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John IV of Portugal

October 28, 2023

John IV (Portuguese: João,[2] pronounced [ʒuˈɐ̃w]; 19 March 1604 – 6 November 1656), nicknamed John the Restorer (Portuguese: João, o Restaurador), was the King of Portugal whose reign, lasting from 1640 until his death, began the Portuguese restoration of independence from Habsburg Spanish rule.[1] His accession established the House of Braganza on the Portuguese throne, and marked the end of the 60-year-old Iberian Union by which Portugal and Spain shared the same monarch.

Before becoming king, he was John II, 8th Duke of Braganza. He was the grandson of Catherine, Duchess of Braganza,[3] a claimant to the crown during the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580. On the eve of his death in 1656, the Portuguese Empire was at its territorial zenith, spanning the globe.[4]

Early life edit

 
Portrait of D. John IV as an Infant; Pedro Américo, 1879.

John IV was born at Vila Viçosa and succeeded his father Teodósio II as Duke of Braganza[5] when the latter died insane in 1630. He married Luisa de Guzmán (1613–66), eldest daughter of Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzmán, 8th Duke of Medina Sidonia, in 1633. John was described as having blonde hair, and an average height.[6]

Reign edit

Accession edit

 
Acclamation of John IV as King of Portugal (1908), painting by Veloso Salgado in the Military Museum, Lisbon.
 
Panel of glazed tiles by Jorge Colaço (1940), representing the acclamation of King John IV of Portugal, in 1640. Ponte de Lima, Portugal.

When Philip II of Portugal (III of Spain) died, he was succeeded by his son Philip III (IV of Spain), who had a different approach to Portuguese issues. Taxes on the Portuguese merchants were raised, the Portuguese nobility began to lose its influence and government posts in Portugal were increasingly occupied by Spaniards. Ultimately, Philip III tried to make Portugal a Spanish province, meaning Portuguese nobles stood to lose all of their power.

This situation culminated in a revolution organized by the nobility and the bourgeoisie,[1] executed on 1 December 1640, sixty years after the accession of Philip II of Spain to the throne of Portugal. A plot was planned by several associates, known as the Forty Conspirators, who killed the Secretary of State, Miguel de Vasconcelos, and imprisoned the king's cousin, Margaret of Savoy, the Vicereine of Portugal, governing the country in the King's name. Philip's troops were at the time fighting the Thirty Years' War and also dealing with a revolution in Catalonia which severely hampered Spain's ability to quash the rebellion.

Within a matter of hours and with popular support, John, then the 8th Duke of Braganza, was acclaimed as King John IV of Portugal[1] (as legend goes, with the persuasion of his wife) claiming legitimate succession through his grandmother Catherine, Duchess of Braganza.[7] The ensuing conflict with Spain brought Portugal into the Thirty Years' War as, at least, a peripheral player. From 1641 to 1668, the period during which the two nations were at war, Spain sought to isolate Portugal militarily and diplomatically, and Portugal tried to find the resources to maintain its independence through political alliances and maintenance of its colonial income.

Restoration War edit

His accession led to a protracted war with neighbouring Spain, a conflict known as the Portuguese Restoration War, which ended with the recognition of Portuguese independence in a subsequent reign (1668).[8] Portugal signed lengthy alliances with France (1 June 1641) and Sweden (August 1641) but by necessity its only contributions in the Thirty Years' War were in the field against Spain and against Dutch encroachments on the Portuguese colonies.

The period from 1640 to 1668 was marked by periodic skirmishes between Portugal and Spain, as well as short episodes of more serious warfare, much of it occasioned by Spanish and Portuguese entanglements with non-Iberian powers. Spain was involved in the Thirty Years' War until 1648 and the Franco-Spanish War until 1659, while Portugal was involved in the Dutch–Portuguese War until 1663. In Spain, a Portuguese invasion force defeated the Spanish at Montijo, near Badajoz, in 1644.

Imperial Recovery edit

Abroad, the Dutch took Portuguese Malacca (January 1641), and the Imam of Oman captured Muscat (1650). Nevertheless, the Portuguese, despite having to divide their forces among Europe, Brazil and Africa, managed to retake Luanda, in Portuguese Angola, from the Dutch in 1648 and, by 1654, had recovered northern Brazil, which effectively ceased to be a Dutch colony. This was countered by the loss of Portuguese Ceylon (present day Sri Lanka) to the Dutch, who took Colombo in 1656.

