John McCrae
Lieutenant-Colonel John McCrae (November 30, 1872 – January 28, 1918) was a Canadian poet, physician, author, artist and soldier during World War I, and a surgeon during the Second Battle of Ypres, in Belgium. He is best known for writing the famous war memorial poem "In Flanders Fields". McCrae died of pneumonia near the end of the war. His famous poem is a threnody, a genre of lament.
John McCrae | |
|---|---|
McCrae c. 1914 | |
| Born | November 30, 1872 |
| Died | January 28, 1918 (aged 45) Boulogne-sur-Mer, France |
| Occupation(s) | Poet, physician, author, lieutenant colonel of the Canadian Expeditionary Force |
| Known for | Author of "In Flanders Fields" |
| Relatives | Thomas McCrae (brother) |
Biography Edit
McCrae was born in McCrae House in Guelph, Ontario to Lieutenant-Colonel David McCrae and Janet Simpson Eckford; he was the grandson of Scottish immigrants from Balmaghie, Kirkcudbrightshire. His father had served with the Guelph Home Guard during the Fenian raids, and was a member of the Guelph city council and a director of The North American Life Assurance Company.[1] His brother, Dr. Thomas McCrae, became a professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins Medical School in Baltimore and close associate of Sir William Osler. His sister Geills married James Kilgour, a justice of the Court of King's Bench of Manitoba, and moved to Winnipeg.[2]
McCrae attended the Guelph Collegiate Vocational Institute but took a year off his studies due to recurring problems with asthma.
Among his papers in the John McCrae House in Guelph is a letter he wrote on July 18, 1893, to Laura Kains while he trained as an artilleryman at Tête-de-Pont barracks, today's Fort Frontenac, in Kingston, Ontario. "I have a manservant ... Quite a nobby place it is, in fact ... My windows look right out across the bay, and are just near the water's edge; there is a good deal of shipping at present in the port; and the river looks very pretty."
He was a resident master in English and Mathematics in 1894 at the Ontario Agricultural College in Guelph.[3] McCrae returned to the University of Toronto and completed his B.A., then returned again to study medicine on a scholarship.
At medical school, McCrae had tutored other students to help pay his tuition. Two of his students were among the first female doctors in Ontario.[4]
McCrae graduated in 1898. He was first a resident house-officer at Toronto General Hospital, then in 1899 at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland.[5] In 1900 McCrae served in South Africa as a lieutenant in the Royal Canadian Artillery (RCA) during the Second Boer War (1899 to 1902), and upon his return was appointed professor of pathology at the University of Vermont, where he taught until 1911; he also taught at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec.
In 1902, he was appointed resident pathologist at Montreal General Hospital and later became assistant pathologist to the Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal. In 1904, he was appointed an associate in medicine at the Royal Victoria Hospital. Later that year, he went to England where he studied for several months and became a member of the Royal College of Physicians.
In 1905, McCrae set up his own practice although he continued to work and lecture at several hospitals. The same year, he was appointed pathologist to the Montreal Foundling and Baby Hospital. In 1908, he was appointed physician to the Alexandra Hospital for Contagious Diseases.
In 1910, he accompanied Lord Grey, the Governor General of Canada, on a canoe trip to Hudson Bay to serve as expedition physician. Lord Grey marvelled that "You were able to beat the record of the Arabian Nights, for I believe the 3000 miles of our travels were illumined by as many stories."[6]
McCrae was the co-author, with J. G. Adami, of a medical textbook, A Text-Book of Pathology for College Students of Medicine (1912; 2nd ed., 1914).
