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Joachim of Fiore

Joachim of Fiore, also known as Joachim of Flora and in Italian Gioacchino da Fiore (c. 1135 – 30 March 1202), was an Italian Christian theologian, Catholic abbot, and the founder of the monastic order of San Giovanni in Fiore.[1] According to theologian Bernard McGinn, "Joachim of Fiore is the most important apocalyptic thinker of the whole medieval period."[2] The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri is one of the most famous works possibly inspired by his ideas.[3]

Joachim of Fiore
Joachim of Flora, in a 15th-century woodcut
Born1135
Died1202
EraMedieval philosophy
RegionWestern philosophy
SchoolJoachimitism
Historicism
Notable ideas
Premillennialism
Three Eras

Later followers, inspired by his works in Christian eschatology and historicist theories, are called Joachimites.

Biography Edit

Born in the small village of Celico near Cosenza, in Calabria[1] (at the time part of the Kingdom of Sicily), Joachim was the son of Mauro de Celico, a well-placed notary,[4] and of Gemma, his wife. He was educated at Cosenza, where he became first a clerk in the courts, and then a notary himself. In 1166–1167 he worked for Stephen du Perche, archbishop of Palermo (c. 1167–1168) and counsellor of Margaret of Navarre, regent for the young William II of Sicily.

 
A 1573 fresco depicting Gioacchino da Fiore, in the Cathedral of Santa Severina, Calabria, Italy

About 1159 he went on pilgrimage to the Holy Land, where he experienced a spiritual crisis and conversion in Jerusalem that turned him away from a worldly life. When he returned, he lived as a hermit for several years, wandering and preaching before joining the Cistercian abbey of Sambucina near Luzzi in Calabria, as a lay brother without taking the religious habit.[4] There he devoted his time to lay preaching. With the ecclesiastical authorities raising objections to his mode of life, Joachim joined the monks of the Abbey of Corazzo, and was ordained a priest, apparently in 1168. He applied himself entirely to Biblical study, with a special view to uncovering the arcane meanings he thought were concealed in the Scriptures,[4] especially in the apostle John's Revelation. To his dismay, the monks of Corazzo proclaimed him their abbot (c. 1177). He then attempted to join the monastery to the Cistercian Order, but was refused because of the community's poverty. In the winter of 1178 he appealed in person to William II, who granted the monks some lands.

In 1182 Joachim appealed to Pope Lucius III, who relieved him of the temporal care of his abbey, and warmly approved of his work, bidding him continue it in whatever monastery he thought best. Joachim spent the following year and a half at the Cistercian Abbey of Casamari,[1] where he engaged in writing his three great books. There the young monk, Lucas (afterwards Archbishop of Cosenza), who acted as his secretary, was amazed to see so famous and eloquent a man wearing such rags, and the wonderful devotion with which he preached and said Mass.[4]

In 1184 he was in Rome, interpreting an obscure prophecy found among the papers of Cardinal Matthew of Angers, and was encouraged by Pope Lucius III. Succeeding popes confirmed the papal approbation, though his manuscripts had not begun to circulate. Joachim retired first to the hermitage of Pietralata, writing all the while, and then founded the Abbey of Fiore (Flora) in the mountains of Calabria. He refused the request of King Tancred of Sicily (r. 1189–1194) to move his new religious foundation to the existing Cistercian monastery of Santa Maria della Matina.

On Good Friday in 1196, Empress Constance, also Queen of Sicily, summoned Joachim of Fiore to Palermo to hear her confession in the Palatine Chapel. Initially the empress sat on a raised chair, but when Joachim told her that as they were at the places of Christ and Mary Magdalene, she needed to lower herself, she sat on the ground.[5]

Fiore became the center of a new and stricter branch of the Cistercian order, approved by Celestine III in 1198.[4]

In 1200 Joachim publicly submitted all his writings to the examination of Innocent III,[1] but died in 1202 before any judgment was passed. The holiness of his life was widely known: Dante affirmed that miracles were said to have been wrought at his tomb,[citation needed][6] and, though never officially beatified, he is still venerated as a beatus on May 29.[4]

He theorized the dawn of a new age, based on his interpretation of verses in the Book of Revelation, in which the Church would be unnecessary and in which infidels would unite with Christians. Members of the spiritual wing of the Franciscan order acclaimed him as a prophet, however Joachim denied being a prophet himself.[7] His popularity was enormous in the period. Richard the Lionheart met with him in Messina before leaving for the Third Crusade of 1189–1192 to ask for his prophetic advice.[2]

 
Joachim of Fiore studying

His famous Trinitarian "IEUE" interlaced-circles diagram was influenced by the different 3-circles Tetragrammaton-Trinity diagram of Petrus Alphonsi, and in turn led to the use of the Borromean rings as a symbol of the Christian Trinity (and possibly also influenced the development of the Shield of the Trinity diagram).[8]

Theory of the three ages Edit

The mystical basis of his teaching is his doctrine of the "eternal gospel", founded on an interpretation of Revelation 14:6 (Rev 14:6, "Then I saw another angel flying in midheaven, with an eternal gospel to proclaim to those who live on the earth—to every nation and tribe and language and people." NRSV translation.).