Death and legacy edit

King John IV died in 1656 and was succeeded by his son Afonso VI. His daughter, Catherine of Braganza, married King Charles II of England.[3] Bombay in India was given as dowry to the English.

John was a patron of music and the arts, and a considerably sophisticated writer on music; in addition to this, he was a composer. During his reign he collected one of the largest libraries in the world, but it was destroyed in the Lisbon earthquake of 1755. Among his writings is a defense of Palestrina, and a Defense of Modern Music (Lisbon, 1649).[9] One famous composition attributed to him is a setting of the Crux fidelis, a work that remains highly popular during Holy Week amongst church choirs. However, no known manuscript of the work exists, and it was first published only in 1869, in France. On stylistic grounds, it is generally recognized that the work was written in the 19th century.[10]

In 1646, John IV proclaimed Mary, in her conception as the Immaculate Conception (the 'Immaculata'), the Patroness of Portugal by royal decree of the House of Braganza. The doctrine had appeared in the Middle Ages and had been fiercely debated in the 15th and 16th centuries, but a bull issued in 1616 by Pope Paul V finally "[forbade] anyone to teach or preach a contrary opinion."[11] Three years later, in 1649, the iconography of the Immaculata was established by Francisco Pacheco (1564–1654), a Spanish artistic advisor to the Inquisition, based on Revelation XII:1.[12]

Marriages and descendants edit

John married Luisa de Guzmán,[13] daughter of Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzmán, 8th Duke of Medina-Sidonia. From that marriage several children were born. Because some of John's children were born and died before their father became king they are not considered infantes or infantas (heirs to the throne) of Portugal.

Name Birth Death Notes
By Luisa de Guzmán (13 October 1613 – 27 February 1666; married on 12 January 1633)
Infante Teodósio 8 February 1634 13 May 1653 Prince of Brazil and 9th Duke of Braganza. Died young.
Ana de Bragança 21 January 1635 21 January 1635  
Infanta Joana (Joan) 18 September 1635 17 November 1653  
Infanta Catherine (Catarina) 25 November 1638 31 December 1705 Commonly known as Catherine of Braganza. Queen consort through marriage to Charles II of England.
Manuel de Bragança 6 September 1640 6 September 1640  
Infante Afonso 21 August 1643 12 September 1683 Prince of Brazil and 10th Duke of Braganza. Succeeded him as Afonso VI, King of Portugal.
Infante Peter (Pedro) 26 April 1648 9 December 1706 Duke of Beja, Constable of the Kingdom, Lord of the Casa do Infantado and Regent of the Kingdom before succeeding his brother Afonso as Peter II, King of Portugal.
Illegitimate offspring
Maria de Bragança 30 April 1644 7 February 1693 Natural daughter.

Ancestry edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d Torgal, Luís Reis (1981). "A Restauração – Sua Dinâmica Sócio-política". Ideologia Política e Teoria do Estado na Restauração (in Portuguese). Vol. I. Coimbra: Biblioteca Geral da Universidade de Coimbra. pp. 69–85. hdl:10316/665. ISBN 9789726160823.
  2. ^ Also rendered as Joam in Archaic Portuguese
  3. ^ a b Jayne, Kingsley Garland (1911). "Portugal § History" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 148.
  4. ^ D.A. Brading (1993). The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots and the Liberal State 1492–1866. Cambridge University Press. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-521-44796-6.
  5. ^ Dyer, Thomas Henry (1877). 1593–1721. p. 340.
  6. ^ Sousa 1741, Vol VII, p. 238.
  7. ^ Davenport, Frances Gardiner (2004). European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1648. The Lawbook Exchange. p. 324. ISBN 978-1584774228.
  8. ^   One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "John IV. of Portugal". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 444.
  9. ^ John IV, King of Portugal (1965) [1649]. Ribeiro, Mário de Sampayo (ed.). Defensa de la musica moderna contra la errada opinion del Obispo Cyrilo Franco [Defense of modern music against the mistaken opinion of Bishop Cyrilo Franco]. Acta Universitatis Conimbrigensis (in Spanish) (reprint ed.). Portugal: University of Coimbra. ISBN 9789726160564. OCLC 258290532. 'View digitized copy of originai 1649 book'
  10. ^ Grove Dictionary of Music: Doubtful: Crux fidelis, 4vv, D-Dlb; ed. G. Schmitt, Anthologie universelle de musique sacrée (Paris, 1869); ed. J. Santos, A polifonia clássica portuguesa (Lisbon, 1937)
  11. ^ Bartomomé Estebán Murillo and Nancy Coe Wixom, "The Immaculate Conception", The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art, Vol. 47, No. 7 (Sept, 1960), p. 163.
  12. ^ Anna Jameson, Legends of the Madonna, Boston & New York, 1895, p. 14.
  13. ^ Bourn, Thomas (1815). A Concise Gazetteer of the Most Remarkable Places in the World; with brief notices of the principal historical events ... connected with them, etc. p. 413.
  14. ^ a b c d e f Stephens, Henry Morse (1903). The story of Portugal. G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 125, 279, 303. ISBN 9780722224731. Retrieved 11 July 2018.

