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J. T. Gulick

October 22, 2023

John Thomas Gulick (March 13, 1832 – April 14, 1923) was an American missionary and naturalist from Hawaii. He was one of the pioneers of modern evolutionary thinking based on his studies of Hawaiian snails of the genus Achatinella. He was among the first to describe the formation of species through geographic separation of breeding populations. He developed early ideas on the founder effect and what is now known as the Baldwin effect. He coined the term "divergent evolution".[1]

John Thomas Gulick
Born( 1832 -03-13)March 13, 1832
Kauaʻi Island, Hawaii
DiedApril 14, 1923(1923-04-14) (aged 91)
Honolulu, Hawaii
CitizenshipHawaiian, American
Alma materWilliams College
Known forEvolutionary study of snails
Scientific career
FieldsEvolutionary Biology
Signature

Life Edit

Gulick was born in Waimea on Kauaʻi Island, during the Kingdom of Hawaii. His father was missionary Peter Johnson Gulick (1796–1877) and mother was Fanny Hinckley Thomas Gulick (1798–1883). Early in life he went to Oregon and sought gold in California. In 1851, he started to collect and study Hawaiian land snails. He had been interested in snails (a field now known as Conchology) since his early teens, and developed independently the concept of their evolution. He discovered many species of snails were only found in very specific areas within the islands, and there was no overlap between these areas.[2]

In 1853, after reading Charles Darwin's The Voyage of the Beagle and Hugh Miller's The Footprints of the Creator, Gulick presented his paper, "The Distribution of Plants and Animals", to the Punahou School Debating Society. In 1855, he enrolled for one year at New York University and then Williams College in Massachusetts, and studied in their Lyceum of Natural History. In 1859, he was elected Lyceum President, and graduated with an A.B. degree.[3]

He then followed the family tradition of attending theological school at Williams College (1859) and enrolled in Union Theological Seminary in New York City from 1859 to 1861. While there, he read Darwin's On the Origin of Species. He then collected shells in Panama and Japan.[4]

On August 22, 1864, Gulick was ordained as a missionary in China, but also continued his study of snails. On September 3, 1864, he married Emily de la Cour.[5] In 1872, he wrote "On the Variation of Species as Related to Their Geographical Distribution, Illustrated by the Achatinellinae", which was published in the journal Nature. In 1872, he traveled to England for two years.[4] While there, he corresponded with Charles Darwin regarding his studies. He finally met Darwin and gave him a synopsis of an upcoming paper.[6] That paper was "On Diversity of Evolution Under One Set of External Conditions", which was published in the Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology in 1873. Gulick then returned to China, and remained there until 1875.[4]

After his first wife died in 1875, he moved to Japan to continue missionary work. As in China, he studied snails while performing as a missionary. On May 31, 1880, he married Frances Amelia Stevens (1848–1928).[5] In 1888, he went again to London where his paper "Divergent Evolution Through Cumulative Segregation" was published in the Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology. He met George Romanes who worked with Gulick to refine evolutionary biology.[7][8] In 1889, he received an honorary A.M. and Ph.D from Adelbert College of Western Reserve University. In 1891, another paper, "Intensive Segregation, or Divergence Through Independent Transformation" was published in the Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology.[4]

He moved to Oberlin, Ohio in 1899. He expanded his study to societal evolution in humans, coming to believe societal evolution could be attributed to altruistic motives and a spirit of cooperation between humanity. He put forth this thesis in his paper "Evolution, Racial and Habitudinal" in 1905 and received an honorary Ph.D. by Oberlin College.[4][9]

Later in 1905, he returned to Hawaii and sold his shell collection to Charles Montague Cooke Jr. the new curator of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum.[10] He remained there until his death in Honolulu on April 14, 1923.[4] He and his second wife are buried in the Mission Houses cemetery.[11] They had two children, Addison and Louise (Gulick) Whitaker.