His theories can be considered millenarian; he believed that history, by analogy with the Trinity, was divided into three fundamental epochs:

  • The Age of the Father, corresponding to the Old Testament, characterized by obedience of mankind to the Rules of God;
  • The Age of the Son, between the advent of Christ and 1260, represented by the New Testament, when Man became the son of God;
  • The Age of the Holy Spirit, impending, a contemplative utopia.[2] The Kingdom of the Holy Spirit, a new dispensation of universal love, would proceed from the Gospel of Christ, but transcend the letter of it. In this new Age the ecclesiastical organization would be replaced and the Order of the Just would rule the Church.[9] This Order of the Just was later identified with the Franciscan order by his follower Gerardo of Borgo San Donnino.[citation needed]

Joachim's idea of the Age of the Holy Spirit would also later greatly influence the Cult of the Holy Spirit which would in later centuries have considerable impact in Portugal and its colonies, and would suffer severe persecution by the Portuguese Inquisition.

According to Joachim, only in this third age will it be possible to truly understand the words of God in their deepest meanings, and not merely literally. In this period, instead of the parousia (second Advent of Christ), a new epoch of peace and concord would begin; also, a new religious "order" of spiritual men will arise, thus making the present hierarchy of the Church almost unnecessary.

Joachim distinguished between the "reign of justice" or "of law" in an imperfect society, and the "reign of freedom" in a perfect society.[10]

Joachim saw that a pope will be the Antichrist and that Rome represents Babylon.[11]

Condemnation Edit

Joachim's theories were disputed by Thomas Aquinas in his Summa Theologica (written 1265-1274). In contrast, Dante Alighieri situated Joachim in the Paradiso of his Divine Comedy (composed c. 1320). Among the Spirituals, the stricter branch of the Franciscans, a Joachite group arose, many of whom saw Antichrist already in the world in the person of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (who died in 1250).

As the appointed year approached, spurious works began to circulate under Joachim's name: De Oneribus Prophetarum, an Expositio Sybillae et Merlini ("Exposition of the Sibyl and Merlin") and commentaries on the prophecies of Jeremiah and Isaiah. The Fourth Council of the Lateran, in 1215, condemned some of his ideas about the nature of the Trinity. In 1263, the archbishop Fiorenzo enhanced the condemnation of his writings and those of his follower Gerardo of Borgo San Donnino, joining a commission in the Synod of Arles, in which Joachim's theories were declared heretical. The accusation was of having an unorthodox view of the Holy Trinity.

His views also inspired several subsequent movements: the Amalricians, the Dulcinians and the Brethren of the Free Spirit. All of these were eventually declared heretical by the Catholic Church. Joachimite interpretations became popular in the Protestant reformation,[12] and even influenced some Protestant interpretations.[13] Joachim also possibly influenced Dante.[14]

Of importance is the fact that Joachim himself was never condemned as a heretic by the Church; rather, the ideas and movement surrounding him were condemned. Joachim the man was held in high regard during his lifetime.

Literary references Edit

It has been argued that the Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri is largely inspired by the ideas of the Abbot by means of the interpretation given by his follower Pietro di Giovanni Olivi, active in Florence at the end of the XIII century.[3]

W. B. Yeats's short story "The Tables of the Law" tells about a single surviving copy of a certain book by Joachim of Flora and its powerful effects on its owner.[15][16]

Joachim, referred to as Joachim Abbas, is referenced in James Joyce's Ulysses and Giacomo Joyce and Stephen Hero.

Joachim is mentioned in Umberto Eco's medieval mystery The Name of the Rose. His influence on the Franciscan Spirituals and the rediscovery of his books foreseeing the advent of a new age are part of the book's background story in which an inquisitorial debate is held in a remote monastery where a number of murders take place.

The sprawling conspiracy satire entitled the Illuminatus! trilogy of novels by Robert Anton Wilson and Robert Shea also reference Joachim of Fiore repeatedly. His writings fit well with the eschatological tone of the story. The authors attempt to confuse matters and give an air of authenticity to the madness of the various plotlines by including references to real people and events.[citation needed]

In 2023, a film inspired by the life of Joachim "Joachim and the Apocalypse" was produced.[17]