Bibliography edit

  • Sousa, António Caetano de. História genealógica da Casa Real portuguesa (in Portuguese). Vol. VII. Lisbon: Silviana.[ISBN missing]

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to John IV of Portugal.
John IV of Portugal
Cadet branch of the House of Aviz
Born: 19 March 1604 Died: 6 November 1656
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of Portugal and the Algarves
1640–1656 		Succeeded by

October 28, 2023
john, portugal, john, portuguese, joão, pronounced, ʒuˈɐ, march, 1604, november, 1656, nicknamed, john, restorer, portuguese, joão, restaurador, king, portugal, whose, reign, lasting, from, 1640, until, death, began, portuguese, restoration, independence, from. John IV Portuguese Joao 2 pronounced ʒuˈɐ w 19 March 1604 6 November 1656 nicknamed John the Restorer Portuguese Joao o Restaurador was the King of Portugal whose reign lasting from 1640 until his death began the Portuguese restoration of independence from Habsburg Spanish rule 1 His accession established the House of Braganza on the Portuguese throne and marked the end of the 60 year old Iberian Union by which Portugal and Spain shared the same monarch John IVPortrait by Peter Paul Rubens c 1628 King of Portugal more Reign1 December 1640 6 November 1656Coronation15 December 1640PredecessorPhilip IIISuccessorAfonso VIBorn 1604 03 19 19 March 1604Ducal Palace of Vila Vicosa Vila Vicosa PortugalDied6 November 1656 1656 11 06 aged 52 Ribeira Palace Lisbon PortugalBurialPantheon of the BraganzasSpouseLuisa de Guzman m 1633 IssueDetailTeodosio Prince of Brazil Joana Princess of BeiraCatherine Queen of England Scotland and IrelandAfonso VI King of Portugal Peter II King of PortugalHouseBraganza 1 FatherTeodosio II Duke of BraganzaMotherAna de Velasco y GironReligionRoman CatholicismSignatureBefore becoming king he was John II 8th Duke of Braganza He was the grandson of Catherine Duchess of Braganza 3 a claimant to the crown during the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580 On the eve of his death in 1656 the Portuguese Empire was at its territorial zenith spanning the globe 4 Contents 1 Early life 2 Reign 2 1 Accession 2 2 Restoration War 2 3 Imperial Recovery 3 Death and legacy 4 Marriages and descendants 5 Ancestry 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External linksEarly life edit nbsp Portrait of D John IV as an Infant Pedro Americo 1879 John IV was born at Vila Vicosa and succeeded his father Teodosio II as Duke of Braganza 5 when the latter died insane in 1630 He married Luisa de Guzman 1613 66 eldest daughter of Juan Manuel Perez de Guzman 8th Duke of Medina Sidonia in 1633 John was described as having blonde hair and an average height 6 Reign editAccession edit nbsp Acclamation of John IV as King of Portugal 1908 painting by Veloso Salgado in the Military Museum Lisbon nbsp Panel of glazed tiles by Jorge Colaco 1940 representing the acclamation of King John IV of Portugal in 1640 Ponte de Lima Portugal When Philip II of Portugal III of Spain died he was succeeded by his son Philip III IV of Spain who had a different approach to Portuguese issues Taxes on the Portuguese merchants were raised the Portuguese nobility began to lose its influence and government posts in Portugal were increasingly occupied by Spaniards Ultimately Philip III tried to make Portugal a Spanish province meaning Portuguese nobles stood to lose all of their power This situation culminated in a revolution organized by the nobility and the bourgeoisie 1 executed on 1 December 1640 sixty years after the accession of Philip II of Spain to the throne of Portugal A plot was planned by several associates known as the Forty Conspirators who killed the Secretary of State Miguel de Vasconcelos and imprisoned the king s cousin Margaret of Savoy the Vicereine of Portugal governing the country in the King s name Philip s troops were at the time fighting the Thirty Years War and also dealing with a revolution in Catalonia which severely hampered Spain s ability to quash the rebellion Within a matter