Jews for Jesus
Jews for Jesus is an international Christian missionary organization headquartered in San Francisco, California which is affiliated with the Messianic Jewish religious movement. The group is known for its proselytism to Jews[1][2][3] and promotes the belief that Jesus is the Christ and the Son of God.[4][5] It was founded in 1970 by Moishe Rosen, as Hineni Ministries, before being incorporated under its current name in 1973.
| Formation | 1970 (as Hineni Ministries). 1973 (as Jews for Jesus) |
|---|---|
| Founder | Moishe Rosen |
| Type | Non-profit |
| Purpose | Religious proselytization |
| Headquarters | San Francisco, California, U.S. |
Executive Director | David Brickner |
Formerly called | Hineni Ministries |
There are no Jewish religious authorities which consider Jews for Jesus to be a Jewish organization. Rabbinic Jewish authorities[6] point out that the Messianic Jewish group refers exclusively to Christian dogma in its "Statement of Faith."[7] Additionally, the Supreme Court of Israel determined that Messianic Jews are not actually Jews, as belief in Jesus as the Messiah is not a Jewish value.[8] Instead, most Jews view Jesus as a false prophet and a failed messiah claimant.[9][10]
History
Jews for Jesus was founded by Moishe Rosen, a Baptist minister of the Hebrew Christian movement and a former member of the American Board of Missions to the Jews (ABMJ). The organization was formed in 1970 under the name "Hineni Ministries" as a subsidiary group of the ABMJ.[11] In 1973, Rosen left ABMJ and incorporated his ministry as a 501(c)3 non-profit organization[12] under the name "Jews for Jesus". Originally, "Jews for Jesus" was one of the organization's several slogans, but after the media began to call the group "Jews for Jesus", the organization adopted the name.
Rosen and members began conducting community outreach on streets and college campuses of San Francisco, California. In the following years, branches were established in New York, Chicago, and Boston. In 1978, the Jews for Jesus headquarters relocated to its current location in San Francisco. In 1981, the organization expanded internationally.[13] According to the organization, as of 2021, they maintain offices in 13 countries and 15 cities around the world.[14]
Rosen remained Executive Director until 1996, when he stepped down to work full-time as a staff missionary. He was replaced by David Brickner, who has held the position since.[15] Rosen remained on the Board of Directors until his death in 2010.
Beliefs
Jews for Jesus claims to synthesize Jewish heritage and Christian faith in spiritual harmony. They believe faith in Jesus is a viable expression of Jewish life.[16]
The organization summarizes its beliefs in a statement of faith:[17]
- The Old Testament and the New Testament are divinely inspired, without error, and are the final authority in all matters of faith and life. Traditional Jewish literature is in no way binding upon life or faith but of value only where it is supported by or conformable to the Word of God.
- There is one sovereign God, existing in three persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. They believe that this concept is rooted in Judaism.[18]
- Mankind was created in the image of God, but due to sin has been separated from God.
- Jesus is the Messiah and died for the sin of mankind as a substitutionary sacrifice. All who believe in Him have salvation.
- The Church is an elect people in accordance with the New Covenant, comprising both Jews and Gentiles who acknowledge Jesus as Messiah and Redeemer.
- Jesus will return personally in order to consummate the prophesied purposes concerning His kingdom.
- The bodily resurrection of the just and the unjust, the everlasting blessedness of the saved and the everlasting conscious punishment of the lost.
Operations
Jews for Jesus is a registered 501(c)3 that employs approximately 250 staff worldwide. Its headquarters are located in San Francisco, California, and operates offices in New York City, Los Angeles, Toronto, Sydney, Johannesburg, London, Berlin, Paris, Budapest, Tel Aviv, Kiev, Odessa, Moscow, and Jerusalem.[19]
Once well-known for their distribution of hand-drawn religious tracts, today Jews for Jesus conducts community engagement through other means. Examples of their outreach methods include Jewish holiday events, Bible studies, service projects, internet evangelism, and multi-purpose spaces such as the Moishe Rosen Center in Tel Aviv and the Upside Down Cafe in Los Angeles.[20]
Funding and organization
Jews for Jesus’ income comes primarily from Christian donors. The nonprofit’s annual income breakdown consists of 87% individual support, 5% miscellaneous revenue, 5% congregational support, and 3% congregational offerings. Their annual expenditures consist of 77% outreach, 12% administration, and 11% fundraising. According to the Evangelical Council for Financial Accountability, the group's total income in FY 2018 was US$24,767,732 and its total assets were $39,596,245.[21]
They are a charter member of the Evangelical Council for Financial Accountability[22] and of MissioNexus.[23] Donations are tax deductible. An independent auditing firm, Eckhoff Accountancy, conducts the organization’s annual audit.