Works Edit

 
Page of Liber Figurarum, XII century - showing a Seven-Headed Dragon at right
 
Dialogi de prescientia Dei
  • Liber Concordiae Novi ac Veteris Testamenti (Harmony of the Old and New Testaments/Book of Concordance), completed in 1200.[18]
  • Expositio in Apocalipsim (Exposition of the Book of Revelation), finished around 1196–1199. The Liber introductoris in Apocalypsim, sometimes cited as a separate work, forms an introduction to this.[19]
  • Psalterium Decem Cordarum (Psaltery of Ten Strings).[20]
  • Tractatus super quatuor Evangelia (Treatise on the four Gospels).[21]
  • De Gloria Paradisi (Visio admirandae historiae)[22]

Lesser works include:

  • Genealogia (Genealogy), written about 1176.[23]
  • De prophetia ignota, dateable to 1184.[24]
  • Adversus Judeos (also known as Exhortatorium Iudeorum), probably written in the early 1180s.[25]
  • De articulis fidei, probably written in the early 1180s.[26]
  • Professio fidei, probably written in the early 1180s.[27]
  • Tractatus in expositionem vite et regule beati Benedicti, sermons belonging to the late 1180s.[28]
  • Praephatio super Apocalipsim. Written around 1188–1192.[29]
  • Intelligentia super calathis. Written in 1190–1.[30]
  • De ultimis tribulationibus, which is a short sermon by Joachim.[31]
  • Enchiridion super Apocalypsim. Written in 1194-6, this is an earlier and shorter version of the Liber introductorius that prefaces Joachim's Expositio in Apocalipsim.[32]
  • De septem sigillis. It is uncertain when this was written.[33]
  • The Liber Figurarum was drawn together soon after Joachim's death in 1202, and is a collection of 24 'figurae' drawn by Joachim. The name was used in thirteenth-century manuscripts to describe a work attributed to Joachim of Fiore, but it was only in the mid-twentieth century that it was identified in relation to three extant manuscripts.[34]
  • The late thirteenth-century set of pseudo-prophecies, united with a later series under the title Vaticinia de Summis Pontificibus was falsely attributed to Joachim of Fiore without any basis in truth.[35]