Evolutionary theories Edit

In 1872, Gulick was the first to propose the theory that the majority of evolutionary changes are the result of chance variation, which has no effect on the survival and reproductive success of a species (today called "genetic drift"). He came to this theory while noting that there was a large diversity of local populations of Hawaiian land snails (Achatinella) which showed random variation under seemingly identical environmental conditions. Although he certainly promoted the importance of random factors in evolution, he also was a strong supporter of Darwinian natural selection, and this led to disagreement with Moritz Wagner's "Migration Theory" of the origin of species.[9]

In 1888, Gulick introduced new terms for two patterns of evolution that can be observed: the term monotypic evolution (previously called "transformation;" today "anagenesis") and the term "polytypic evolution" (previously called "diversification"; today "cladogenesis") – simultaneous processes, such as the multiplication of species, manifested by different populations and incipient species. George Romanes later adopted this terminology during his evolutionary studies.[9]

Gulick later proposed general geographic models of speciation, and disputed Moritz Wagner's more extreme claims that geographic speciation was the only possible route to speciation.[12][13]

Romanes said of Gulick:

...to his essays on the subject I attribute a higher value than to any other work in the field of Darwinian thought since the date of Darwin's death.[7]

Criticism Edit

Gulick reported collecting 44,500 Hawaiian snails in just three years. Some were of no scientific value because he did not record where they were obtained. Of many of the species he collected, no similar species remain in the wild today. Some modern observers attribute the extinction of many endemic Hawaiian snail species to him and fellow collectors such as his schoolmate David Dwight Baldwin.[14][15]

Family tree Edit

Works Edit

  • Gulick, John Thomas (1905). Evolution: racial and habitudinal. Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. Vol. 25. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. OCLC 62826820. Retrieved 2013-09-21.
  •   Gulick, John T (July 1873). "On diversity of evolution under one set of external conditions". Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology. 11 (56): 496–505. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1873.tb01670.x. ISSN 1096-3642. (subscription required)
  • Gulick, John Thomas (September 1888). "Divergent evolution through cumulative segregation". Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology. 20 (120): 189–274. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1888.tb01445.x. ISSN 1096-3642. OCLC 81568189. Retrieved 2013-09-21.
  • Gulick, J. T. (1872-06-18). Illustrated by The Achatinellinae. "On the Variation of Species as Related to their Geographical Distribution". Nature. 6 (142): 222–224. doi:10.1038/006222b0. ISSN 0028-0836. OCLC 01586310. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
  • Gulick, J. T.; Smith, Edgar A. (1873). "Description of new Species of Achatinellinae". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London: 73. ISSN 1469-7998. OCLC 818889019.
  • Gulick, J. T.; Smith, Edgar A. (1873). "On the classification of the Achatinellinae". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London: 89–91. ISSN 1469-7998. OCLC 818889019.

References Edit

  1. ^ Hall, Brian K. (2006). ""Evolutionist and Missionary," the Reverend John Thomas Gulick (1832–1923). Part I: Cumulative segregation—geographical isolation". Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution. 306B (5): 407–418. doi:10.1002/jez.b.21107. PMID 16703609.
  2. ^ Gulick, Addison (1924). "John T. Gulick, a Contributor to Evolutionary Thought". The Scientific Monthly. 18 (1): 83–91. Bibcode:1924SciMo..18...83G. JSTOR 7153.
  3. ^ John Haskell Hewitt (1914). "Class of 1859". Biographical sketches of Williams College men who have rendered special service to the cause of foreign missions. Pilgrim Press. pp. 415–419.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Charles H. Smith; Joshua Woleben; Carubie Rodgers (2007). "Gulick, John Thomas (United States 1832–1923)". Some Biogeographers, Evolutionists and Ecologists: Chrono-Biographical Sketches. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
  5. ^ a b John William Siddall, ed. (1921). Men of Hawaii: being a biographical reference library, complete and authentic, of the men of note and substantial achievement in the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu Star-Bulletin. p. 179.
  6. ^ Darwin, Charles R.; Frederick Burkhardt; Sydney Smith; David Kohn; Darwin Correspondence Project Staff; William Montgomery; American Council of Learned Societies (1994). A Calendar of the Correspondence of Charles Darwin, 1821–1882. Cambridge University Press. pp. 365–367. ISBN 978-0-521-43423-2.
  7. ^ a b George John Romanes; Conwy Lloyd Morgan (1897). Darwin and After Darwin: Post-Darwinian questions: Isolation and physiological selection. The Open court publishing company. p. 1.
  8. ^ Gulick, John T. (1888). "Divergent Evolution". Nature. 39 (994): 54–55. Bibcode:1888Natur..39...54G. doi:10.1038/039054b0. S2CID 43181729.
  9. ^ a b c Rundell, Rebecca J. (2011). "Snails on an Evolutionary Tree: Gulick, Speciation, and Isolation" (PDF). American Malacological Bulletin. 29 (1–2): 145–157. doi:10.4003/006.029.0208. S2CID 54198372.
  10. ^ Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum (1922). Occasional papers of Bernice P. Bishop Museum. Bishop Museum Press. p. 174.
  11. ^ William Disbro (November 6, 2001). "Mission Houses Cemetery, Honolulu, Hawaii". US Genweb archives. Retrieved May 9, 2010.
  12. ^ Gulick, J.T. (1893). "Divergent evolution through cumulative segregation". Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. July, 1891: 269–335. ISSN 0096-4093. OCLC 857783447, 185478663, 45276725. Retrieved 2013-09-21.
  13. ^ Gulick J.T. 1908. Isolation and selection in the evolution of species. The need of clear definitions. Amer. Nat. 42[493], 48-57.
  14. ^ Beverly Peterson Stearns; Stephen C. Stearns (August 11, 2000). "Empty Shells". Watching, from the Edge of Extinction. Yale University Press. pp. 1956–1969. ISBN 978-0-300-08469-6.
  15. ^ . The Endangered Species Handbook. Archived from the original on 2009-06-25. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
  16. ^ Putney, Clifford (2010). Missionaries in Hawai'i: The Lives of Peter and Fanny Gulick, 17971883. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-1-55849-735-1.
  17. ^ Jewett, Frances Gulick (1895). Luther Halsey Gulick: Missionary in Hawaii, Micronesia, Japan, and China. Congregational Sunday-School and Publishing Society.
  18. ^ "Sidney Gulick Densho Encyclopedia". encyclopedia.densho.org. Retrieved 2020-04-06.