Jews for Jesus is governed by international boards of directors in the United States, Canada, South Africa, Australia, Israel, and Europe. The CEO, currently David Brickner, is advised by an executive leadership team consisting of seven members.[24]
Public perception
Jewish
Jews for Jesus has a contentious relationship with the Jewish community, and their methods have generated controversy. All Jewish authorities, as well as the governing bodies of the State of Israel, hold the view that Messianic Judaism, the religious movement which Jews for Jesus is affiliated with, is not a sect of Judaism but a form of Evangelical Christianity.[25] Additionally, Gentiles who convert to Messianic Judaism are not recognized as Jewish by any Jewish sect.[26] However, Jews for Jesus says they "cannot support any efforts by Gentile believers to convert to any type of Judaism."[27]
Belief in Jesus as deity, Son of God, or even a non-divine Christ/Messiah or prophet (as in Islam), is held as incompatible with Judaism by most Jewish religious movements.[28][29] However, there has been some debate of that point by Jewish scholars. Daniel Boyarin, a Jewish historian of religion and professor of Talmudic culture at UC Berkeley, writes in one of his books:
Most (if not all) of the ideas and practices of the Jesus movement of the first century and the beginning of the second century—and even later—can be safely understood as part of the ideas and practices that we understand to be "Judaism."... The ideas of Trinity and incarnation, or certainly the germs of those ideas, were already present among Jewish believers well before Jesus came on the scene to incarnate in himself, as it were, those theological notions and take up his messianic calling.[30]
Dan Cohn-Sherbok, a rabbi of Reform Judaism and professor of Jewish Theology at the University of Wales, implies that Messianic Judaism should be embraced in the Jewish community:
"...the non-Orthodox rejection of Messianic Jews is more difficult to comprehend given the multidimensional character of contemporary Jewish life … There is simply no consensus among non-Orthodox Jews concerning the central tenets of the faith, nor is there any agreement about Jewish observance. Instead, the various branches of non-Orthodox Judaism embrace a totally heterogeneous range of viewpoints … in my view Messianic Judaism constitutes an innovative, exciting, and extremely interesting development on the Jewish scene."[31]
In a 2013 Pew Forum study, 60% of American Jews said that belief in Jesus as the Messiah was not "compatible with being Jewish", while 34% found it compatible and 4% did not know.[32] A 2017 survey that included Messianic Jews "found that 21 percent of Jewish millennials believe Jesus was 'God in human form who lived among people in the 1st century.'"[33] An additional question on faith in the survey found that 14% of participants identified with Christianity, and 10% believed in a hybrid of Christian and Jewish beliefs.[34]
In 1993 the Task Force on Missionaries and Cults of the Jewish Community Relations Council of New York (JCRCNY) issued a statement which has been endorsed by the four major Jewish denominations: Orthodox Judaism, Conservative Judaism, Reform Judaism, and Reconstructionist Judaism, as well as national Jewish organizations.[35] Based on this statement, the Spiritual Deception Prevention Project at the JCRCNY stated:
"On several occasions leaders of the four major Jewish movements have signed on to joint statements opposing Hebrew-Christian theology and tactics. In part they said: "Though Hebrew Christianity claims to be a form of Judaism, it is not ... It deceptively uses the sacred symbols of Jewish observance ... as a cover to convert Jews to Christianity, a belief system antithetical to Judaism ... Hebrew Christians are in radical conflict with the communal interests and the destiny of the Jewish people. They have crossed an unbridgeable chasm by accepting another religion. Despite this separation, they continue to attempt to convert their former co-religionists."[36]
The director of counter-missionary group Torah Atlanta, Rabbi Efraim Davidson, stated: "Jews for Jesus use aggressive proselytizing to target disenfranchised or unaffiliated Jews, Russian immigrants and college students," and that "their techniques are manipulative, deceptive and anti-Semitic."[37]
Christian
Some Western Christians object to evangelizing Jews because they see Jewish religious practice as valid in and of itself.[38] Some Liberal Protestant denominations have issued statements criticizing evangelism of Jews including the United Church of Christ and the Presbyterian Church USA,[39] which said in 1988 that Jews have their own covenant with God.[40] The Board of Governors of the Long Island Council of Churches opposes proselytizing, and voiced their sentiments in a statement that "noted with alarm" the "subterfuge and dishonesty" inherent in the "mixing [of] religious symbols in ways which distort their essential meaning," and named Jews for Jesus as one of the three groups about whom such behavior was alleged.[41]
Leighton Ford, former vice president of the Billy Graham Evangelical Association and current president of Leighton Ford Ministries, supports the work of Jews for Jesus.