See also Edit

Notes Edit

  1. ^ a b c d Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Joachim of Floris" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 417.
  2. ^ a b c "Apocalypticism Explained | Apocalypse! FRONTLINE | PBS". www.pbs.org.
  3. ^ a b Lombardi, Giancarlo (2022). L'Estetica Dantesca del Dualismo (in Italian) (1st ed.). Borgomanero, Novara, Italy: Giuliano Ladolfi Editore. ISBN 9788866446620.
  4. ^ a b c d e f   One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainGardner, Edmund (1910). "Joachim of Flora". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  5. ^ The Feast of Saint Abraham: Medieval Millenarians and the Jews, p. 12, Chapter 1, Robert E. Lerner
  6. ^ See one reference to Joachim in Paradiso XII.141-2.
  7. ^ Riedl, Matthias (2017-10-23). A Companion to Joachim of Fiore. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-33966-8.
  8. ^ . Liv.ac.uk. 2007-07-27. Archived from the original on 2012-04-14. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
  9. ^ Manuel, Frank E.; Manuel, Fritzie P. (1982), Utopian Thought in the Western World, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, pp. 56–59, ISBN 0674931866.
  10. ^ Eric Hobsbawm, Primitive rebels, introduction, Norton Library 1965, p. 11.
  11. ^ Whalen, Brett Edward (October 2009). Dominion of God: Christendom and Apocalypse in the Middle Ages. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03629-1.
  12. ^ Maas, Korey (2010). The Reformation and Robert Barnes: History, Theology and Polemic in Early Modern England. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-1-84383-534-9.
  13. ^ Lundin, Roger (1993). The Culture of Interpretation: Christian Faith and the Postmodern World. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-0636-9. Joachimite interpretation itself prefigured later developments in Protestant and romantic hermeneutics.
  14. ^ "Joachim Of Fiore | Italian theologian | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2021-12-11.
  15. ^ "Tables of the Law; & The Adoration of the Magi". Project Gutenberg. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
  16. ^ For full discussion see Warwick Gould and Marjorie Reeves, Joachim of Fiore and the Myth of the Eternal Evangel in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Oxford: Clarendon, 2001), rev & enlarged ed., Ch ix, "W. B. Yeats: a Noble Antinomianism", pp. 221–298
  17. ^ "SenalNews"Joachim and the Apocalypse" shot in ultra-high 12K resolution is inspired by the life of Joachim of Fiore".
  18. ^ The 1519 Venice edition was reprinted in Frankfurt-am-Main in 1964. Books 1-4 are available in Daniel, E. R. (1983). "Liber De Concordia Novi Ac Veteris Testament". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. 73 (8). doi:10.2307/1006385. JSTOR 1006385.. Book V remains only available in the 1519 (and 1964) edition.
  19. ^ The 1527 Venice edition was reprinted in Frankfurt-am-Main in 1964.
  20. ^ The 1527 Venice edition was reprinted in Frankfurt-am-Main, 1965. A more modern Latin text is in Joachim von Fiore, Psalterium decem cordarum, ed. Kurt-Victor Selge. (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Quellen zur Geistesgeschichte des Mittelalters, 20; Ioachimi Abbatis Florensis Opera Omnia, 1.) Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 2009.
  21. ^ The Latin text is in Tractatus super quatuor Evangelia di Gioacchino da Fiore, ed. by E. Buonaiuti (Rome, 1930).
  22. ^ "De Gloria Paradisi, Falco edizioni, 2005 322".
  23. ^ Potestà, G. L. (2000). "Die genealogia. Ein frühes Werk Joachims von Fiore und die Anfänge seines Geschichtsbildes". Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters. 56: 55–101. ISSN 0012-1223.
  24. ^ Matthias Kaup, ed, De prophetia ignota: eine frühe Schrift Joachims von Fiore, (Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 1998).
  25. ^ The Latin text is in Adversus Iudeos di Gioacchino da Fiore, ed. A. Frugoni (Rome, 1957).
  26. ^ The Latin text is in De articulis fidei di Gioacchino da Fiore. Scritti minori, ed. by E. Buonaiuti (Rome, 1936).
  27. ^ Professio fidei, in P de Leo, ed, Gioacchino da Fiore. Aspetti inediti della vita e delle opere, Soneria Mannelli 1988, pp. 173–175.
  28. ^ The Latin text is in C Baraut, 'Un tratado inédito de Joaquín de Flore: De vita sancti Benedicti et de officio divino secundum eius doctrinam ', Analecta sacra Tarraconensia, 24 (1951), pp. 33–122.
  29. ^ Praephatio super Apocalipsim, in K-V Selge, ed, 'Eine Einführung Joachims von Fiore in die Johannesapokalypse', Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters, 46 (1990), pp. 85–131.
  30. ^ Intelligentia super calathis ad abbatem Gafridum, in P de Leo, ed, Gioacchino da Fiore. Aspetti inediti della vita e delle opere, Soveria Mannelli 1988, pp 125–148.
  31. ^ The Latin text is printed in K-V Selge, ed, 'Ein Traktat Joachims von Fiore über die Drangsale der Endzeit: De ultimis tribulationibus ', Florensia 7 (1993), pp 7-35. The English translation is in E. Randolph Daniel, 'Abbot Joachim of Fiore: The De ultimis tribulationibus', in A Williams, ed, Prophecy and Millenarianism: Essays in Honour of Marjorie Reeves, (Harlow: Longmans, 1980), 167–189.
  32. ^ The Latin text is in Edward Kilian Burger, ed, Joachim of Fiore, Enchiridion super Apocalypsim, Studies and Texts, 78, (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1986).
  33. ^ M Reeves and B Hirsch-Reich, eds, 'The Seven Seals in the Writings of Joachim of Fiore', Recherches de théologie ancienne et médiévale 21 (1954), pp 239-247.
  34. ^ Marjorie Reeves and Beatrice Hirsch-Reich, The Figurae of Joachim of Fiore, (1972). For examples, see http://www.centrostudigioachimiti.it/Gioacchino/GF_Tavoleeng.asp 2010-01-13 at the Wayback Machine.
  35. ^ "Frank Schleich, Ascende calve: the later series of the medieval pope prophecies". Retrieved September 2, 2016.[dead link]

Further reading Edit

  • Thomas Gil, "Zeitkonstruktion als Kampf- und Protestmittel: Reflexionen über Joachim's von Fiore Trinitätstheologische Geschichtskonstruktion und deren Wirkungsgeschichte." In Constructions of Time in the Late Middle Ages, ed. Carol Poster and Richard Utz (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1997), pp. 35–49.
  • Warwick Gould and Marjorie Reeves, Joachim of Fiore and the Myth of the Eternal Evangel in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Oxford: Clarendon, 2001), rev & enlarged from 1987 ed.
  • Henri de Lubac, La Postérité spirituelle de Joachim de Flore, Lethielleux, 1979 and 1981 (in French)
  • Marjorie Reeves, Joachim of Fiore & the prophetic future : a medieval study in historical thinking, Stroud : Sutton Pub., 1999.
  • Matthias Riedl, Joachim von Fiore. Denker der vollendeten Menschheit, Koenigshausen & Neumann, 2004. (in German)
  • Gian Luca Potestà, Il Tempo dell'apocalisse - Vita di Gioacchino da Fiore, Laterza, Bari, 2004.
  • Valeria de Fraja, Oltre Cîteaux. Gioacchino da Fiore e l'ordine florense, Viella, Roma 2006.
  • E. Randolph Daniel, Abbot Joachim of Fiore and Joachimism, Variorum Collected Studies Series, Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2011.
  • P. Lopetrone, L'effigie dell'abate Gioacchino da Fiore", in Vivarium, Rivista di Scienze Teologiche dell'Istituto Teologico S. Pio X di Catanzaro, Anno XX, n. 3, Edizioni Pubblisfera 2013, pp. 361–386.
  • "The Eternal Gospel" by Leoš Janáček, a 1913 composition described as A legend for soprano, tenor, chorus and orchestra.

