fbpx
Wikipedia

Jungle

October 12, 2023

For other uses, see Jungle (disambiguation).

A jungle is land covered with dense forest and tangled vegetation, usually in tropical climates. Application of the term has varied greatly during the past recent century.

Jungle in Cambodia.
Jungle on Tioman Island, Malaysia
El Yunque National Forest is the only tropical rainforest in the U.S. National Forest Service

Etymology Edit

The word jungle originates from the Sanskrit word jaṅgala (Sanskrit: जङ्गल), meaning rough and arid. It came into the English language via Hindi in the 18th century.[1][2]Jāṅgala has also been variously transcribed in English as jangal, jangla, jungal, and juṅgala.[citation needed] Although the Sanskrit word refers to dry land, it has been suggested that an Anglo-Indian interpretation led to its connotation as a dense "tangled thicket",[3] while others have argued that a cognate word in Urdu derived from Persian, جنگل (Jangal), did refer to forests.[4] The term is prevalent in many languages of the Indian subcontinent, and the Iranian Plateau, where it is commonly used to refer to the plant growth replacing primeval forest or to the unkempt tropical vegetation that takes over abandoned areas.[5]

Wildlife Edit

 
Mound from los Naranjos archeological site In Honduras.

Because jungles occur on all inhabited landmasses and may incorporate numerous vegetation and land types in different climatic zones, the wildlife of jungles cannot be straightforwardly defined.

Varying usage Edit

As dense and tangled vegetation Edit

 
Vine thicket, a typical tangled jungle, Australia

One of the most common meanings of jungle is land overgrown with tangled vegetation at ground level, especially in the tropics. Typically such vegetation is sufficiently dense to hinder movement by humans, requiring that travellers cut their way through.[6][7][8] This definition draws a distinction between rainforest and jungle, since the understorey of rainforests is typically open of vegetation due to a lack of sunlight, and hence relatively easy to traverse.[9][10] Jungles may exist within, or at the borders of, tropical forests in areas where the woodland has been opened through natural disturbance such as hurricanes, or through human activity such as logging.[6][11][12] The successional vegetation that springs up following such disturbance, is dense and tangled and is a "typical" jungle. Jungle also typically forms along rainforest margins such as stream banks, once again due to the greater available light at ground level.[9]

Monsoon forests and mangroves are commonly referred to as jungles of this type. Having a more open canopy than rainforests, monsoon forests typically have dense understoreys with numerous lianas and shrubs making movement difficult,[6][13][14] while the prop roots and low canopies of mangroves produce similar difficulties.[15][16]

As moist forest Edit

 
Jungle lining a river bank in rainforest, Cameroon

Because European explorers initially travelled through tropical forests largely by river, the dense tangled vegetation lining the stream banks gave a misleading impression that such jungle conditions existed throughout the entire forest. As a result, it was wrongly assumed that the entire forest was impenetrable jungle.[17][18] This in turn appears to have given rise to the second popular usage of jungle as virtually any humid tropical forest.[19] Jungle in this context is particularly associated with tropical rain forest,[8][20] but may extend to cloud forest, temperate rainforest, and mangroves[19][21] with no reference to the vegetation structure or the ease of travel.

The terms "tropical forest" and "rainforest" have largely replaced "jungle" as the descriptor of humid tropical forests, a linguistic transition that has occurred since the 1970s. "Rainforest" itself did not appear in English dictionaries prior to the 1970s.[22] The word "jungle" accounted for over 80% of the terms used to refer to tropical forests in print media prior to the 1970s; since then it has been steadily replaced by "rainforest",[23] although "jungle" still remains in common use when referring to tropical rainforests.[22]

As metaphor Edit

 
Use of the jungle to represent savageness and ferocity in popular culture.

As a metaphor, jungle often refers to situations that are unruly or lawless, or where the only law is perceived to be "survival of the fittest". This reflects the view of "city people" that forests are such places. Upton Sinclair gave the title The Jungle (1906) to his famous book about the life of workers at the Chicago Stockyards, portraying the workers as being mercilessly exploited with no legal or other lawful recourse.[24]

The term "The Law of the Jungle" is also used in a similar context, drawn from Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book (1894)—though in the society of jungle animals portrayed in that book and obviously meant as a metaphor for human society, that phrase referred to an intricate code of laws which Kipling describes in detail, and not at all to a lawless chaos.