External links Edit

  • Gulick, Addison (1932). Evolutionist and missionary. - John Thomas Gulick: Portrayed through documents and discussions. Chicago, IL, USA: University of Chicago Press. OCLC 314471806, 811586763.
  • Works by or about J. T. Gulick at Internet Archive

October 22, 2023
gulick, john, thomas, gulick, march, 1832, april, 1923, american, missionary, naturalist, from, hawaii, pioneers, modern, evolutionary, thinking, based, studies, hawaiian, snails, genus, achatinella, among, first, describe, formation, species, through, geograp. John Thomas Gulick March 13 1832 April 14 1923 was an American missionary and naturalist from Hawaii He was one of the pioneers of modern evolutionary thinking based on his studies of Hawaiian snails of the genus Achatinella He was among the first to describe the formation of species through geographic separation of breeding populations He developed early ideas on the founder effect and what is now known as the Baldwin effect He coined the term divergent evolution 1 John Thomas GulickBorn 1832 03 13 March 13 1832Kauaʻi Island HawaiiDiedApril 14 1923 1923 04 14 aged 91 Honolulu HawaiiCitizenshipHawaiian AmericanAlma materWilliams CollegeKnown forEvolutionary study of snailsScientific careerFieldsEvolutionary BiologySignature Contents 1 Life 2 Evolutionary theories 3 Criticism 4 Family tree 5 Works 6 References 7 External linksLife EditGulick was born in Waimea on Kauaʻi Island during the Kingdom of Hawaii His father was missionary Peter Johnson Gulick 1796 1877 and mother was Fanny Hinckley Thomas Gulick 1798 1883 Early in life he went to Oregon and sought gold in California In 1851 he started to collect and study Hawaiian land snails He had been interested in snails a field now known as Conchology since his early teens and developed independently the concept of their evolution He discovered many species of snails were only found in very specific areas within the islands and there was no overlap between these areas 2 In 1853 after reading Charles Darwin s The Voyage of the Beagle and Hugh Miller s The Footprints of the Creator Gulick presented his paper The Distribution of Plants and Animals to the Punahou School Debating Society In 1855 he enrolled for one year at New York University and then Williams College in Massachusetts and studied in their Lyceum of Natural History In 1859 he was elected Lyceum President and graduated with an A B degree 3 He then followed the family tradition of attending theological school at Williams College 1859 and enrolled in Union Theological Seminary in New York City from 1859 to 1861 While there he read Darwin s On the Origin of Species He then collected shells in Panama and Japan 4 On August 22 1864 Gulick was ordained as a missionary in China but also continued his study of snails On September 3 1864 he married Emily de la Cour 5 In 1872 he wrote On the Variation of Species as Related to Their Geographical Distribution Illustrated by the Achatinellinae which was published in the journal Nature In 1872 he traveled to England for two years 4 While there he corresponded with Charles Darwin regarding his studies He finally met Darwin and gave him a synopsis of an upcoming paper 6 That paper was On Diversity of Evolution Under One Set of External Conditions which was published in the Journal of the Linnean Society of London Zoology in 1873 Gulick then returned to China and remained there until 1875 4 After his first wife died in 1875 he moved to Japan to continue missionary work As in China he studied snails while performing as a missionary On May 31 1880 he married Frances Amelia Stevens 1848 1928 5 In 1888 he went again to London where his paper Divergent Evolution Through Cumulative Segregation was published in the Journal of the Linnean Society of London Zoology He met George Romanes who worked with Gulick to refine evolutionary biology 7 8 In 1889 he received an honorary A M and Ph D from Adelbert College of Western Reserve University