“The first followers of Jesus were all Jews – women and men so touched and changed by him that they had to tell their friends and neighbors … Like their first century counterparts, the people I know in Jews for Jesus have good news they share lovingly and boldly!”[42]
In 2003, the sponsorship of Jews for Jesus by All Souls Church, Langham Place, a conservative evangelical church in London, including a launch event on Rosh Hashanah to start a UK mission targeting the Jewish community, led to the Interfaith Alliance UK, a coalition of Jewish, Christian and Islamic religious leaders, issuing a letter of protest to the Archbishop of Canterbury.[43]
Other
The InterFaith Conference of Metropolitan Washington includes Muslims, Jews, and Christian groups.[44] The Conference states that they "support the right of all religions to share their message in the spirit of good will";[45] however, Rev. Clark Lobenstine has condemned the "proselytizing efforts" of "Jews for Jesus and other messianic Jewish groups."[46] His wording matched the Conference's 1987 "Statement on Proselytism",[45] which makes claims against "groups that have adopted the label of Hebrew Christianity, Messianic Judaism, or Jews for Jesus",[47] so it is unclear which claims are directed at Jews for Jesus in particular.
America's Religions. An Educator's Guide to Beliefs and Practices contains "[a] note about Jews for Jesus, Messianic Jews, Hebrew Christians, and similar groups: Jews in these groups who have converted to Christianity but continue to observe various Jewish practices are no longer considered part of the Jewish community in the usual sense".[48]
Several other organizations oppose the identification of Jews for Jesus as a Jewish group.[49][50]
Controversies
1987 – Freedom of speech
In Board of Airport Commissioners of Los Angeles v. Jews for Jesus, Inc. the Supreme Court unanimously ruled in favor of Jews for Jesus in a free speech case against the Los Angeles International Airport.[51][52][53]
1998 and 2005–2006 – Online name
Jews for Jesus has been involved in litigation regarding Internet use of its name. In 1998 they sued Steven Brodsky for cybersquatting—registering the domain name jewsforjesus.org for a site criticizing the organization.[54] The domain now belongs to Jews for Jesus and is used for their main site.