The word "jungle" carries connotations of untamed and uncontrollable nature and isolation from civilisation, along with the emotions that evokes: threat, confusion, powerlessness, disorientation and immobilisation.[23][25][26] The change from "jungle" to "rainforest" as the preferred term for describing tropical forests has been a response to an increasing perception of these forests as fragile and spiritual places, a viewpoint not in keeping with the darker connotations of "jungle".[23][27][28]

Cultural scholars, especially post-colonial critics, often analyse the jungle within the concept of hierarchical domination and the demand western cultures often places on other cultures to conform to their standards of civilisation. For example: Edward Said notes that the Tarzan depicted by Johnny Weissmuller was a resident of the jungle representing the savage, untamed and wild, yet still a white master of it;[29] and in his essay "An Image of Africa" about Heart of Darkness Nigerian novelist and theorist Chinua Achebe notes how the jungle and Africa become the source of temptation for white European characters like Marlowe and Kurtz.[30]

Former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak compared Israel to "a villa in the jungle", a comparison which had been often quoted in Israeli political debates. Barak's critics on the left side of Israeli politics strongly criticised the comparison.[31][32][33]

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ . Lexico. Oxford University Press/Dictionary.com. 2020. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020. Origin: Late 18th century from Sanskrit jāṅgala 'rough and arid (terrain)'.
  2. ^ "Home : Oxford English Dictionary". www.oed.com. Retrieved 2019-04-01.(subscription required)
  3. ^ Francis Zimmermann (1999). The jungle and the aroma of meats: an ecological theme in Hindu medicine. Volume 4. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-1618-8.
  4. ^ Dove, Michael R. (1992). "The Dialectical History of 'Jungle' in Pakistan: An Examination of the Relationship between Nature and Culture". Journal of Anthropological Research. 48 (3): 231–253. doi:10.1086/jar.48.3.3630636. S2CID 141730178.
  5. ^ Yule, Henry, Sir (1903). Hobson-Jobson: A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical and discursive. New ed. edited by William Crooke, B.A. J. Murray, London. Archived from the original on 2012-07-07.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ a b c Tropical Forests 2012-10-10 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Mysterious Journey 2012-07-02 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ a b Nygren, A. 2006 Representations of Tropical Forests and Tropical Forest-Dwellers in Travel Accounts of ‘National Geographic', Environmental Values 15
  9. ^ a b "SUNY Oneonta - Grow Intellectually. Thrive Socially. Live Purposefully". suny.oneonta.edu. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  10. ^ "Rainforest Biomes". www.blueplanetbiomes.org.
  11. ^ Kricher JC. 1997. A neotropical companion: an introduction to the animals, plants, and ecosystems of the New World tropics, 2nd edn. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  12. ^ . Archived from the original on 3 July 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  13. ^ . Archived from the original on 2012-11-02. Retrieved 2014-01-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. ^ (PDF). Wku.edu (Western Kentucky University, Department of Geography and Geology). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 27, 2013. Retrieved November 29, 2012.
  15. ^ Holguin, G. Guzman, M.A. &Bashan, Y. 1992 Two new nitrogen-fixing bacteria from the rhizosphere of mangrove trees: Their isolation, identification and in vitro interaction with rhizosphere Staphylococcus sp. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 101
  16. ^ Namdar, A. & Nusrath, A. 2010 Tsunami numerical modeling and mitigation. Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 12
  17. ^ Sterling, T. (1983). The Amazon: The World's Wild Places. Time-Life Books. New York
  18. ^ Baumann, Paul R. (2009). "Tropical Wet Realms of Central Africa, Part 1". Oneonta.edu (State University of New York College at Oneonta). Retrieved November 29, 2012.
  19. ^ a b Purser, B. 2003. Jungle bugs: masters of camouflage and mimicry. Firefly Books, Toronto.
  20. ^ Birtles, T. G. 1997: "First contact: colonial European preconceptions of tropical Queensland rainforest and its people". Journal of Historical Geography 23, 393–417.
  21. ^ M\Iyengar, M. O. T. 1930 Jungle in Relation to Malaria in Bengal. Indian Journal of Medical Research 18:1
  22. ^ a b Rogers, C. 2012 Jungle Fever: Exploring Madness and Medicine in Twentieth-Century Tropical Narratives. Vanderbilt University Press, Nashville. ISBN 9780826518316.
  23. ^ a b c Slater, C (2003). In Search of the Rain Forest. Duke University Press
  24. ^ Miller, David Cameron (1989). Dark Eden: the swamp in nineteenth-century American culture. Volume 43 of Cambridge studies in American literature and culture Structural Analysis in the Social Sciences. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-37553-3.
  25. ^ Fearing, F. (1963) "The problem of metaphor" Southern Journal of Communication
  26. ^ Jones, J. (1962) "The Thin Red Line". Dell Publishing New York
  27. ^ Slater, C (2004). Marketing the ‘rain forest’: Raw Vanilla fragrance and the ongoing transformation of the jungle. Cultural Geographies 11:4
  28. ^ Gustavson, E. 2007 "Rhetoric: How Politicians Manipulate Language and the Media to Shape Public Thought" Hinckley Journal of Politics 8
  29. ^ Said, Edward W. (2000). "Jungle Calling". Reflections on Exile: And Other Essays. Convergences Series. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674003026.
  30. ^ Chinua, Achebe (1977). "An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's 'Heart of Darkness'". Massachusetts Review (18 ed.).
  31. ^ Koplow, Michael J. (3 September 2020). "The Iron Wall Versus the Villa in the Jungle". Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  32. ^ Uri Avnery, "Barak: A Villa in the Jungle", Gush Shalom website, July 7, 2007 [1],
  33. ^ Akiva Eldar, "The price of a villa in the jungle", Ha'aretz, Jan. 30, 2006 [2]

