooks to contain substandard learning material with factual distortions and outdated methods of teaching basing their conclusions on a 1995 academic study of the Army JROTC curriculum commissioned by the American Friends Service Committee 71 which argues that the curriculum narrows the viewpoint of the students encourages blind following rather than critical thinking and indoctrinates students in militaristic authoritarian loyalty and passivity 72 Veterans for Peace resolved that JROTC teaching that the government gives the citizens its rights 73 is a complete perversion of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence 68 The Coalition For Alternatives to Militarism in Our Schools formed by more than 50 teachers in the Los Angeles Unified School District 74 aims to eliminate the Junior Reserves Officer Training Corps in our High Schools 75 Many cases of abuse by JROTC instructors as well as credentialing issues and of having students forced into JROTC due to lack of space in physical education classes have been noted in Los Angeles Public Schools 76 The group claims 2006 showed a reduction in JROTC enrollment in Los Angeles with a drop of one third or approximately 1 500 students suggesting part of the explanation is efforts to stop the involuntary enrollment of students into JROTC 77 At Roosevelt High School in the Boyle Heights section of Los Angeles a local campaign against JROTC cut the number of cadets 43 percent in four years with a JROTC instructor reporting a 24 percent drop in enrollment from 2003 04 to 2006 07 for the rest of the Los Angeles unified School District 78 In October 2005 the New York Civil Liberties Union pressured Hutchinson Central Technical High School in Buffalo New York to release students from a mandatory JROTC program arguing that the practice violates the State s Education Law which provides that no child may be enrolled in JROTC without prior written parental consent 79 In May 2008 the American Civil Liberties Union stated that JROTC violates the United Nations sponsored Convention on the Rights of the Child by targeting students as young as 14 for recruitment to the military 80 The United States has not ratified the convention although it has ratified an optional protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict 81 However recruiting is not an official goal of JROTC as stated in United States Code pertaining to the program 2 Nor is it a stated goal in each of the individual service s JROTC program mission statements 82 Sexual harassment and assault of JROTC cadets by instructors is reported to have occurred in the program and some instructors have been criminally charged in relation to these crimes Lack of oversight and the minimal training required for instructors have been cited as factors contributing to this problem 83 See also editJunior Reserve Officers Training Corps ranks Delaware Military Academy Reserve Officers Training Corps Army Reserve Officers Training Corps Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps includes Marines Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps includes Guardians Pershing Rifles Youth Challenge Program High school gun clubs and teams in the United States M1903 Springfield Used to teach weapons handling and military drill procedures to the cadets within JROTC units M1 GarandOther similar U S based organizations edit Youth based non ROTC organizations include United States Army Cadet Corps formerly the American Cadet Alliance Civil Air Patrol United States Naval Sea Cadet Corps Young Marines California Cadet Corps Middle School Cadet Corps Navy League Cadet Corps Knickerbocker Greys New York Military Academy NYMA Similar organizations in other countries edit nbsp Antigua and Barbuda Cadet Corps nbsp Australian Air Force Cadets nbsp Australian Army Cadets nbsp Australian Navy Cadets nbsp Bangladesh National Cadet Corps nbsp Royal Belgian Sea Cadet Corps nbsp Bermuda Sea Cadet Corps nbsp Lithuanian Riflemen s Union nbsp National Cadet Corps Ghana nbsp National Cadet Corps India nbsp National Cadet Corps Singapore nbsp Gadna military training nbsp Hong Kong Adventure Corps nbsp Hong Kong Air Cadet Corps nbsp Hong Kong Army Cadets Association Limited nbsp Hong Kong Sea Cadet Corps nbsp Cadet Colleges in Pakistan nbsp Citizenship Advancement Training nbsp Royal Canadian Air Cadets nbsp