External links Edit

  • International Center for Joachimist Studies 2020-01-13 at the Wayback Machine
  • Joachim of Fiore's Constitution of Future Society
  • Neo-Joachimism (in German)

joachim, fiore, also, known, joachim, flora, italian, gioacchino, fiore, 1135, march, 1202, italian, christian, theologian, catholic, abbot, founder, monastic, order, giovanni, fiore, according, theologian, bernard, mcginn, most, important, apocalyptic, thinke. Joachim of Fiore also known as Joachim of Flora and in Italian Gioacchino da Fiore c 1135 30 March 1202 was an Italian Christian theologian Catholic abbot and the founder of the monastic order of San Giovanni in Fiore 1 According to theologian Bernard McGinn Joachim of Fiore is the most important apocalyptic thinker of the whole medieval period 2 The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri is one of the most famous works possibly inspired by his ideas 3 Joachim of FioreJoachim of Flora in a 15th century woodcutBorn1135Celico CalabriaDied1202EraMedieval philosophyRegionWestern philosophySchoolJoachimitismHistoricismNotable ideasPremillennialismThree ErasLater followers inspired by his works in Christian eschatology and historicist theories are called Joachimites Contents 1 Biography 2 Theory of the three ages 3 Condemnation 4 Literary references 5 Works 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Further reading 9 External linksBiography EditBorn in the small village of Celico near Cosenza in Calabria 1 at the time part of the Kingdom of Sicily Joachim was the son of Mauro de Celico a well placed notary 4 and of Gemma his wife He was educated at Cosenza where he became first a clerk in the courts and then a notary himself In 1166 1167 he worked for Stephen du Perche archbishop of Palermo c 1167 1168 and counsellor of Margaret of Navarre regent for the young William II of Sicily nbsp A 1573 fresco depicting Gioacchino da Fiore in the Cathedral of Santa Severina Calabria ItalyAbout 1159 he went on pilgrimage to the Holy Land where he experienced a spiritual crisis and conversion in Jerusalem that turned him away from a worldly life When he returned he lived as a hermit for several years wandering and preaching before joining the Cistercian abbey of Sambucina near Luzzi in Calabria as a lay brother without taking the religious habit 4 There he devoted his time to lay preaching With the ecclesiastical authorities raising objections to his mode of life Joachim joined the monks of the Abbey of Corazzo and was ordained a priest apparently in 1168 He applied himself entirely to Biblical study with a special view to uncovering the arcane meanings he thought were concealed in the Scriptures 4 especially in the apostle John s Revelation To his dismay the monks of Corazzo proclaimed him their abbot c 1177 He then attempted to join the monastery to the Cistercian Order but was refused because of the community s poverty In the winter of 1178 he appealed in person to William II who granted the monks some lands In 1182 Joachim appealed to Pope Lucius III who relieved him of the temporal care of his abbey and warmly approved of his work bidding him continue it in whatever monastery he thought best Joachim spent the following year and a half at the Cistercian Abbey of Casamari 1 where he engaged in writing his three great books There the young monk Lucas afterwards Archbishop of Cosenza who acted as his secretary was amazed to see so famous and eloquent a man wearing such rags and the wonderful devotion with which he preached and said Mass 4 In 1184 he was in Rome interpreting an obscure prophecy found among the papers of Cardinal Matthew of Angers and was encouraged by Pope Lucius III Succeeding popes confirmed the papal approbation though his manuscripts had not begun to circulate Joachim retired first to the hermitage of Pietralata writing all the while and then founded the Abbey of Fiore Flora in the mountains of Calabria He refused the request of King Tancred of Sicily r 1189 1194 to move his new religious foundation to the existing Cistercian monastery of Santa Maria della Matina On Good Friday in 1196 Empress Constance also Queen of Sicily summoned Joachim of Fiore to Palermo to hear her confession in the Palatine Chapel Initially the empress sat on a raised chair but when Joachim told her that as they were at the places of Christ and Mary Magdalene she needed to lower herself she sat on the ground 5 Fiore became the center of a new and stricter branch of the Cistercian order approved by Celestine III in 1198 4 In 1200 Joachim publicly submitted all his writings to the examination of Innocent III 1 but died in 1202 before any judgment was passed The holiness of his life was widely known Dante affirmed that miracles were said to have been wrought at his tomb citation needed 6 and though never officially beatified he is still venerated as a beatus on May 29 4 He theorized the dawn of a new age based on his interpretation of verses in the Book of Revelation in which the Church would be unnecessary and in which infidels