In 2005 Jews for Jesus sued[55] Google for allowing a Blogspot user to put up a site at the third-level subdomain jewsforjesus.blogspot.com. In September 2006 Christianity Today reported: "Jews for Jesus settled out of court with a critical blogger identified as 'Whistle Blower' on jewsforjesus.blogspot.com. The evangelistic ministry assumed control of the site."[56]
2006 – misuse of Jackie Mason name
In 2006 comedian and actor Jackie Mason filed a lawsuit against Jews for Jesus, alleging that they unlawfully distributed a pamphlet which used his name and likeness in a way that suggested he was a member of the group. Jackie Mason was Jewish and not associated with Jews for Jesus.[57] Jews for Jesus issued a detailed response to the allegation on their website.[58]
A judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York denied a preliminary injunction against Jews for Jesus over the pamphlet, finding the distribution of the pamphlet to be protected by the First Amendment, and also stated that the pamphlet did not suggest that Mason was a Christian.[59]
In December 2006, Mason dropped the lawsuit against Jews for Jesus after they issued a letter of apology to him. The group's executive director, David Brickner, stated in the letter to Mason that he wanted "to convey my sincere apologies for any distress that you felt over our tract." Brickner continued that he believed its publication was protected by the Constitution, but the group was willing in the interest of peace and love for Israel to retire the pamphlet. Mason replied in front of the federal court in Manhattan where he accepted the apology, "There's no such thing as a Jew for Jesus. It's like saying a black man is for the KKK. You can't be a table and a chair. You're either a Jew or a Gentile."[60]
That Jew Died for You video
In 2014, Jews for Jesus published a three-minute YouTube video called That Jew Died for You, to coincide with Passover, Holy Week and Holocaust Remembrance Day on 28 April.[61] A long-haired Jesus dragging a large wooden cross appears in the film until an Auschwitz concentration camp guard sends him to the gas chambers and says "just another Jew" in German.[62] Jews for Jesus said that the objective of the film was for Jesus to be identified with the victims rather than the perpetrators of the Holocaust and that "the Holocaust has been used – perhaps more than any other event or topic – to prevent Jewish people from considering the good news of Jesus."[61] Jay Michaelson, writing in The Jewish Daily Forward, described it as "the most tasteless YouTube video ever" and wrote: "Not to state the obvious, but it desecrates the memory of six million Jews to use their suffering as a way to convert Jews to Christianity."[63] Fox News Channel and History refused to play an advertisement for the film.[62]
References in popular culture
- Interiors (1978 film)[citation needed]
- Airplane! (1980 film), 1980[64]
- The New Yorker, 25 October 2004. Roz Chast.
- Moral Orel (2005-2012 Adult Swim animated series)
- In Her Shoes (2005 film)[citation needed]
- Esquire magazine, 2014.[65]
- Curb Your Enthusiasm, 2021.
See also
References
- ^ Haag, Matthew (2018-10-30). "How a 'Jews for Jesus' Moment Backfired for Mike Pence (Published 2018)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-03-12.
- ^ Jacob, Jeff (5 November 2018). "Are 'Jews for Jesus' Jewish? – The Boston Globe (opinion)". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2021-03-12.
- ^ Burton, Tara Isabella (2018-10-31). "Messianic Jews and Jews for Jesus, explained". Vox. Retrieved 2021-03-12.
- ^ "Movements | Messianic Judaism | Timeline | The Association of Religion Data Archives". www.thearda.com. Retrieved 2021-02-24.
- ^ "Who We Are". Jews for Jesus.
- ^ "Jews for Jesus". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
- ^ "Jews for Jesus". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
- ^ "Jews for Jesus". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
- ^ Levine, Amy-Jill (2006). The misunderstood Jew : the Church and the Scandal of the Jewish Jesus. San Francisco: Harper-Collins. ISBN 978-0-060-78966-4.
- ^ "What Do Jews Believe About Jesus?". My Jewish Learning. Retrieved 2021-03-09.
- ^ Harris-Shapiro, Carol (1999). Messianic Judaism: A rabbi's journey through religious change in America. Beacon Press. p. 25. ISBN 9780807010402.
- ^ Carol Harris-Shapiro (1999). Messianic Judaism: A rabbi's journey through religious change in America. Beacon Press. p. 25. ISBN 9780807010402.
- ^ "Retiring Jews for Jesus Leader Nurtures a Growing Faith". SFChronicle.com. 1996-06-15. Retrieved 2020-04-29.
- ^ "About Jews for Jesus". jewsforjesus.org. Retrieved 2021-03-05.
- ^ Green, Emma (2014-12-23). "Hanukkah With the Jews for Jesus". The Atlantic.
- ^ "About Jews for Jesus". jewsforjesus.org. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
- ^ Statement of Faith (Jews for Jesus) written January 1, 2005
- ^ "A Look at the Trinity From a Messianic Jewish Perspective". Jews for Jesus.
- ^ "Find Locations". Jews for Jesus.
- ^ "What We Do – About Jews for Jesus – Jews for Jesus".
