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Isaiah 40

Isaiah 40 is the fortieth chapter of the Book of Isaiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible, and the first chapter of the section known as "Deutero-Isaiah" (Isaiah 40-55), dating from the time of the Israelites' exile in Babylon. This book contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet Isaiah, and is one of the Books of the Prophets. Parts of this chapter are cited in all four canonical Gospels of the New Testament.

Isaiah 40
The Great Isaiah Scroll, the best preserved of the biblical scrolls found at Qumran from the second century BC, contains all the verses in this chapter.
BookBook of Isaiah
Hebrew Bible partNevi'im
Order in the Hebrew part5
CategoryLatter Prophets
Christian Bible partOld Testament
Order in the Christian part23

Text edit

The original text was written in Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 31 verses.

Textual witnesses edit

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008).[1]

Fragments containing parts of this chapter were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls (3rd century BC or later):

  • 1QIsaa: complete
  • 1QIsab: extant verses 1-4
  • 4QIsab (4Q56): extant verses 1‑4, 22‑26
  • 5Q3 (5QIsa): extant verses 16, 18‑19

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B;  B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK:  S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A;  A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q;  Q; 6th century).[2]

New Testament references edit

  • Isaiah 40:1–5: Matthew 3:112; Mark 1:1–8; Luke 3:1–20; John 1:19–28[3]
  • Isaiah 40:6–8: 1 Peter 1:22–25[3]
  • Isaiah 40:9–31: Romans 11:33–36[3]

Parashot edit

The parashah sections listed here are based on the Aleppo Codex.[4] Isaiah 40 is a part of the Consolations (Isaiah 40–66). {P}: open parashah; {S}: closed parashah.

{P} 40:1-2 {S} 40:3-5 {P} 40:6-8 {S} 40:9-11 {S} 40:12-16 {P} 40:17-20 {S} 40:21-24 {S} 40:25-26 {S} 40:27-31 {S}

Structure edit

John Skinner, in the Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges commentary, refers to verses 1-11 as the prologue (to Deutero-Isaiah).[5]

Prepare the Way for the LORD (40:1–5) edit

Verse 1 edit

Comfort,
comfort my people,
says your God.[6]
  • "Your": The pronominal suffix is second masculine plural, may refer to "God’s people" or "unidentified heralds commanded to comfort Jerusalem".[7]

Verse 2 edit

Speak tenderly to Jerusalem, and cry to her
that her warfare is ended,
that her iniquity is pardoned,
that she has received from the Lord's hand
double for all her sins.[8]

In the Septuagint this passage is addressed to the priests.[9]

Verse 3 edit

The voice of him that crieth in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the Lord, make straight in the desert a highway for our God.[10]

This verse is cited in all four gospels in New Testament as fulfilled in the person of John the Baptist, who prepared for the coming of Jesus Christ the Lord (Matthew 3:1–3; Mark 1:2–5; Luke 3:26; John 1:23). John himself confessed that the verse pertains to him:

He [John the Baptist] said, "I am the voice of one crying out in the wilderness, 'Make straight the way of the Lord,' as the prophet Isaiah said".[11]

Some English translations associate the reference to "the wilderness" with "the voice which cries out": examples include the King James Version and New King James Version, the Geneva Bible, Wycliffe's translation, the Darby Bible and Brenton's translation of the Septuagint. In more recent translations, "the wilderness" is associated with the place where the way of the Lord is to be prepared: examples include the ASV, Common English Bible, Contemporary English Version, English Standard Version, Jerusalem Bible, Revised Standard Version and New Revised Standard Version:

A voice cries:
"In the wilderness prepare the way of the Lord".[12]

Verse 4 edit

Every valley shall be exalted, and every mountain and hill shall be made low: and the crooked shall be made straight, and the rough places plain:[13]

Cited in Luke 3:5.[14]

Verse 5 edit

And the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together:
for the mouth of the Lord hath spoken it.[15]

Cited in Luke 3:6.[14]

The Enduring Word (40:6–8) edit

Verse 6 edit

The voice said, Cry.
And he said, What shall I cry?
All flesh is grass,
and all the goodliness thereof is as the flower of the field:[16]
  • "All flesh is grass" (Hebrew: כל־הבשר חציר kāl-ha-bā-shār khā-tsîr[17] compare to Isaiah 37:27 and see also Job 5:25; Psalm 90:5; Psalm 92:7; Psalm 103:15.[18] is answering the question, "What shall I cry?" (also see Job 8:12; Job 14:2; Psalm 37:2).[19]

Cited in 1 Peter 1:24.[20]