McCrae was the founding member of the University Club of Montreal.[7][8]
McCrae proposed to his sister-in-law Nona Gwyn but was refused.[9] Apart from weekly letters to his mother the poet was very private about any romantic relationships, and "from time to time"[10] his sexuality has been questioned.[11] However, according to McCrae biographer John F. Prescott and McCrae House curator Bev Dietrich, there is no evidence that McCrae was gay.[10]
World War I Edit
When Britain declared war on Germany because of the latter's invasion of neutral Belgium at the beginning of World War I (1914), Canada, as a Dominion within the British Empire, was at war as well. McCrae volunteered for service at age 41. He wrote a friend, "I am really rather afraid, but more afraid to stay at home with my conscience."[12] He was appointed as Medical Officer and Major of the 1st Brigade CFA (Canadian Field Artillery).[13] He treated the wounded during the Second Battle of Ypres in 1915, from a hastily dug 8-by-8-foot (2.4 m × 2.4 m) bunker in the back of the dyke along the Yser Canal about 2 miles north of Ypres.[14] McCrae's friend and former militia member, Lt. Alexis Helmer,[15] was killed in the battle, and his burial inspired the poem, "In Flanders Fields", which was written on May 3, 1915.
From June 1, 1915, McCrae was ordered away from the artillery to set up No. 3 Canadian General Hospital at Dannes-Camiers near Boulogne-sur-Mer, northern France. For eight months the hospital operated in Durbar tents (donated by the Begum of Bhopal and shipped from India), but after suffering from storms, floods, and frosts it was moved in February 1916 into the old Jesuit College in Boulogne-sur-Mer. C. L. C. Allinson reported that McCrae "most unmilitarily told [me] what he thought of being transferred to the medicals and being pulled away from his beloved guns. His last words to me were: 'Allinson, all the goddamn doctors in the world will not win this bloody war: what we need is more and more fighting men.'"[16]
"In Flanders Fields" first appeared anonymously in Punch on December 8, 1915,[17] but in the index to that year, McCrae was named as the author (misspelt as McCree).[18] The verses swiftly became one of the most popular poems of the war, used in countless fund-raising campaigns and frequently translated (a Latin version begins In agro belgico...). "In Flanders Fields" was also extensively printed in the United States, whose government was contemplating joining the war, alongside a 'reply' by R. W. Lillard ("... Fear not that you have died for naught, / The torch ye threw to us we caught ...").[19]
McCrae, now "a household name, albeit a frequently misspelt one",[20] regarded his sudden fame with some amusement, wishing that "they would get to printing 'In F.F.' correctly: it never is nowadays"; but (writes his biographer) "he was satisfied if the poem enabled men to see where their duty lay."[21]
On January 28, 1918, while still commanding No. 3 Canadian General Hospital (McGill) at Boulogne, McCrae died of pneumonia with "extensive pneumococcus meningitis"[22] at the British General Hospital in Wimereux, France. He was buried the following day in the Commonwealth War Graves Commission section of Wimereux Cemetery,[23] just a couple of kilometres up the coast from Boulogne, with full military honours.[24] His flag-draped coffin was borne on a gun carriage and the mourners – who included Sir Arthur Currie and many of McCrae's friends and staff – were preceded by McCrae's charger, "Bonfire", with McCrae's boots reversed in the stirrups. Bonfire was with McCrae from Valcartier, Quebec until his death and was much loved.[14][24] McCrae's gravestone is placed flat, as are all the others in the section, because of the unstable sandy soil.[25]
"In Flanders Fields" Edit
A collection of his poetry, In Flanders Fields and Other Poems[26] (1918), was published after his death.
In Flanders Fields
In Flanders Fields, the poppies blow
Between the crosses, row on row,
That mark our place; and in the sky
The larks, still bravely singing, fly
Scarce heard amid the guns below.
We are the dead, short days ago
We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow,
Loved and were loved, and now we lie
In Flanders fields.
Take up our quarrel with the foe:
To you from failing hands we throw
The torch; be yours to hold it high.
If ye break faith with us who die
We shall not sleep, though poppies grow
In Flanders fields.