Royal Canadian Army Cadets nbsp Royal Canadian Sea Cadets nbsp United Kingdom Air Cadets nbsp United Kingdom Army Cadets nbsp United Kingdom Sea Cadets nbsp United Kingdom Combined Cadet Force nbsp Cadet Corps of Russia nbsp Young Army Cadets National MovementReferences edit 10 U S Code 2031 Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps Legal Information Institute a b 10 U S C 2031 Title 32 Section 542 4 Objectives Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Archived from the original on June 13 2011 Retrieved November 30 2007 a b c Title 32 Section 524 5 Policies Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Archived from the original on September 30 2007 Retrieved April 12 2007 US Army Posture Statement FY01 Chapter 5 Meeting the Recruiting Challenge United States Army Archived from the original on December 27 2006 Retrieved December 29 2006 Cadet Command Policy memorandum 50 PDF United States Army Cadet Command March 30 1999 Archived PDF from the original on September 12 2006 Retrieved December 29 2006 H R 4205 Hearings on National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2001 before the Committee on Armed Services House of Representatives February 10 2000 p 42 Archived from the original on December 29 2000 a b Stodghill Ron March 4 2002 Class Warfare TIME Archived from the original on November 18 2007 Retrieved December 30 2006 Granger Kay July 19 2000 Text H R 4208 106th Congress 1999 2000 Recruiting Retention and Reservist Promotion Act of 2000 U S Congress Huet Vaughn Emiliano September December 2001 School A place to teach or to recruit PDF The Human Quest pp 10 11 Archived from the original PDF on September 28 2007 Retrieved December 29 2006 Child Soldiers Global Report 2001 United States of America Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers 2001 Retrieved August 25 2010 United States Army Army Junior ROTC History Archived from the original on February 8 2013 Retrieved December 29 2006 Air Force Officer Accession and Training Schools AFJROTC History Retrieved December 29 2006 NJROTC Basic Facts United States Navy Naval Service Training Command Archived from the original on June 29 2007 Retrieved December 29 2006 History of Marine Corps JROTC Program United States Marine Corps JROTC Retrieved December 29 2006 Riggs Joshua Space Force JROTC Alabama JROTC Retrieved February 28 2023 Space Force JROTC to Get First Units Starting This Fall Air Force Magazine March 22 2021 Retrieved March 25 2021 JROTC Units United States Coast Guard Retrieved March 25 2021 10 USC Chapter 102 Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps Sec 2031 Amendments The US Code January 15 2013 Archived from the original on July 7 2013 Title 10 102 Legal Information Institute Archived from the original on September 23 2006 Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps Assessment The White House 2006 Archived from the original on September 16 2012 Chain of Command amp Battalion Staff Furr High School NJROTC Archived from the original on June 7 2011 Retrieved June 11 2009 Chain of Command Port Charlotte High School NJROTC Retrieved June 11 2009 Operation and Maintenance Overview Fiscal Year FY 2007 Budget Estimates PDF Office of the Secretary of Defense February 2006 Retrieved December 29 2006 Department of Defense Budget Fiscal Year 2009 PDF Office of the Under Secretary of Defense Comptroller February 2008 Retrieved May 3 2011 Congressional Research Service Reports General National Security sgp fas org Retrieved February 28 2023 U S Department of the Army 2000 Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps Program Organization Administration Operation and Support Army Regulation 145 2 JROTC Officers American Friends Service Committee Archived from the original on April 19 2007 Retrieved April 24 2007 California Commission on Teacher Credentialing January 2004 Designated Subjects Special Subjects Teaching Credentials Leaflet CL 699 Archived from the original on December 7 2006 Retrieved December 29 2006 Instructor Application Background Information Marine Corps Junior ROTC Program Archived from the original on July 28 2007 Retrieved August 14 2012 Prerequisites for AFJROTC Instructor Duty Air Force Officer Accession and Training Schools January 3 2006 Archived from the original on March 10 2006 Retrieved April 24 2007 NJROTC Training Navy