- ^ Jews for Jesus. Financial information for FY2010 (Evangelical Council for Financial Accountability)
- ^ "ECFA". www.ecfa.org.
- ^ "Missio Nexus". missionexus.org.
- ^ "Finances". Jews for Jesus.
- ^ Burton, Tara Isabella (2018-10-31). "Messianic Jews and Jews for Jesus, explained". Vox. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
- ^ "Who Are Messianic "Jews"?". My Jewish Learning. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
- ^ "I'm a Gentile Christian. Should I Keep the Torah?". jewsforjesus.org. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
- ^ "For most American Jews, it is acceptable to blend some degree of foreign spiritual elements with Judaism. The one exception is Christianity, which is perceived to be incompatible with any form of Jewishness. Jews for Jesus and other Messianic Jewish groups are thus seen as antithetical to Judaism and are completely rejected by the majority of Jews". (Kaplan, Dana Evan. The Cambridge Companion to American Judaism, Cambridge University Press, August 15, 2005, p. 9).
- ^ A belief in the divinity of Jesus is incompatible with Judaism:
- "The point is this: that the whole Christology of the Church — the whole complex of doctrines about the Son of God who died on the Cross to save humanity from sin and death — is incompatible with Judaism, and indeed in discontinuity with the Hebraism that preceded it." Rayner, John D. A Jewish Understanding of the World, Berghahn Books, 1998, p. 187. ISBN 1-57181-974-6
- "It has always been recognized, for instance, after the rise of Christianity and Islam, that these two religions are incompatible with Judaism and that no Jew can consistently embrace them while remaining an adherent of Judaism." Neusner, Jacob & Avery-Peck, Alan Jeffery. The Blackwell Reader in Judaism, Blackwell Publishing, 2001, p. 8. ISBN 0-631-20738-4
- "Aside from its belief in Jesus as the Messiah, Christianity has altered many of the most fundamental concepts of Judaism." Kaplan, Aryeh. The Aryeh Kaplan Anthology: Volume 1, Illuminating Expositions on Jewish Thought and Practice, Mesorah Publication, 1991, p. 264. ISBN 0-89906-866-9
- "[The] doctrine of Christ was and will remain alien to Jewish religious thought." Wylen, Stephen M. Settings of Silver: An Introduction to Judaism, Paulist Press, 2000, p. 75. ISBN 0-8091-3960-X
- "For a Jew, however, any form of shituf is tantamount to idolatry in the fullest sense of the word. There is then no way that a Jew can ever accept Jesus as a deity, mediator or savior (messiah), or even as a prophet, without betraying Judaism. To call oneself, therefore, a 'Hebrew-Christian,' a 'Jew for Jesus,' or in the latest version a 'messianic Jew,' is an oxymoron. Just as one cannot be a 'Christian Buddhist,' or a 'Christian for Krishna,' one cannot be a 'Jew for Jesus.'" Schochet, Rabbi J. Immanuel. , Canadian Jewish News, July 29, 1999.
- The Jewish Response to Missionaries (NY Board of Rabbis)
- (foundationstone.com)
- (whatjewsbelieve.org)
- "If you believe Jesus is the messiah, died for anyone else's sins, is God's chosen son, or any other dogma of Christian belief, you are not Jewish. You are Christian. Period." (Jews for Jesus: Who's Who & What's What by Rabbi Susan Grossman (beliefnet – virtualtalmud) August 28, 2006; archived 2006-11-23)
- "For two thousand years, Jews rejected the claim that Jesus fulfilled the messianic prophecies of the Hebrew Bible, as well as the dogmatic claims about him made by the church fathers—that he was born of a virgin, the son of God, part of a divine Trinity, and was resurrected after his death. ... For two thousand years, a central wish of Christianity was to be the object of desire by Jews, whose conversion would demonstrate their acceptance that Jesus has fulfilled their own biblical prophecies." (Jewish Views of Jesus by Susannah Heschel, in Jesus In The World's Faiths: Leading Thinkers From Five Faiths Reflect On His Meaning by Gregory A. Barker, editor. (Orbis Books, 2005) ISBN 1-57075-573-6. p.149)
- "[There] are limits to pluralism, beyond which a group is schismatic to the point where it is no longer considered Jewish. For example, everyone considers Messianic Judaism and belief in Buddha as outside of the Jewish sphere." (Why did the majority of the Jewish world reject Jesus as the Messiah, and why did the first Christians accept Jesus as the Messiah? by Rabbi Shraga Simmons)
- "No Jew accepts Jesus as the Messiah. When someone makes that faith commitment, they become Christian. It is not possible for someone to be both Christian and Jewish." (Why don't Jews accept Jesus as the Messiah? by Rabbi Barry Dov Lerner)
- ^ Boyarin, Daniel (2012-03-20). The Jewish Gospels: The Story of the Jewish Christ. New Press/ORIM. ISBN 978-1-59558-711-4.