–John McCrae
Though various legends have developed as to the inspiration for the poem, the most commonly held belief is that McCrae wrote "In Flanders Fields" on May 3, 1915, the day after presiding over the funeral and burial of his friend Lieutenant Alexis Helmer, who had been killed during the Second Battle of Ypres. The poem was written as he sat upon the back of a medical field ambulance near an advance dressing post at Essex Farm, just north of Ypres. The poppy, which was a central feature of the poem, grew in great numbers in the spoiled earth of the battlefields and cemeteries of Flanders. An article by Veteran's Administration Canada provides this account:[27]
The day before he wrote his famous poem, one of McCrae's closest friends was killed in the fighting and buried in a makeshift grave with a simple wooden cross. Wild poppies were already beginning to bloom between the crosses marking the many graves.
The Canadian government has placed a memorial to John McCrae that features "In Flanders Fields" at the site of the dressing station which sits beside the Commonwealth War Graves Commission's Essex Farm Cemetery. The Belgian government has named this site the "John McCrae Memorial Site".[28]
Legacy Edit
The Canadian Medical Association awards the John McCrae Memorial Medal to a health services member of the Canadian Armed Forces for exemplary service.[29]
McCrae was designated a Person of National Historic Significance in 1946.[30]
McCrae was the great-uncle of former Alberta Member of Parliament (MP) David Kilgour and of Kilgour's sister Geills Turner, who married former Canadian Prime Minister John Turner. Marie Christie Geills Kilgour (née McCrae) was the sister of John McCrae.
In 1918, Lieut. John Philip Sousa wrote the music to "In Flanders Fields, the poppies grow" words by Lieut.-Col John McCrae.[31]
The Cloth Hall of the city of Ypres in Belgium has a permanent war museum[32] called the "In Flanders Fields Museum", named after the poem. There are also a photograph and a short biographical memorial to McCrae in the St George Memorial Church in Ypres. In May 2007, to commemorate the 90th anniversary of the writing of his best-known poem with a two-day literary conference.[33]
Institutions that have been named in McCrae's honour include John McCrae Public School in Guelph, John McCrae Public School in Markham, John McCrae Senior Public School in Toronto, and John McCrae Secondary School in Ottawa.
A bronze plaque memorial dedicated to Lt. Col. John McCrae was erected by the Guelph Collegiate Vocational Institute.[34]
McCrae House was converted into a museum. The current Canadian War Museum has a gallery for special exhibits, called The Lieutenant-Colonel John McCrae Gallery.
In May 2015, a statue of McCrae by Ruth Abernathy was erected on Green Island (Rideau River) in Ottawa, Ontario. McCrae is dressed as an artillery officer and his medical bag nearby, as he writes. The statue shows the destruction of the battlefield and, at his feet, the poppies which are a symbol of Remembrance of World War I and all armed conflict since. A copy of that statue was erected at Guelph Civic Museum in Guelph in 2015.
The street next to the cemetery where he is buried is named in his honour, although the street is called "Rue Mac Crae".
Mount McCrae in British Columbia, is named for him.[35]: 167
Notes and references Edit
- ^ ArticleColumns, Advertiser StaffArchived; Opinion; History, Valuing Our (September 27, 2018). "Father and grandfather of Colonel John McCrae were prominent". The Wellington Advertiser. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
- ^ Graves, Dianne (1997). A Crown of Life: The World of John McCrae. Spellmount. pp. 3–8. ISBN 1873376863. OCLC 39342779.
- ^ Peddie
- ^ "The Early Years". Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae. Veteran Affairs Canada. Retrieved December 6, 2008.
- ^ A Cyclopedia of American Medical Biography, p. 733. Howard Atwood Kelley. 1920.
- ^ Grey, Albert Henry George (September 26, 1910). "Thank-you". Letter to John McCrae. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
- ^ "About • UCM".
- ^ "The University Club of Montreal". January 21, 2014.
- ^ Joanne Shuttleworth (June 18, 2013). "John McCrae was a man of letters — and the letters show he was a ladies' man". Guelph Mercury Tribune.
- ^ a b "Sexual preference of John McCrae questioned by museum". The Hamilton Spectator. July 27, 2011.
- ^ Noreen Fagan (June 27, 2011). "Unlocking gay secrets: Bytown Museum uncovers little-known treasures".