Junior Reserves Officers Training Corps 2007 Archived from the original on June 29 2007 Retrieved February 4 2016 School Administrator Guidelines for Hiring NJROTC Instructors United States Navy Naval Service Training Command August 2001 Archived from the original on May 10 2009 Retrieved December 29 2006 National Defense Cadet Corps Army Dictionary N Archived from the original on July 22 2006 Retrieved December 14 2006 Title 32 National Defense 542 7 Program information Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Archived from the original on September 30 2007 Retrieved April 24 2007 Schaeffer Duffy Claire March 28 2003 Feeding the military machine JROTC expansion and inner city academies mark recruiting incursion into U S public school classrooms critics say National Catholic Reporter Archived from the original on February 28 2007 Retrieved April 24 2007 Wedekind Jennifer June 5 2005 The Childrens Crusade In These Times Retrieved April 24 2007 Title 32 National Defense Part 542 Schools and Colleges Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Archived from the original on May 31 2010 a b McDuffee Allen August 20 2008 No JROTC Left Behind In These Times Archived from the original on November 9 2008 For more about the regulations relating all personnel including cadets to military command authority see U S Army 2006 Army Command Policy unclassified Five Components of Fitness Step by step Headquarters Department of the Army AR 600 20 Archived from the original on December 16 2018 via Online Personal Trainer For historical context for many military customs from ceremonies to activities forbidden by force of observed custom as such customs are adopted by individual JROTC units under mentorship of instructors on their retirement from active duty see Bonn LTC Keith E 2002 Army Officer s Guide 49th ed Stackpole Books ISBN 0 8117 2649 5 JROTC Syllabus PDF Online Personal Trainer dead link JROTC Creed History Online Personal Trainer Archived from the original on December 17 2012 Retrieved October 17 2007 Miles Dale April 2005 CMP Develops New JROTC Marksmanship Instructor Course Civilian Marksmanship Program Band Randolph Macon Academy JROTC Central Catholic High School Military History and Professional Development Suggestions to Units and Formations PDF U S Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth Kansas Combat Studies Institute 1985 85 CSI 21 85 Archived PDF from the original on June 19 2021 JROTC History JROTC Archived from the original on June 24 2018 Retrieved June 24 2018 Naval Education and Training Command June 2010 Precedence of Order of Seniority Cadet Field Manual NAVEDTRA 37116 H PDF Archived from the original PDF on July 15 2011 Retrieved July 15 2011 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Naval Education and Training Command June 2010 Awards and Decorations Cadet Field Manual NAVEDTRA 37116 Hl PDF Archived from the original PDF on July 15 2011 Retrieved July 15 2011 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help U S Army 2011 Active and Reserve Components Enlistment Program PDF Washington D C Department of the Army AR 601 210 Archived from the original PDF on June 17 2012 See paragraph 2 18 Enlistment pay grades for personnel without prior Service Students who complete 1 or more years of JROTC may enlist at pay grades E 2 PV2 or E 3 PFC Academic Competitions JROTC 2019 2020 JROTC Leadership amp Academic Bowl Marine Corps JROTC JLAB expands minds leadership skills of JROTC Cadets U S Army Caruso Project Quiz Bowl Cofcontests com National High School Drill Team Championship JROTC National High School Drill Team Championships thenationals net Cadet Reference PDF Ft Knox KY U S Army Cadet Command p 4 Archived from the original PDF on December 1 2017 NJROTC Ribbons and Criteria Duluth High School NJROTC MIL DTL 11589 Ribbon at Sea Cruise NJROTC ASSIST Air Force Junior ROTC Ribbon Chart PDF Edl io August 1 2018 Rempfer Kyle November 7 2019 Army leaders weigh expanding JROTC in high schools Army Times Parker J Michael November 21 2008 Central Catholic Trio Who Died on Tarawa Remembered Today s Catholic Retrieved October 20 2013 Bordelon the ROTC battalion major during his senior year in 1937 38 was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor six years later for his extraordinary heroism and determination in leading men despite