would unite with Christians Members of the spiritual wing of the Franciscan order acclaimed him as a prophet however Joachim denied being a prophet himself 7 His popularity was enormous in the period Richard the Lionheart met with him in Messina before leaving for the Third Crusade of 1189 1192 to ask for his prophetic advice 2 nbsp Joachim of Fiore studyingHis famous Trinitarian IEUE interlaced circles diagram was influenced by the different 3 circles Tetragrammaton Trinity diagram of Petrus Alphonsi and in turn led to the use of the Borromean rings as a symbol of the Christian Trinity and possibly also influenced the development of the Shield of the Trinity diagram 8 Theory of the three ages EditMain article Three Eras The mystical basis of his teaching is his doctrine of the eternal gospel founded on an interpretation of Revelation 14 6 Rev 14 6 Then I saw another angel flying in midheaven with an eternal gospel to proclaim to those who live on the earth to every nation and tribe and language and people NRSV translation His theories can be considered millenarian he believed that history by analogy with the Trinity was divided into three fundamental epochs The Age of the Father corresponding to the Old Testament characterized by obedience of mankind to the Rules of God The Age of the Son between the advent of Christ and 1260 represented by the New Testament when Man became the son of God The Age of the Holy Spirit impending a contemplative utopia 2 The Kingdom of the Holy Spirit a new dispensation of universal love would proceed from the Gospel of Christ but transcend the letter of it In this new Age the ecclesiastical organization would be replaced and the Order of the Just would rule the Church 9 This Order of the Just was later identified with the Franciscan order by his follower Gerardo of Borgo San Donnino citation needed Joachim s idea of the Age of the Holy Spirit would also later greatly influence the Cult of the Holy Spirit which would in later centuries have considerable impact in Portugal and its colonies and would suffer severe persecution by the Portuguese Inquisition According to Joachim only in this third age will it be possible to truly understand the words of God in their deepest meanings and not merely literally In this period instead of the parousia second Advent of Christ a new epoch of peace and concord would begin also a new religious order of spiritual men will arise thus making the present hierarchy of the Church almost unnecessary Joachim distinguished between the reign of justice or of law in an imperfect society and the reign of freedom in a perfect society 10 Joachim saw that a pope will be the Antichrist and that Rome represents Babylon 11 Condemnation EditMain article Joachimites Joachim s theories were disputed by Thomas Aquinas in his Summa Theologica written 1265 1274 In contrast Dante Alighieri situated Joachim in the Paradiso of his Divine Comedy composed c 1320 Among the Spirituals the stricter branch of the Franciscans a Joachite group arose many of whom saw Antichrist already in the world in the person of Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor who died in 1250 As the appointed year approached spurious works began to circulate under Joachim s name De Oneribus Prophetarum an Expositio Sybillae et Merlini Exposition of the Sibyl and Merlin and commentaries on the prophecies of Jeremiah and Isaiah The Fourth Council of the Lateran in 1215 condemned some of his ideas about the nature of the Trinity In 1263 the archbishop Fiorenzo enhanced the condemnation of his writings and those of his follower Gerardo of Borgo San Donnino joining a commission in the Synod of Arles in which Joachim s theories were declared heretical The accusation was of having an unorthodox view of the Holy Trinity His views also inspired several subsequent movements the Amalricians the Dulcinians and the Brethren of the Free Spirit All of these were eventually declared heretical by the Catholic Church Joachimite interpretations became popular in the Protestant reformation 12 and even influenced some Protestant interpretations 13 Joachim also possibly influenced Dante 14 Of importance is the fact that Joachim himself was never condemned as a heretic by the Church rather the ideas and movement surrounding him were condemned Joachim the man was held in high regard during his lifetime Literary references EditIt has been argued that the Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri is largely inspired by the ideas of the Abbot by means of the interpretation given by his follower Pietro di Giovanni Olivi active in Florence at the end of the XIII century 3 W B Yeats s short story The Tables of the Law tells about a single surviving copy of a certain book by Joachim of Flora and its powerful effects on its owner 15 16 Joachim referred to as Joachim Abbas is referenced in James Joyce s Ulysses and Giacomo Joyce and Stephen Hero Joachim is mentioned in Umberto Eco s medieval mystery The Name of the Rose His influence on the Franciscan Spirituals