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Java War

January 19, 2024

For other uses, see Java War (disambiguation).

Java War
Part of the Dutch colonial campaigns

From top, left to right: Submission of Dipo Negoro to De Kock, Attack of the column Le Bron de Vexela on Diepo Negoro near Gawok, Charge of the Hussars under Lieutenant Ferrouge at Magelang, Storming of Pleret.
Date25 September 1825 – 28 March 1830 (1825-09-25 – 1830-03-28)
Location
Central Java
Result Dutch victory
Belligerents
 Dutch Empire
Yogyakarta Sultanate		 Javanese rebels
Commanders and leaders
Strength
50,000 100,000
Casualties and losses
15,000 killed (8,000 Dutch and 7,000 native)[1] 20,000 killed
200,000 Javanese civilian killed[1]

The Java War (Javanese: ꦥꦼꦫꦁꦗꦮ) or Diponegoro War (ꦥꦼꦫꦁꦢꦶꦥꦤꦼꦒꦫ) was fought in central Java from 1825 to 1830, between the colonial Dutch Empire and native Javanese rebels. The war started as a rebellion led by Prince Diponegoro, a leading member of the Javanese aristocracy who had previously cooperated with the Dutch.

The rebel forces laid siege to Yogyakarta, a move that prevented a quick victory. This gave the Dutch time to reinforce their army with colonial and European troops, allowing them to end the siege in 1825. After this defeat, the rebels continued fighting a guerrilla war for five years.

The war ended in a Dutch victory, and Prince Diponegoro was invited to a peace conference. He was betrayed and captured. Due to the cost of the war, Dutch colonial authorities implemented major reforms throughout the Dutch East Indies to ensure the colonies remained profitable.

History edit

The direct cause of the Java War was the decision by the Dutch to build a road across a piece of Diponegoro's property that contained his parents' tomb. Longstanding grievances reflected tensions between the Javanese aristocracy and the increasingly powerful Dutch. Javanese aristocratic families were resentful about Dutch laws restricting their rental profits. The Dutch, meanwhile, were unwilling to lose influence over the Yogyakartan court.

Dutch influence also affected the cultural dynamics of Java. A devout Muslim, Diponegoro was alarmed by the increasingly relaxed religious observance at court. This included the rising influence of Christian Dutch colonists and the court's pro-Dutch leanings. Among Diponegoro's followers, the war was described as a jihad "both against the Dutch and the murtad or apostate Javanese."[2]

Following a common colonial strategy, the Dutch worked to exacerbate a succession crisis for the Yogyakartan throne. Diponegoro was the eldest son of Hamengkubuwono III, but his right to succeed was disputed because his mother was not the queen. Diponegoro's rivals were his younger half-brother Hamengkubuwono IV and his then-infant nephew Hamengkubuwono V, who were supported by the Dutch.

Hostilities edit

The Java War began 21 July 1825 when Prince Diponegoro raised the standard of revolt on his estate at Selarong.[3] The rebel forces were successful in the early stages of the war, taking control of central Java and besieging Yogyakarta. The Javanese population was generally supportive of Prince Diponegoro's cause.

However, as the war persisted, Prince Diponegoro had difficulties retaining his army. By contrast, the Dutch colonial army was able to fill its ranks with indigenous troops from Sulawesi, and eventually received reinforcements of European troops from the Netherlands. Dutch commander General de Kock ended the rebel siege on Yogyakarta on 25 September 1825.

Prince Diponegoro then began an extensive guerrilla war. Until 1827, the Dutch army struggled to protect the Javanese hinterland, so they bolstered their territorial defense by deploying mobile detachments of colonial troops, based in small forts throughout central Java. It is estimated that 200,000 died over the course of the conflict, including 8,000 Dutch.[4]

The rebellion ended in 1830, after Prince Diponegoro was tricked into entering Dutch-controlled territory near Magelang, under the pretense of negotiations for a possible ceasefire. He was captured and exiled to Manado, and then to Makassar, where he died in 1855.[5]

Aftermath edit

Dutch sources estimated 200,000 Javanese deaths; about one tenth in combat and the remainder from disease, starvation and other causes. Dutch military fatalities were 15,000, of which 8,000 were Europeans. [6]

Due to the Dutch forces' heavy losses, the colonial government decided to enlist African recruits in Gold Coast: the so-called "Belanda Hitam" ("Black Dutchmen"), to augment its East Indian and European troops.