- ^ "In Flanders Fields | poem by McCrae | Britannica"
- ^ Graves, Dianne (1997). A Crown of Life: The World of John McCrae. Spellmount. pp. 154–171. ISBN 1873376863. OCLC 39342779..
- ^ a b Bonfire – The Chestnut Gentleman by Susan Raby-Dunne, 2012
- ^ "Casualty Details Helmer, Alexis Hannum". Commonwealth War Graves Commission.
- ^ Prescott, p. 99
- ^ McCrae, John (December 8, 1915). "In Flanders Fields". Punch, or the London Charivari. London: Punch Office. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
- ^ "Index". Punch, or the London Charivari. London: Punch Office. December 29, 1915. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
- ^ Pierce, Seneca, and R. W Lillard. America's answer to Flanders' Fields. [, monographic. Seneca Pierce,, Milwaukee, Wisconsin:, 1918] Notated Music. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, <www.loc.gov/item/2014562575/>.
- ^ Prescott, p. 106.
- ^ Prescott, p. 107.
- ^ Holt, pp. 54–62
- ^ CWGC: John McCrae
- ^ a b Busch, p. 75; Holt, p. 62. Prescott, p. 129.
- ^ Busch, p. 75.
- ^ In Flanders Fields, and Other Poems at Project Gutenberg
- ^ "In memory of Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae". VAC. November 7, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
- ^ "ESSEX FARM CEMETERY". CWGC. November 7, 2012. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
- ^ "John McCrae Memorial Medal". Canadian Medical Association.
- ^ McCrae, Lieutenant-Colonel John National Historic Person. Directory of Federal Heritage Designations. Parks Canada. Retrieved April 24, 2012.
- ^ In Flanders Fields the poppies grow / words by Lieut.-Col John McCrae; music by Lieut. John Philip Sousa. – New York: G. Schirmer, 1918 – New York: G. Schirmer, 1918 (Who Was Who, 1929–1940, pp. 1267–1268)
- ^ In Flanders Fields
- ^ Chris Spriet, "Mentioned in Despatches – the Flemish Harvest revisited". Siegfried's Journal, no. 12 (July 2007), pp. 19–21
- ^ Lt. Col. John McCrae, M.D. plaque September 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine at the National Defence website. Retrieved 2012-03-29.
- ^ Akrigg, G.P.V.; Akrigg, Helen B. (1986), British Columbia Place Names (3rd, 1997 ed.), Vancouver: UBC Press, ISBN 0-7748-0636-2
- Busch, Briton Cooper (2003). Canada and the Great War: Western Front Association papers. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-2546-7
- Holt, Tonie and Valmai (1996). Poets of the Great War, "Lieutenant-Colonel John McCrae". Barnsley: Leo Cooper (Reprinted 1999). ISBN 978-0-85052-706-3
- Peddie, John. , Guelph, Ontario. Accessed: 2010-02-25
- Prescott, J F (1985). In Flanders fields: the story of John McCrae. Boston Mills Press. ISBN 978-0-919783-07-2
Further reading Edit
- McCrae, Lieutenant Colonel John (1919), In Flanders Fields and Other Poems, Arcturus Publishing (reprint 2008), ISBN 1-84193-994-3
External links Edit
John McCrae
- Guelph Civic Museum McCrae House
- Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
- Works by John McCrae at Project Gutenberg
- Works by John McCrae at Faded Page (Canada)
- Works by or about John McCrae at Internet Archive
- Works by John McCrae at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- John McCrae: Profile and Poems at Poets.org
- John McCrae in Flanders Fields – Historical Essay, illustrated with many photographs of McCrae
- For occurrences of In Flanders Fields in film, see John McCrae at IMDb
- "In Flanders Fields" museum, Ypres.
- Lost Poets of the Great War, a hypertext document on the poetry of World War I by Harry Rusche, of the English Department, Emory University. It contains a bibliography of related materials
- John McCrae Veteran's Affairs
- John McCrae's page at Poeticous.com
- Archival photographs related to John McCrae held at the University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services
- Poems by John McCrae at English Poetry