and the rediscovery of his books foreseeing the advent of a new age are part of the book s background story in which an inquisitorial debate is held in a remote monastery where a number of murders take place The sprawling conspiracy satire entitled the Illuminatus trilogy of novels by Robert Anton Wilson and Robert Shea also reference Joachim of Fiore repeatedly His writings fit well with the eschatological tone of the story The authors attempt to confuse matters and give an air of authenticity to the madness of the various plotlines by including references to real people and events citation needed In 2023 a film inspired by the life of Joachim Joachim and the Apocalypse was produced 17 Works Edit nbsp Page of Liber Figurarum XII century showing a Seven Headed Dragon at right nbsp Dialogi de prescientia DeiLiber Concordiae Novi ac Veteris Testamenti Harmony of the Old and New Testaments Book of Concordance completed in 1200 18 Expositio in Apocalipsim Exposition of the Book of Revelation finished around 1196 1199 The Liber introductoris in Apocalypsim sometimes cited as a separate work forms an introduction to this 19 Psalterium Decem Cordarum Psaltery of Ten Strings 20 Tractatus super quatuor Evangelia Treatise on the four Gospels 21 De Gloria Paradisi Visio admirandae historiae 22 Lesser works include Genealogia Genealogy written about 1176 23 De prophetia ignota dateable to 1184 24 Adversus Judeos also known as Exhortatorium Iudeorum probably written in the early 1180s 25 De articulis fidei probably written in the early 1180s 26 Professio fidei probably written in the early 1180s 27 Tractatus in expositionem vite et regule beati Benedicti sermons belonging to the late 1180s 28 Praephatio super Apocalipsim Written around 1188 1192 29 Intelligentia super calathis Written in 1190 1 30 De ultimis tribulationibus which is a short sermon by Joachim 31 Enchiridion super Apocalypsim Written in 1194 6 this is an earlier and shorter version of the Liber introductorius that prefaces Joachim s Expositio in Apocalipsim 32 De septem sigillis It is uncertain when this was written 33 The Liber Figurarum was drawn together soon after Joachim s death in 1202 and is a collection of 24 figurae drawn by Joachim The name was used in thirteenth century manuscripts to describe a work attributed to Joachim of Fiore but it was only in the mid twentieth century that it was identified in relation to three extant manuscripts 34 The late thirteenth century set of pseudo prophecies united with a later series under the title Vaticinia de Summis Pontificibus was falsely attributed to Joachim of Fiore without any basis in truth 35 See also EditCult of the Holy Spirit Ernesto Buonaiuti one of the first researchers in Joachinism List of Christian mystics Vaticinia de Summis PontificibusNotes Edit a b c d Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Joachim of Floris Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 15 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 417 a b c Apocalypticism Explained Apocalypse FRONTLINE PBS www pbs org a b Lombardi Giancarlo 2022 L Estetica Dantesca del Dualismo in Italian 1st ed Borgomanero Novara Italy Giuliano Ladolfi Editore ISBN 9788866446620 a b c d e f nbsp One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Gardner Edmund 1910 Joachim of Flora In Herbermann Charles ed Catholic Encyclopedia Vol 8 New York Robert Appleton Company The Feast of Saint Abraham Medieval Millenarians and the Jews p 12 Chapter 1 Robert E Lerner See one reference to Joachim in Paradiso XII 141 2 Riedl Matthias 2017 10 23 A Companion to Joachim of Fiore BRILL ISBN 978 90 04 33966 8 Borromean rings in Christian iconography Liv ac uk 2007 07 27 Archived from the original on 2012 04 14 Retrieved 2012 04 07 Manuel Frank E Manuel Fritzie P 1982 Utopian Thought in the Western World Belknap Press of Harvard University Press pp 56 59 ISBN 0674931866 Eric Hobsbawm Primitive rebels introduction Norton Library 1965 p 11 Whalen Brett Edward October 2009 Dominion of God Christendom and Apocalypse in the Middle Ages Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 03629 1 Maas Korey 2010 The Reformation and Robert Barnes History Theology and Polemic in Early Modern England Boydell amp Brewer ISBN 978 1 84383 534 9 Lundin Roger 1993 The Culture of Interpretation Christian Faith and the Postmodern World Wm B Eerdmans Publishing ISBN 978 0 8028 0636 9 Joachimite interpretation itself prefigured later developments in Protestant and romantic hermeneutics Joachim Of Fiore Italian theologian Britannica www britannica com Retrieved 2021 12 11 Tables of the Law amp The Adoration of the Magi Project Gutenberg Retrieved June 11 2015 For full discussion see Warwick Gould and Marjorie Reeves Joachim of Fiore and the Myth of the Eternal Evangel in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries Oxford Clarendon 2001 rev amp enlarged ed Ch ix W B Yeats a Noble Antinomianism pp 221 298 SenalNews Joachim and the Apocalypse shot in ultra high 12K resolution is inspired by the life of