Verse 7 edit

The grass withers, the flower fades
because the Spirit of the Lord blows upon it;
surely the people are grass.[21]
  • "Spirit of the Lord": can also rendered as "wind of Jehovah" (Psalm 103:16) or may refer to the "withering east wind of those countries sent by Jehovah" (Jonah 4:8).[22]

Verse 8 edit

 
Isaiah 40:8 in Hebrew, Greek, Latin and German, with the verse analysed word-by-word (from Elias Hutter, 1602).
The grass withers, the flower fades,
but the word of our God shall stand forever.[23]

Cited together with Isaiah 40:6 in 1 Peter 1:24–25.[20]

Here Is Your God! (40:9–31) edit

Verse 13 edit

Who has directed the Spirit of the Lord,
Or as His counselor has taught Him?[24]

Verse 22 edit

 
Mural in Church of the Sermon on the Mount (on the campus of Mar Elias Educational) with the text from Isaiah 40:22 by Dianne Roe.
It is he who sits above the circle of the earth,
and its inhabitants are like grasshoppers;
who stretches out the heavens like a curtain,
and spreads them like a tent to dwell in;[25]

Westermann notes the similarity of parts of this verse to other Bible verses: verse 22a vs. Job 34:13b and verse 22b vs. Psalm 104:2b.[26] This verse contains several rare words  – such as דֹּק֙‎, doq ("curtain"), and מָתַח‎, mathach ("spread, stretch"), which are only found here, as well as ח֣וּג‎, chug ("circle"), which are only found in a few other verses (Proverbs 8:27; Job 22:14; Job 26:10) – suggesting "well-defined, distinctive traditions."[26]

  • "Circle" (of the earth): is translated from the Hebrew word חוּג‎, chug, which also denotes "horizon, circuit, vault of the heavens";[27][28] while the Gesenius Lexicon also adds "sphere".[a] It can refer to
    • the full circuit  – the seen and unseen halves – of the stars across the dome of the sky, or
    • the vault of heaven (Job 22:14) extending "in a half-circle from horizon to horizon", or
    • a circular observable horizon (cf. Proverbs 8:27; Job 26:10)
It is to emphasize the range of God’s authority "over everything the eye can see in every direction, even to the distant ends of the earth,"[30][31] but not necessarily refer to the "circular nature of the earth."[31]
Rashi mentions an expression with the same root in Isaiah 44:13 "and with a compass (וּבַמְּחוּגָה)" to view this word as a "circle" (as made by a compass).[32] A newer edition of the Douay–Rheims Bible renders it as "globe"[33] – and so does the Spanish version of the Jubilee Bible (el globo,[34] although the English version renders as "circle"[35]) – but an older edition of the Douay-Reims renders it as "compasse" (original spelling in 1582 CE).[36]

Uses edit

Modern literature edit

A part of the Hebrew text of Isaiah 40:4 was used by Shmuel Yosef Agnon as the title for his 1912-novella, "Vehaya Ha'akov Lemishor" ("The Crooked Shall Be Made Straight").[37]

Music edit

The King James Version of verses 1–5, 9 and 11 from this chapter is cited as texts in the English-language oratorio "Messiah" by George Frideric Handel (HWV 56).[38]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ "a circle, sphere, used of the arch or vault of the sky."[29]