In 1891 another paper Intensive Segregation or Divergence Through Independent Transformation was published in the Journal of the Linnean Society of London Zoology 4 He moved to Oberlin Ohio in 1899 He expanded his study to societal evolution in humans coming to believe societal evolution could be attributed to altruistic motives and a spirit of cooperation between humanity He put forth this thesis in his paper Evolution Racial and Habitudinal in 1905 and received an honorary Ph D by Oberlin College 4 9 Later in 1905 he returned to Hawaii and sold his shell collection to Charles Montague Cooke Jr the new curator of the Bernice P Bishop Museum 10 He remained there until his death in Honolulu on April 14 1923 4 He and his second wife are buried in the Mission Houses cemetery 11 They had two children Addison and Louise Gulick Whitaker Evolutionary theories EditIn 1872 Gulick was the first to propose the theory that the majority of evolutionary changes are the result of chance variation which has no effect on the survival and reproductive success of a species today called genetic drift He came to this theory while noting that there was a large diversity of local populations of Hawaiian land snails Achatinella which showed random variation under seemingly identical environmental conditions Although he certainly promoted the importance of random factors in evolution he also was a strong supporter of Darwinian natural selection and this led to disagreement with Moritz Wagner s Migration Theory of the origin of species 9 In 1888 Gulick introduced new terms for two patterns of evolution that can be observed the term monotypic evolution previously called transformation today anagenesis and the term polytypic evolution previously called diversification today cladogenesis simultaneous processes such as the multiplication of species manifested by different populations and incipient species George Romanes later adopted this terminology during his evolutionary studies 9 Gulick later proposed general geographic models of speciation and disputed Moritz Wagner s more extreme claims that geographic speciation was the only possible route to speciation 12 13 Romanes said of Gulick to his essays on the subject I attribute a higher value than to any other work in the field of Darwinian thought since the date of Darwin s death 7 Criticism EditGulick reported collecting 44 500 Hawaiian snails in just three years Some were of no scientific value because he did not record where they were obtained Of many of the species he collected no similar species remain in the wild today Some modern observers attribute the extinction of many endemic Hawaiian snail species to him and fellow collectors such as his schoolmate David Dwight Baldwin 14 15 Family tree EditvteGulick family treePeter Johnson Gulick 1796 1877 i Fanny Hinckley Thomas 1798 1883 Luther Halsey Gulick Sr 1828 1891 ii Orramel Hinckley Gulick 1830 1923 John Thomas Gulick 1832 1923 William Hooker Gulick 1835 1922 Theodore Weld Gulick 1837 1924 Thomas Lafron Gulick 1839 1904 Sarah Frances Gulick 1854 1937 Sidney Gulick 1860 1945 iii Luther Gulick 1865 1918 Luther Halsey Gulick 1892 1993 Sidney Lewis Gulick Jr 1902 1988 Frances Jewett Gulick 1891 1936 Denny GulickNotes 16 17 18 Works EditGulick John Thomas 1905 Evolution racial and habitudinal Carnegie Institution of Washington publication Vol 25 Washington DC Carnegie Institution of Washington OCLC 62826820 Retrieved 2013 09 21 nbsp Gulick John T July 1873 On diversity of evolution under one set of external conditions Journal of the Linnean Society of London Zoology 11 56 496 505 doi 10 1111 j 1096 3642 1873 tb01670 x ISSN 1096 3642 subscription required Gulick John Thomas September 1888 Divergent evolution through cumulative segregation Journal of the Linnean Society of London Zoology 20 120 189 274 doi 10 1111 j 1096 3642 1888 tb01445 x ISSN 1096 3642 OCLC 81568189 Retrieved 2013 09 21 Gulick J T 1872 06 18 Illustrated by The