External links Edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jungles.
 
Look up jungle in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • by Dennis Paulson

October 12, 2023
jungle, other, uses, disambiguation, jungle, land, covered, with, dense, forest, tangled, vegetation, usually, tropical, climates, application, term, varied, greatly, during, past, recent, century, cambodia, tioman, island, malaysiael, yunque, national, forest. For other uses see Jungle disambiguation A jungle is land covered with dense forest and tangled vegetation usually in tropical climates Application of the term has varied greatly during the past recent century Jungle in Cambodia Jungle on Tioman Island MalaysiaEl Yunque National Forest is the only tropical rainforest in the U S National Forest Service Contents 1 Etymology 2 Wildlife 3 Varying usage 3 1 As dense and tangled vegetation 3 2 As moist forest 3 3 As metaphor 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksEtymology EditThe word jungle originates from the Sanskrit word jaṅgala Sanskrit जङ गल meaning rough and arid It came into the English language via Hindi in the 18th century 1 2 Jaṅgala has also been variously transcribed in English as jangal jangla jungal and juṅgala citation needed Although the Sanskrit word refers to dry land it has been suggested that an Anglo Indian interpretation led to its connotation as a dense tangled thicket 3 while others have argued that a cognate word in Urdu derived from Persian جنگل Jangal did refer to forests 4 The term is prevalent in many languages of the Indian subcontinent and the Iranian Plateau where it is commonly used to refer to the plant growth replacing primeval forest or to the unkempt tropical vegetation that takes over abandoned areas 5 Wildlife Edit nbsp Mound from los Naranjos archeological site In Honduras Because jungles occur on all inhabited landmasses and may incorporate numerous vegetation and land types in different climatic zones the wildlife of jungles cannot be straightforwardly defined Varying usage EditAs dense and tangled vegetation Edit nbsp Vine thicket a typical tangled jungle AustraliaOne of the most common meanings of jungle is land overgrown with tangled vegetation at ground level especially in the tropics Typically such vegetation is sufficiently dense to hinder movement by humans requiring that travellers cut their way through 6 7 8 This definition draws a distinction between rainforest and jungle since the understorey of rainforests is typically open of vegetation due to a lack of sunlight and hence relatively easy to traverse 9 10 Jungles may exist within or at the borders of tropical forests in areas where the woodland has been opened through natural disturbance such as hurricanes or through human activity such as logging 6 11 12 The successional vegetation that springs up following such disturbance is dense and tangled and is a typical jungle Jungle also typically forms along rainforest margins such as stream banks once again due to the greater available light at ground level 9 Monsoon forests and mangroves are commonly referred to as jungles of this type Having a more open canopy than rainforests monsoon forests typically have dense understoreys with numerous lianas and shrubs making movement difficult 6 13 14 while the prop roots and low canopies of mangroves produce similar difficulties 15 16 As moist forest Edit nbsp Jungle lining a river bank in rainforest CameroonBecause European explorers initially travelled through tropical forests largely by river the dense tangled vegetation lining the stream banks gave a misleading impression that such jungle conditions existed throughout the entire forest As a result it was wrongly assumed that the entire forest was impenetrable jungle 17 18 This in turn appears to have given rise to the second popular usage of jungle as virtually any humid