several serious wounds First Lieutenant Baldomero Lopez USMC Deceased Who s Who in Marine Corps History United States Marine Corps History Division Archived from the original on June 15 2011 Retrieved September 23 2009 Steele Kathy September 9 2009 Memorial display to honor war hero South Tampa News amp Tribune Tampa Florida Archived from the original on July 14 2012 Retrieved September 23 2009 Partlow Joshua Parker Lonnae O Neal September 27 2006 West Point Mourns a Font Of Energy Laid to Rest by War The Washington Post Retrieved October 20 2013 From early on she wanted to be a soldier her friends recalled and she became wing commander of Junior ROTC at Oxon Hill ASNF AllenWestTX May 27 2019 Archived from the original on January 16 2021 a b Veterans For Peace National Resolutions Updated January 2013 PDF Veterans For Peace That VFP opposes Junior Reserve Officer Training JROTC in the public schools of the U S and calls for their discontinuance and Veterans For Peace National encourages its members to work with like minded organizations and people to develop resources and classes in public schools that offer alternative views of citizenship to that of JROTC Ullah Asif April 2003 Countering Junior Recruitment War Resisters League Archived from the original on January 14 2008 Trading Books for Soldiers The True Cost of JROTC Report Summary American Friends Service Committee 1999 archived from the original on June 26 2004 retrieved December 29 2006 Lutz Catherine amp Bartlett Lesley April 1995 Making Soldiers in the Public Schools An Analysis of the Army JROTC Curriculum PDF American Friends Service Committee Archived from the original PDF on May 7 2005 Reprinted in Education Digest November 1995 9 14 Review of the JROTC Curriculum American Friends Service Committee April 1995 Archived from the original on January 19 2007 See e g Army JROTC Citizenship and American History PDF Ft Monroe Virginia Department of the Army Cadet Command p 43 Archived from the original PDF on February 2 2007 Pogash Carol April 2005 Mr Miller Goes to War Edutopia Archived from the original on June 30 2006 Retrieved December 29 2006 Mission statement of the Coalition Against Militarism in the Schools Coalition Against Militarism in Our Schools Archived from the original on June 10 2007 Retrieved March 21 2007 Inouye Arlene November 2005 Review of Policy Bulletin 2067 Military Access to Schools Coalition Against Militarism in Our Schools Archived from the original on June 9 2007 Retrieved December 29 2006 Inouye Arlene December 5 2006 Breaking News JROTC Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps Coalition Against Militarism In Our Schools Archived from the original on April 19 2007 Nazario Sonia February 25 2007 Activists in Calif school district crusading against junior ROTC Los Angeles Times via Boston com NYCLU Pushes Buffalo High School To Release Students From Mandatory JROTC Program New York Civil Liberties Union October 12 2005 Retrieved August 28 2013 Soldiers of Misfortune PDF American Civil Liberties Union 2008 11 b Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict United Nations Treaty Collection May 25 2000 Archived from the original on April 25 2016 Retrieved August 28 2013 Marine Corps Order 1533 6E PDF Commandant of the United States Marine Corps Retrieved August 14 2014 Baker Mike Bogel Burroughs Nicholas Marcus Ilana Calvert Mary F July 9 2022 I Felt Trapped Sexual Abuse of Teens in the Military s J R O T C Program The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved July 22 2022 Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Scouting portalVideos editAtlanta Public Schools JROTC Pass in Review Union HS Army JROTC Unarmed Regulation at Central Regional Drill Competition 2019 North Salem HS JROTC Vanir Guard Color Guard The Nationals 5 May 2017 Joint Service Academic Bowl Championship Ozark High School JROTC Drill Team 2017 Virginia 91st Air Force JROTC Band at Fall Family Day Parade 2015 JROTC Spring Competition Lincoln Drum Corps 2015External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps U S Air Force University JROTC permanent dead link U S Army JROTC U S Marine Corps JROTC U S Navy JROTC Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Junior Reserve Officers 27 Training Corps amp oldid 1182561946, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.