The war was detrimental to Dutch finances; thus, the pacification of Java enabled the colonial government of the Dutch East Indies to implement Cultuurstelsel ("The Cultivation System") in Java without any local opposition in 1830. Overseen by the new governor general, Johannes van den Bosch, this cultivation system required that 20% of village land be devoted to growing cash crops for export at government rates.

Alternatively, peasants had to work in government-owned plantations for 60 days of the year. Dutch colonialists and their native allies amassed enormous wealth through this forced-export system. The profits from the colony more than repaid the Netherlands for the war, and made the Dutch East Indies self-sufficient.

References edit

  1. ^ a b Prasojo, Munif; Herlia, Tati (2021). "TOTAL WAR OF THE PAST IN INDONESIA, CASE STUDY: JAVA / DIPONEGORO WAR" (PDF). International Journal of Arts and Social Science. 4 (3): 13–44.
  2. ^ J. Kathirithamby-Wells (1998). "The Old and the New". In Mackerras, Colin (ed.). Culture and Society in the Asia-Pacific. Routledge. p. 23. ISBN 9781134691289.
  3. ^ Carey, Peter (1976). "The Origins of the Java War (1825–30)". The English Historical Review. 91 (358): 74. JSTOR 565191.
  4. ^ Ricklefs, M.C. (1993), A History of modern Indonesia since 1300 (2nd ed.), Stanford UP, p. 117, ISBN 978-0804721950
  5. ^ Volkman, Toby Alice (1990), Sulawesi: island crossroads of Indonesia, Passport Books, p. 73, ISBN 0844299065
  6. ^ Koloniale oorlogen in Indonesië, Piet Hagen, Arbeiderspers, 2018, Pag. 310-338.

Bibliography edit

  • Carey, P.B.R. Babad Dipanagara: an account of the outbreak of the Java War (1825–30): the Surakarta court version of the Babad Dipanagara Kuala Lumpur: Printed for the Council of the M.B.R.A.S. by Art Printing Works, 1981. Monograph (Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Malaysian Branch); no. 9.
  • MC Ricklefs, A History of modern Indonesia since 1300, 2nd ed, 1993, pp. 116–117.
  • Sagimun M. D. Pangeran Dipanegara: pahlawan nasional [Jakarta]: Proyek Biografi Pahlawan Nasional, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 1976. (In Indonesian)