tropical forest 19 Jungle in this context is particularly associated with tropical rain forest 8 20 but may extend to cloud forest temperate rainforest and mangroves 19 21 with no reference to the vegetation structure or the ease of travel The terms tropical forest and rainforest have largely replaced jungle as the descriptor of humid tropical forests a linguistic transition that has occurred since the 1970s Rainforest itself did not appear in English dictionaries prior to the 1970s 22 The word jungle accounted for over 80 of the terms used to refer to tropical forests in print media prior to the 1970s since then it has been steadily replaced by rainforest 23 although jungle still remains in common use when referring to tropical rainforests 22 As metaphor Edit nbsp Use of the jungle to represent savageness and ferocity in popular culture As a metaphor jungle often refers to situations that are unruly or lawless or where the only law is perceived to be survival of the fittest This reflects the view of city people that forests are such places Upton Sinclair gave the title The Jungle 1906 to his famous book about the life of workers at the Chicago Stockyards portraying the workers as being mercilessly exploited with no legal or other lawful recourse 24 The term The Law of the Jungle is also used in a similar context drawn from Rudyard Kipling s The Jungle Book 1894 though in the society of jungle animals portrayed in that book and obviously meant as a metaphor for human society that phrase referred to an intricate code of laws which Kipling describes in detail and not at all to a lawless chaos The word jungle carries connotations of untamed and uncontrollable nature and isolation from civilisation along with the emotions that evokes threat confusion powerlessness disorientation and immobilisation 23 25 26 The change from jungle to rainforest as the preferred term for describing tropical forests has been a response to an increasing perception of these forests as fragile and spiritual places a viewpoint not in keeping with the darker connotations of jungle 23 27 28 Cultural scholars especially post colonial critics often analyse the jungle within the concept of hierarchical domination and the demand western cultures often places on other cultures to conform to their standards of civilisation For example Edward Said notes that the Tarzan depicted by Johnny Weissmuller was a resident of the jungle representing the savage untamed and wild yet still a white master of it 29 and in his essay An Image of Africa about Heart of Darkness Nigerian novelist and theorist Chinua Achebe notes how the jungle and Africa become the source of temptation for white European characters like Marlowe and Kurtz 30 Former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak compared Israel to a villa in the jungle a comparison which had been often quoted in Israeli political debates Barak s critics on the left side of Israeli politics strongly criticised the comparison 31 32 33 See also Edit nbsp Environment portal nbsp Geography portal nbsp Ecology portalMonsoon forest Arid Forest Research Institute AFRI Rainforest Wilderness Grove nature Amazon rainforestReferences Edit Meaning of jungle in English Lexico Oxford University Press Dictionary com 2020 Archived from the original on June 11 2020 Retrieved 11 June 2020 Origin Late 18th century from Sanskrit jaṅgala rough and arid terrain Home Oxford English Dictionary www oed com Retrieved 2019 04 01 subscription required Francis Zimmermann 1999 The jungle and the aroma of meats an ecological theme in Hindu medicine Volume 4 Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 81 208 1618 8 Dove Michael R 1992 The Dialectical History of Jungle in Pakistan An Examination of the Relationship between Nature and Culture Journal of Anthropological Research 48 3 231 253 doi 10 1086 jar 48 3 3630636 S2CID 