Joachim of Fiore The 1519 Venice edition was reprinted in Frankfurt am Main in 1964 Books 1 4 are available in Daniel E R 1983 Liber De Concordia Novi Ac Veteris Testament Transactions of the American Philosophical Society Philadelphia American Philosophical Society 73 8 doi 10 2307 1006385 JSTOR 1006385 Book V remains only available in the 1519 and 1964 edition The 1527 Venice edition was reprinted in Frankfurt am Main in 1964 The 1527 Venice edition was reprinted in Frankfurt am Main 1965 A more modern Latin text is in Joachim von Fiore Psalterium decem cordarum ed Kurt Victor Selge Monumenta Germaniae Historica Quellen zur Geistesgeschichte des Mittelalters 20 Ioachimi Abbatis Florensis Opera Omnia 1 Hannover Hahnsche Buchhandlung 2009 The Latin text is in Tractatus super quatuor Evangelia di Gioacchino da Fiore ed by E Buonaiuti Rome 1930 De Gloria Paradisi Falco edizioni 2005 322 Potesta G L 2000 Die genealogia Ein fruhes Werk Joachims von Fiore und die Anfange seines Geschichtsbildes Deutsches Archiv fur Erforschung des Mittelalters 56 55 101 ISSN 0012 1223 Matthias Kaup ed De prophetia ignota eine fruhe Schrift Joachims von Fiore Hannover Hahnsche Buchhandlung 1998 The Latin text is in Adversus Iudeosdi Gioacchino da Fiore ed A Frugoni Rome 1957 The Latin text is in De articulis fidei di Gioacchino da Fiore Scritti minori ed by E Buonaiuti Rome 1936 Professio fidei in P de Leo ed Gioacchino da Fiore Aspetti inediti della vita e delle opere Soneria Mannelli 1988 pp 173 175 The Latin text is in C Baraut Un tratado inedito de Joaquin de Flore De vita sancti Benedicti et de officio divino secundum eius doctrinam Analecta sacra Tarraconensia 24 1951 pp 33 122 Praephatio super Apocalipsim in K V Selge ed Eine Einfuhrung Joachims von Fiore in die Johannesapokalypse Deutsches Archiv fur Erforschung des Mittelalters 46 1990 pp 85 131 Intelligentia super calathis ad abbatem Gafridum in P de Leo ed Gioacchino da Fiore Aspetti inediti della vita e delle opere Soveria Mannelli 1988 pp 125 148 The Latin text is printed in K V Selge ed Ein Traktat Joachims von Fiore uber die Drangsale der Endzeit De ultimis tribulationibus Florensia 7 1993 pp 7 35 The English translation is in E Randolph Daniel Abbot Joachim of Fiore The De ultimis tribulationibus in A Williams ed Prophecy and Millenarianism Essays in Honour of Marjorie Reeves Harlow Longmans 1980 167 189 The Latin text is in Edward Kilian Burger ed Joachim of Fiore Enchiridion super Apocalypsim Studies and Texts 78 Toronto Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies 1986 M Reeves and B Hirsch Reich eds The Seven Seals in the Writings of Joachim of Fiore Recherches de theologie ancienne et medievale 21 1954 pp 239 247 Marjorie Reeves and Beatrice Hirsch Reich The Figurae of Joachim of Fiore 1972 For examples see http www centrostudigioachimiti it Gioacchino GF Tavoleeng asp Archived 2010 01 13 at the Wayback Machine Frank Schleich Ascende calve the later series of the medieval pope prophecies Retrieved September 2 2016 dead link Further reading EditThomas Gil Zeitkonstruktion als Kampf und Protestmittel Reflexionen uber Joachim s von Fiore Trinitatstheologische Geschichtskonstruktion und deren Wirkungsgeschichte In Constructions of Time in the Late Middle Ages ed Carol Poster and Richard Utz Evanston IL Northwestern University Press 1997 pp 35 49 Warwick Gould and Marjorie Reeves Joachim of Fiore and the Myth of the Eternal Evangel in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries Oxford Clarendon 2001 rev amp enlarged from 1987 ed Henri de Lubac La Posterite spirituelle de Joachim de Flore Lethielleux 1979 and 1981 in French Marjorie Reeves Joachim of Fiore amp the prophetic future a medieval study in historical thinking Stroud Sutton Pub 1999 Matthias Riedl Joachim von Fiore Denker der vollendeten Menschheit Koenigshausen amp Neumann 2004 in German Gian Luca Potesta Il Tempo dell apocalisse Vita di Gioacchino da Fiore Laterza Bari 2004 Valeria de Fraja Oltre Citeaux Gioacchino da Fiore e l ordine florense Viella Roma 2006 E Randolph Daniel Abbot Joachim of Fiore and Joachimism Variorum Collected Studies Series Ashgate Publishing Ltd 2011 P Lopetrone L effigie dell abate Gioacchino da Fiore in Vivarium Rivista di Scienze Teologiche dell Istituto Teologico S Pio X di Catanzaro Anno XX n 3 Edizioni Pubblisfera 2013 pp 361 386 The Eternal Gospel by Leos Janacek a 1913 composition described as A legend for soprano tenor chorus and orchestra External links Edit nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Joachim of Fiore nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Joachim of Fiore International Center for Joachimist Studies Archived 2020 01 13 at the Wayback Machine Joachim of Fiore s Constitution of Future Society Joachim of Fiore s circles diagram and Trinitarian symbolism Neo Joachimism in German Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Joachim of Fiore amp oldid 1181107546, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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