- ^ Anderson, Gerald H. (July 2002). "Book Review: Messianic Judaism, Voices of Messianic Judaism: Confronting Critical Issues Facing a Maturing Movement". International Bulletin of Missionary Research. 26 (3): 134–135. doi:10.1177/239693930202600313. ISSN 0272-6122. S2CID 149203101.
- ^ "Chapter 3: Jewish Identity". 1 October 2013.
- ^ "Study: One-fifth of Jewish millennials believe Jesus is the son of God". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
- ^ "The Evolving Spiritual Identity of Jewish Millennials". Research Releases. Barna. 2017-10-10. Retrieved 2021-03-28.
When given a range of options and allowed to select all that apply, nearly half of Jewish Millennials (44%) chose Judaism solely as their subscribed religion. More than half do not affiliate with traditional Jewish denominations (52%), however, and a similar percentage believes Jews can hold faiths other than Judaism (56%). Thus, others choose Christianity (14%), a hybrid of Judaism and Christianity (10%), atheism / agnosticism (9%) or no particular faith (13%)—a range that reinforces the notion of Jewish identity as heritage and people group as much as a specific spiritual belief set. In this context, it should be assumed some of those who select an option that includes "Christianity" may be recognizing any personal association with the faith, such as identifying with the religion of a Christian parent, rather than a specific or devout expression, such as Messianic Judaism.
- ^ (PDF). Jewish Community Relations Council of New York. 3 November 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 November 2006.
- ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-28. Jewish Community Relations Council of New York. Spiritual Deception Prevention Project
- ^ Portland Jews Brace for Assault by 'Jews for Jesus' 2006-05-15 at the Wayback Machine By Paul Haist (Jewish Review) May 15, 2002
- ^ Pluralistic opposition:
- Should Christians Attempt to Evangelize Jews? Israel's Covenant with God Remains Valid by Allan R. Brockway
- Policies of mainline and liberal Christians towards proselytizing Jews (religioustolerance.org)
- What about Christian Jews or Jewish Christians? by Fritz Voll (International Council of Christians and Jews) Ecumenical Considerations on Jewish-Christian Dialogue (World Council of Churches)
- In the United Kingdom, there has been opposition to the activities of Jews for Jesus from the Council of Christians and Jews which has prohibited members of the organisation from joining its meetings, through the issuing of a Code of Conduct opposing Jewish proselytisation by Christians.[not specific enough to verify]
- "I normally defend my denomination. I'm loyal to it. But I have never targeted Muslims. I have never targeted Jews." "Billy Graham Blasts Brethren" by Eric J. Greenberg, The Jewish Week. January 7, 2000, referring to a Southern Baptist Convention event in Chicago [1]
- The Christian Scholars Group on Christian-Jewish Relations: "Christians should not target Jews for conversion" 2007-03-12 at the Wayback Machine. The Center for Christian-Jewish Learning at Boston College. September 1, 2002
- ^ Spector, S. Evangelicals and Israel, 2008, Oxford University Press: Oxford, p. 114
- ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-08-05.
- ^ Jews for Jesus: Targeting Jews for Conversion with Subterfuge and Deception, Anti-Defamation League 2012-03-25 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 5, 2009.
- ^ Ford, Leighton. "Letter from Leighton Ford". jewsforjesus.org. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
- ^ The Guardian Imams join plea for gay tolerance 26 September 2003
- ^ "Member Faith Communities".