141730178 Yule Henry Sir 1903 Hobson Jobson A glossary of colloquial Anglo Indian words and phrases and of kindred terms etymological historical geographical and discursive New ed edited by William Crooke B A J Murray London Archived from the original on 2012 07 07 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b c Tropical Forests Archived 2012 10 10 at the Wayback Machine Mysterious Journey Archived 2012 07 02 at the Wayback Machine a b Nygren A 2006 Representations of Tropical Forests and Tropical Forest Dwellers in Travel Accounts of National Geographic Environmental Values 15 a b SUNY Oneonta Grow Intellectually Thrive Socially Live Purposefully suny oneonta edu Retrieved 11 March 2023 Rainforest Biomes www blueplanetbiomes org Kricher JC 1997 A neotropical companion an introduction to the animals plants and ecosystems of the New World tropics 2nd edn New Jersey Princeton University Press Ecology L4 OO Archived from the original on 3 July 2012 Retrieved 11 March 2023 Archived copy Archived from the original on 2012 11 02 Retrieved 2014 01 05 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Terrestrial Biomes PDF Wku edu Western Kentucky University Department of Geography and Geology Archived from the original PDF on May 27 2013 Retrieved November 29 2012 Holguin G Guzman M A amp Bashan Y 1992 Two new nitrogen fixing bacteria from the rhizosphere of mangrove trees Their isolation identification and in vitro interaction with rhizosphere Staphylococcus sp FEMS Microbiology Ecology 101 Namdar A amp Nusrath A 2010 Tsunami numerical modeling and mitigation Frattura ed Integrita Strutturale 12 Sterling T 1983 The Amazon The World s Wild Places Time Life Books New York Baumann Paul R 2009 Tropical Wet Realms of Central Africa Part 1 Oneonta edu State University of New York College at Oneonta Retrieved November 29 2012 a b Purser B 2003 Jungle bugs masters of camouflage and mimicry Firefly Books Toronto Birtles T G 1997 First contact colonial European preconceptions of tropical Queensland rainforest and its people Journal of Historical Geography 23 393 417 M Iyengar M O T 1930 Jungle in Relation to Malaria in Bengal Indian Journal of Medical Research 18 1 a b Rogers C 2012 Jungle Fever Exploring Madness and Medicine in Twentieth Century Tropical Narratives Vanderbilt University Press Nashville ISBN 9780826518316 a b c Slater C 2003 In Search of the Rain Forest Duke University Press Miller David Cameron 1989 Dark Eden the swamp in nineteenth century American culture Volume 43 of Cambridge studies in American literature and culture Structural Analysis in the Social Sciences Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 37553 3 Fearing F 1963 The problem of metaphor Southern Journal of Communication Jones J 1962 The Thin Red Line Dell Publishing New York Slater C 2004 Marketing the rain forest Raw Vanilla fragrance and the ongoing transformation of the jungle Cultural Geographies 11 4 Gustavson E 2007 Rhetoric How Politicians Manipulate Language and the Media to Shape Public Thought Hinckley Journal of Politics 8 Said Edward W 2000 Jungle Calling Reflections on Exile And Other Essays Convergences Series Harvard University Press ISBN 9780674003026 Chinua Achebe 1977 An Image of Africa Racism in Conrad s Heart of Darkness Massachusetts Review 18 ed Koplow Michael J 3 September 2020 The Iron Wall Versus the Villa in the Jungle Retrieved 11 March 2023 Uri Avnery Barak A Villa in the Jungle Gush Shalom website July 7 2007 1 Akiva Eldar The price of a villa in the jungle Ha aretz Jan 30 2006 2 External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jungles nbsp Look up jungle in Wiktionary the free dictionary BBC Science and Nature Jungle Biomes of the World by Dennis Paulson Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jungle amp oldid 1175941538, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.