of hours and with popular support John then the 8th Duke of Braganza was acclaimed as King John IV of Portugal 1 as legend goes with the persuasion of his wife claiming legitimate succession through his grandmother Catherine Duchess of Braganza 7 The ensuing conflict with Spain brought Portugal into the Thirty Years War as at least a peripheral player From 1641 to 1668 the period during which the two nations were at war Spain sought to isolate Portugal militarily and diplomatically and Portugal tried to find the resources to maintain its independence through political alliances and maintenance of its colonial income Restoration War edit His accession led to a protracted war with neighbouring Spain a conflict known as the Portuguese Restoration War which ended with the recognition of Portuguese independence in a subsequent reign 1668 8 Portugal signed lengthy alliances with France 1 June 1641 and Sweden August 1641 but by necessity its only contributions in the Thirty Years War were in the field against Spain and against Dutch encroachments on the Portuguese colonies The period from 1640 to 1668 was marked by periodic skirmishes between Portugal and Spain as well as short episodes of more serious warfare much of it occasioned by Spanish and Portuguese entanglements with non Iberian powers Spain was involved in the Thirty Years War until 1648 and the Franco Spanish War until 1659 while Portugal was involved in the Dutch Portuguese War until 1663 In Spain a Portuguese invasion force defeated the Spanish at Montijo near Badajoz in 1644 Imperial Recovery edit Abroad the Dutch took Portuguese Malacca January 1641 and the Imam of Oman captured Muscat 1650 Nevertheless the Portuguese despite having to divide their forces among Europe Brazil and Africa managed to retake Luanda in Portuguese Angola from the Dutch in 1648 and by 1654 had recovered northern Brazil which effectively ceased to be a Dutch colony This was countered by the loss of Portuguese Ceylon present day Sri Lanka to the Dutch who took Colombo in 1656 Death and legacy editKing John IV died in 1656 and was succeeded by his son Afonso VI His daughter Catherine of Braganza married King Charles II of England 3 Bombay in India was given as dowry to the English John was a patron of music and the arts and a considerably sophisticated writer on music in addition to this he was a composer During his reign he collected one of the largest libraries in the world but it was destroyed in the Lisbon earthquake of 1755 Among his writings is a defense of Palestrina and a Defense of Modern Music Lisbon 1649 9 One famous composition attributed to him is a setting of the Crux fidelis a work that remains highly popular during Holy Week amongst church choirs However no known manuscript of the work exists and it was first published only in 1869 in France On stylistic grounds it is generally recognized that the work was written in the 19th century 10 In 1646 John IV proclaimed Mary in her conception as the Immaculate Conception the Immaculata the Patroness of Portugal by royal decree of the House of Braganza The doctrine had appeared in the Middle Ages and had been fiercely debated in the 15th and 16th centuries but a bull issued in 1616 by Pope Paul V finally forbade anyone to teach or preach a contrary opinion 11 Three years later in 1649 the iconography of the Immaculata was established by Francisco Pacheco 1564 1654 a Spanish artistic advisor to the Inquisition based on Revelation XII 1 12 Marriages and descendants editJohn married Luisa de Guzman 13 daughter of Juan Manuel Perez de Guzman 8th Duke of Medina Sidonia From that marriage several children were born Because some of John s children were born and died before their father became king they are not considered infantes or infantas heirs to the throne of Portugal Name Birth Death NotesBy Luisa de Guzman 13 October 1613 27 February 1666 married on 12 January 1633 Infante Teodosio 8 February 1634 13 May 1653 Prince of Brazil and 9th Duke of Braganza Died young Ana de Braganca 21 January 1635 21 