- ^ a b (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-03. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
- ^ "Proselytism Efforts Condemned". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 1987-03-26. Retrieved 2020-10-23.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2012-01-27. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
- ^ Benjamin Hubbard; John Hatfield; James Santucci (2007). America's Religions. An Educator's Guide to Beliefs and Practices. Teacher Ideas Press, a Division of Libraries Unlimited. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-56308-469-0.
- ^ "Jews for Jesus".
- ^ Balmer, Randall. Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism, Baylor University Press, November 2004, p. 448
- ^ "L.A. Airport's Free Speech Curb Upset by High Court : 'Jews for Jesus' Win Rights Case". Los Angeles Times. June 15, 1987. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
- ^ Sekulow, Jay; Zimmerman, Erik (2012–2013). "Reflections on Jews for Jesus: Twenty-Five Years Later" (PDF). Regent University Law Review. 25 (1): 1–23. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
- ^ Savage, David (June 16, 1987). "LAX Ban on Soliciting Rejected by High Court : Justices Say Rule Goes Too Far in Limiting Free Speech; Larger Question of Exclusion Ignored". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
- ^ . Anti-Defamation League of B'nai Brith. Archived from the original on 2012-10-13.
- ^ Google Sued for Trademark Infringement Based on Third-Level Subdomain by Eric Goldman (CircleID) December 30, 2005
- ^ Christianity Today News Briefs September 1, 2006
- ^ . CNN. Archived from the original on 2006-08-29.
- ^ Press Release: Jews for Jesus and Jackie Mason (Jews for Jesus) August 25, 2006
- ^ Jackie Mason Charges Against Jews For Jesus Denied By U.S. District Court 2006-12-11 at the Wayback Machine, November 8, 2006
- ^ USA Today, nymag.com 2007-10-16 at the Wayback Machine (and many others) quoting an Associated Press release, December 4, 2006.
- ^ a b Heather Saul (25 April 2014). "Jews for Jesus video showing Jesus being sent to Nazi gas chambers sparks outrage". The Independent. from the original on 2014-04-28.
- ^ a b "'That Jew died for you' – the 'most tasteless YouTube video ever'?". Haaretz. 23 April 2014. from the original on 2014-06-27.
- ^ Jay Michaelson (17 April 2014). "When Jesus Died at Auschwitz". The Jewish Daily Forward. from the original on 2015-03-17.
- ^ Fabrizio, Richard. "Obama should create a debt commission". seacoastonline.com. Gannett - USA TODAY NETWORK. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
- ^ Peele, Anna (August 6, 2014). "Oh Lord, There Goes That Damn Pratt Boy Again, Bless His Heart". Esquire.
Further reading
- Called to Controversy: The Unlikely Story of Moishe Rosen and the Founding of Jews for Jesus by Ruth Rosen (Thomas Nelson, 2012) ISBN 978-1-59555-491-8
- Not ashamed: The story of Jews for Jesus by Ruth Tucker (Multnomah Publishers, 2000) ISBN 978-1-57673-700-2
- Sentenced for Life: A Story of an Entry and an Exit into the World of Fundamentalist Christianity and Jews for Jesus by Jo Ann Schneider Farris (Writers Club Press, 2002) ISBN 0-595-24940-X
- Messianic Judaism: A rabbi's journey through religious change in America by Carol Harris-Shapiro (Beacon Press, 1999) ISBN 978-0-8070-1040-2
- Evangelizing the Chosen People: Missions to the Jews in America, 1880–2000 by Yaakov Ariel (The University of North Carolina Press, 1999) ISBN 0-8078-2566-2
- Hawking God. A Young Jewish Woman's Ordeal in Jews for Jesus by Ellen Kamentsky (Sapphire Press, 1993) An excerpt
- Jews for Jesus: An Anthropological Study by Juliene G. Lipson (AMS Press, 1990) ISBN 0-404-62605-X
- Smashing the Idols: A Jewish Inquiry into the Cult Phenomenon by Gary D. Eisenberg (Jason Aronson, 1988) ISBN 0-87668-974-8
External links
- Official website
- Can a Jew believe in Jesus? – a critical article about Jews for Jesus