Achatinellinae On the Variation of Species as Related to their Geographical Distribution Nature 6 142 222 224 doi 10 1038 006222b0 ISSN 0028 0836 OCLC 01586310 Retrieved 2013 04 20 Gulick J T Smith Edgar A 1873 Description of new Species of Achatinellinae Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 73 ISSN 1469 7998 OCLC 818889019 Gulick J T Smith Edgar A 1873 On the classification of the Achatinellinae Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 89 91 ISSN 1469 7998 OCLC 818889019 References Edit Hall Brian K 2006 Evolutionist and Missionary the Reverend John Thomas Gulick 1832 1923 Part I Cumulative segregation geographical isolation Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B Molecular and Developmental Evolution 306B 5 407 418 doi 10 1002 jez b 21107 PMID 16703609 Gulick Addison 1924 John T Gulick a Contributor to Evolutionary Thought The Scientific Monthly 18 1 83 91 Bibcode 1924SciMo 18 83G JSTOR 7153 John Haskell Hewitt 1914 Class of 1859 Biographical sketches of Williams College men who have rendered special service to the cause of foreign missions Pilgrim Press pp 415 419 a b c d e f Charles H Smith Joshua Woleben Carubie Rodgers 2007 Gulick John Thomas United States 1832 1923 Some Biogeographers Evolutionists and Ecologists Chrono Biographical Sketches Retrieved May 7 2010 a b John William Siddall ed 1921 Men of Hawaii being a biographical reference library complete and authentic of the men of note and substantial achievement in the Hawaiian Islands Honolulu Star Bulletin p 179 Darwin Charles R Frederick Burkhardt Sydney Smith David Kohn Darwin Correspondence Project Staff William Montgomery American Council of Learned Societies 1994 A Calendar of the Correspondence of Charles Darwin 1821 1882 Cambridge University Press pp 365 367 ISBN 978 0 521 43423 2 a b George John Romanes Conwy Lloyd Morgan 1897 Darwin and After Darwin Post Darwinian questions Isolation and physiological selection The Open court publishing company p 1 Gulick John T 1888 Divergent Evolution Nature 39 994 54 55 Bibcode 1888Natur 39 54G doi 10 1038 039054b0 S2CID 43181729 a b c Rundell Rebecca J 2011 Snails on an Evolutionary Tree Gulick Speciation and Isolation PDF American Malacological Bulletin 29 1 2 145 157 doi 10 4003 006 029 0208 S2CID 54198372 Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum 1922 Occasional papers of Bernice P Bishop Museum Bishop Museum Press p 174 William Disbro November 6 2001 Mission Houses Cemetery Honolulu Hawaii US Genweb archives Retrieved May 9 2010 Gulick J T 1893 Divergent evolution through cumulative segregation Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution July 1891 269 335 ISSN 0096 4093 OCLC 857783447 185478663 45276725 Retrieved 2013 09 21 Gulick J T 1908 Isolation and selection in the evolution of species The need of clear definitions Amer Nat 42 493 48 57 Beverly Peterson Stearns Stephen C Stearns August 11 2000 Empty Shells Watching from the Edge of Extinction Yale University Press pp 1956 1969 ISBN 978 0 300 08469 6 It s Too Late Invertebrates The Endangered Species Handbook Archived from the original on 2009 06 25 Retrieved 2008 10 08 Putney Clifford 2010 Missionaries in Hawai i The Lives of Peter and Fanny Gulick 17971883 University of Massachusetts Press ISBN 978 1 55849 735 1 Jewett Frances Gulick 1895 Luther Halsey Gulick Missionary in Hawaii Micronesia Japan and China Congregational Sunday School and Publishing Society Sidney Gulick Densho Encyclopedia encyclopedia densho org Retrieved 2020 04 06 External links EditGulick Addison 1932 Evolutionist and missionary John Thomas Gulick Portrayed through documents and discussions Chicago IL USA University of Chicago Press OCLC 314471806 811586763 Works by or about J T Gulick at Internet Archive Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title J T Gulick amp oldid 1179839850, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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