January 1635 Infanta Joana Joan 18 September 1635 17 November 1653 Infanta Catherine Catarina 25 November 1638 31 December 1705 Commonly known as Catherine of Braganza Queen consort through marriage to Charles II of England Manuel de Braganca 6 September 1640 6 September 1640 Infante Afonso 21 August 1643 12 September 1683 Prince of Brazil and 10th Duke of Braganza Succeeded him as Afonso VI King of Portugal Infante Peter Pedro 26 April 1648 9 December 1706 Duke of Beja Constable of the Kingdom Lord of the Casa do Infantado and Regent of the Kingdom before succeeding his brother Afonso as Peter II King of Portugal Illegitimate offspringMaria de Braganca 30 April 1644 7 February 1693 Natural daughter Ancestry editAncestors of John IV of Portugal8 Teodosio I Duke of Braganza 14 4 Joao I Duke of Braganza 14 9 Isabel de Lencastre 14 2 Teodosio II Duke of Braganza10 Duarte Duke of Guimaraes 14 5 Catarina of Portugal 14 11 Isabel of Braganza 14 1 John IV of Portugal12 Inigo 4th Duke of Frias6 Juan 5th Duke of Frias13 Ana de Guzman y Aragon3 Ana de Velasco y Giron14 Pedro 1st Duke of Osuna7 Maria Tellez Giron y Guzman15 Leonor de Guzman y AragonReferences edit a b c d Torgal Luis Reis 1981 A Restauracao Sua Dinamica Socio politica Ideologia Politica e Teoria do Estado na Restauracao in Portuguese Vol I Coimbra Biblioteca Geral da Universidade de Coimbra pp 69 85 hdl 10316 665 ISBN 9789726160823 Also rendered as Joam in Archaic Portuguese a b Jayne Kingsley Garland 1911 Portugal History In Chisholm Hugh ed Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 22 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 148 D A Brading 1993 The First America The Spanish Monarchy Creole Patriots and the Liberal State 1492 1866 Cambridge University Press p 213 ISBN 978 0 521 44796 6 Dyer Thomas Henry 1877 1593 1721 p 340 Sousa 1741 Vol VII p 238 Davenport Frances Gardiner 2004 European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1648 The Lawbook Exchange p 324 ISBN 978 1584774228 nbsp One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 John IV of Portugal Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 15 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 444 John IV King of Portugal 1965 1649 Ribeiro Mario de Sampayo ed Defensa de la musica moderna contra la errada opinion del Obispo Cyrilo Franco Defense of modern music against the mistaken opinion of Bishop Cyrilo Franco Acta Universitatis Conimbrigensis in Spanish reprint ed Portugal University of Coimbra ISBN 9789726160564 OCLC 258290532 View digitized copy of originai 1649 book Grove Dictionary of Music Doubtful Crux fidelis 4vv D Dlb ed G Schmitt Anthologie universelle de musique sacree Paris 1869 ed J Santos A polifonia classica portuguesa Lisbon 1937 Bartomome Esteban Murillo and Nancy Coe Wixom The Immaculate Conception The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art Vol 47 No 7 Sept 1960 p 163 Anna Jameson Legends of the Madonna Boston amp New York 1895 p 14 Bourn Thomas 1815 A Concise Gazetteer of the Most Remarkable Places in the World with brief notices of the principal historical events connected with them etc p 413 a b c d e f Stephens Henry Morse 1903 The story of Portugal G P Putnam s Sons pp 125 279 303 ISBN 9780722224731 Retrieved 11 July 2018 Bibliography editSousa Antonio Caetano de Historia genealogica da Casa Real portuguesa in Portuguese Vol VII Lisbon Silviana ISBN missing External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to John IV of Portugal Free scores by John IV of Portugal in the Choral Public Domain Library ChoralWiki Crux fidelis Recording of John IV s best known choral workJohn IV of PortugalHouse of BraganzaCadet branch of the House of AvizBorn 19 March 1604 Died 6 November 1656Regnal titlesPreceded byPhilip III King of Portugal and the Algarves1640 1656 Succeeded byAfonso VI Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title John IV of Portugal amp oldid 1177308881, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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