External links edit

  •   Media related to Java War at Wikimedia Commons

January 19, 2024
java, other, uses, disambiguation, part, dutch, colonial, campaignsfrom, left, right, submission, dipo, negoro, kock, attack, column, bron, vexela, diepo, negoro, near, gawok, charge, hussars, under, lieutenant, ferrouge, magelang, storming, pleret, date25, se. For other uses see Java War disambiguation Java WarPart of the Dutch colonial campaignsFrom top left to right Submission of Dipo Negoro to De Kock Attack of the column Le Bron de Vexela on Diepo Negoro near Gawok Charge of the Hussars under Lieutenant Ferrouge at Magelang Storming of Pleret Date25 September 1825 28 March 1830 1825 09 25 1830 03 28 LocationCentral JavaResultDutch victoryBelligerents Dutch Empire Yogyakarta SultanateJavanese rebelsCommanders and leadersHendrik M de KockHermanus W DotulongDiponegoroSentot PrawirodirdjoKiai MajaNyi Ageng SerangStrength50 000100 000Casualties and losses15 000 killed 8 000 Dutch and 7 000 native 1 20 000 killed200 000 Javanese civilian killed 1 The Java War Javanese ꦥ ꦫ ꦗꦮ or Diponegoro War ꦥ ꦫ ꦢ ꦥꦤ ꦒꦫ was fought in central Java from 1825 to 1830 between the colonial Dutch Empire and native Javanese rebels The war started as a rebellion led by Prince Diponegoro a leading member of the Javanese aristocracy who had previously cooperated with the Dutch The rebel forces laid siege to Yogyakarta a move that prevented a quick victory This gave the Dutch time to reinforce their army with colonial and European troops allowing them to end the siege in 1825 After this defeat the rebels continued fighting a guerrilla war for five years The war ended in a Dutch victory and Prince Diponegoro was invited to a peace conference He was betrayed and captured Due to the cost of the war Dutch colonial authorities implemented major reforms throughout the Dutch East Indies to ensure the colonies remained profitable Contents 1 History 1 1 Hostilities 1 2 Aftermath 2 References 3 Bibliography 4 External linksHistory editThe direct cause of the Java War was the decision by the Dutch to build a road across a piece of Diponegoro s property that contained his parents tomb Longstanding grievances reflected tensions between the Javanese aristocracy and the increasingly powerful Dutch Javanese aristocratic families were resentful about Dutch laws restricting their rental profits The Dutch meanwhile were unwilling to lose influence over the Yogyakartan court Dutch influence also affected the cultural dynamics of Java A devout Muslim Diponegoro was alarmed by the increasingly relaxed religious observance at court This included the rising influence of Christian Dutch colonists and the court s pro Dutch leanings Among Diponegoro s followers the war was described as a jihad both against the Dutch and the murtad or apostate Javanese 2 Following a common colonial strategy the Dutch worked to exacerbate a succession crisis for the Yogyakartan throne Diponegoro was the eldest son of Hamengkubuwono III but his right to succeed was disputed because his mother was not the queen Diponegoro s rivals were his younger half brother Hamengkubuwono IV and his then infant nephew Hamengkubuwono V who were supported by the Dutch Hostilities edit The Java War began 21 July 1825 when Prince Diponegoro raised the standard of revolt on his estate at Selarong 3 The rebel forces were successful in the early stages of the war taking control of central Java and besieging Yogyakarta The Javanese population was generally supportive of Prince Diponegoro s cause However as the war persisted Prince Diponegoro had difficulties retaining his army By contrast the Dutch colonial army was able to fill its ranks with indigenous troops from Sulawesi and eventually received reinforcements of European troops from the Netherlands Dutch commander General de Kock ended the rebel siege on Yogyakarta on 25 September 1825 Prince Diponegoro then began an extensive guerrilla war Until 1827 the Dutch army struggled to protect the Javanese hinterland so they bolstered their territorial defense by deploying mobile detachments of colonial troops based in small forts throughout central Java It is estimated that 200 000 died over the course of the conflict including 8 000 Dutch 4 The rebellion ended in 1830 after Prince Diponegoro was tricked into entering Dutch controlled territory near Magelang under the pretense of negotiations for a possible ceasefire He was captured and exiled to Manado and then to Makassar where he died in 1855 5 Aftermath edit Dutch sources estimated 200 000 Javanese deaths about one tenth in combat and the remainder from disease starvation and other causes Dutch military fatalities were 15 000 of which 8 000 were Europeans 6 Due to the Dutch forces heavy losses the colonial government decided to enlist African recruits in Gold Coast the so called Belanda Hitam Black Dutchmen to augment its East Indian and European troops The war was detrimental to Dutch finances thus the pacification of Java enabled the colonial government of the Dutch East Indies to implement Cultuurstelsel The Cultivation System in Java without any local opposition in 1830 Overseen by the new governor general Johannes van den Bosch this cultivation system required that 20 of village land be devoted to growing cash crops for export at government rates Alternatively peasants had to work in government owned plantations for 60 days of the year Dutch colonialists and their native allies amassed enormous wealth through this forced export system The profits from the colony more than repaid the Netherlands for the war and made the Dutch East Indies self sufficient References edit a b Prasojo Munif Herlia Tati 2021 TOTAL WAR OF THE PAST IN INDONESIA CASE STUDY JAVA DIPONEGORO WAR PDF International Journal of Arts and Social Science 4 3 13 44 J Kathirithamby Wells 1998 The Old and the New In Mackerras Colin ed Culture and Society in the Asia Pacific Routledge p 23 ISBN 9781134691289 Carey Peter 1976 The Origins of the Java War 1825 30 The English Historical Review 91 358 74 JSTOR 565191 Ricklefs M C 1993 A History of modern Indonesia since 1300 2nd ed Stanford UP p 117 ISBN 978 0804721950 Volkman Toby Alice 1990 Sulawesi island crossroads of Indonesia Passport Books p 73 ISBN 0844299065 Koloniale oorlogen in Indonesie Piet Hagen Arbeiderspers 2018 Pag 310 338 Bibliography editCarey P B R Babad Dipanagara an account of the outbreak of the Java War 1825 30 the Surakarta court version of the Babad Dipanagara Kuala Lumpur Printed for the Council of the M B R A S by Art Printing Works 1981 Monograph Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland Malaysian Branch no 9 MC Ricklefs A History of modern Indonesia since 1300 2nd ed 1993 pp 116 117 Sagimun M D Pangeran Dipanegara pahlawan nasional Jakarta Proyek Biografi Pahlawan Nasional Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan 1976 In Indonesian External links edit nbsp Media related to Java War at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Java War amp oldid 1183405233, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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