References edit

  1. ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.
  2. ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
  3. ^ a b c Isaiah 40, Berean Study Bible
  4. ^ As implemented in the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 edition of the Hebrew Bible in English.
  5. ^ Skinner, J. (1897-8), Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on Isaiah 40, accessed 30 July 2018
  6. ^ Isaiah 40:1 ESV
  7. ^ Note on Isaiah 40:1 in NET Bible
  8. ^ Isaiah 40:2 ESV
  9. ^ Isaiah 40:2 - Brenton's Septuagint Translation
  10. ^ Isaiah 40:3 KJV
  11. ^ John 1:23 ESV
  12. ^ Isaiah 40:3 - ESV
  13. ^ Isaiah 40:4 KJV
  14. ^ a b Ellicott, C. J. (Ed.) (1905). Ellicott's Bible Commentary for English Readers. Isaiah 40. London : Cassell and Company, Limited, [1905-1906] Online version: (OCoLC) 929526708. Accessed 28 April 2019.
  15. ^ Isaiah 40:5 KJV
  16. ^ Isaiah 40:6 KJV
  17. ^ Hebrew Text Analysis: Isaiah 40:6. Biblehub
  18. ^ Exell, Joseph S.; Spence-Jones, Henry Donald Maurice (Editors). On "Isaiah 40". In: The Pulpit Commentary. 23 volumes. First publication: 1890. Accessed 24 April 2019.
  19. ^ Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. Isaiah 40. Accessed 28 April 2019.
  20. ^ a b Barnes, Albert. Notes on the Bible - Isaiah 40. James Murphy (ed). London: Blackie & Son, 1884.
  21. ^ Isaiah 40:7 MEV
  22. ^ Jamieson, Robert; Fausset, Andrew Robert; Brown, David. Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary On the Whole Bible. "Isaiah 40". 1871.
  23. ^ Isaiah 40:8 MEV
  24. ^ Isaiah 40:13 NKJV
  25. ^ Isaiah 40:22 ESV
  26. ^ a b Westermann 1969, p. 56.
  27. ^ Smith 2009, p. 116.
  28. ^ Brown 1994 "חוּג"
  29. ^ Gesenius 1979 "חוּג"
  30. ^ Smith 2009, pp. 116–117.
  31. ^ a b Oswalt 1998, p. 67.
  32. ^ Yeshayahu - Isaiah - Chapter 40. The Complete Jewish Bible with Rashi Commentary. Chabad.org. Accessed on February 28, 2019.
  33. ^ Isaiah 40:22 Douay-Rheims
  34. ^ Isaiah 40:22 JBS
  35. ^ Isaiah 40:22 JUB
  36. ^ Isaiah 40:22 in the 1582 Douay-Rheims Old Testament
  37. ^ Aschkenasy, Nehama (1983). "Biblical Substructures in the Tragic Form Hardy, "The Mayor of Casterbridge" Agnon, "And the Crooked Shall Be Made Straight"". Modern Language Studies. 13 (1): 105. doi:10.2307/3194323. JSTOR 3194323.
  38. ^ Block, Daniel I. (2001). "Handel's Messiah: Biblical and Theological Perspectives" (PDF). Didaskalia. 12 (2). Retrieved 19 July 2011.

Sources edit

  • Brown, Francis; Briggs, Charles A.; Driver, S. R. (1994). The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon (reprint ed.). Hendrickson Publishers. ISBN 978-1565632066.
  • Gesenius, H. W. F. (1979). Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures: Numerically Coded to Strong's Exhaustive Concordance, with an English Index. Translated by Tregelles, Samuel Prideaux (7th ed.). Baker Book House.
  • Oswalt, John (1998). The Book of Isaiah, Chapters 40-66. (Volume 2 of The Book of Isaiah). New International Commentary on the Old Testament. Vol. 23. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 9780802825346. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  • Smith, Gary V. (2009). Isaiah 40-66. New American commentary. Vol. 15. B&H Publishing Group. ISBN 9780805401448. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  • Westermann, Claus (1969). Isaiah 40-66. Old Testament Library. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664226459. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  • Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019.

External links edit

Jewish edit

  • Isaiah 40: Hebrew with Parallel English

Christian edit

  • Isaiah 40 English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate

isaiah, fortieth, chapter, book, isaiah, hebrew, bible, testament, christian, bible, first, chapter, section, known, deutero, isaiah, dating, from, time, israelites, exile, babylon, this, book, contains, prophecies, attributed, prophet, isaiah, books, prophets. Isaiah 40 is the fortieth chapter of the Book of Isaiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible and the first chapter of the section known as Deutero Isaiah Isaiah 40 55 dating from the time of the Israelites exile in Babylon This book contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet Isaiah and is one of the Books of the Prophets Parts of this chapter are cited in all four canonical Gospels of the New Testament Isaiah 40 chapter 39chapter 41 The Great Isaiah Scroll the best preserved of the biblical scrolls found at Qumran from the second century BC contains all the verses in this chapter BookBook of IsaiahHebrew Bible partNevi imOrder in the Hebrew part5CategoryLatter ProphetsChristian Bible partOld TestamentOrder in the Christian part23 Contents 1 Text 1 1 Textual witnesses 1 2 New Testament references 2 Parashot 3 Structure 4 Prepare the Way for the LORD 40 1 5 4 1 Verse 1 4 2 Verse 2 4 3 Verse 3 4 4 Verse 4 4 5 Verse 5 5 The Enduring Word 40 6 8 5 1 Verse 6 5 2 Verse 7 5 3 Verse 8 6 Here Is Your God 40 9 31 6 1 Verse 13 6 2 Verse 22 7 Uses 7 1 Modern literature 7 2 Music 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Sources 12 External links 12 1 Jewish 12 2 ChristianText editThe original text was written in Hebrew language This chapter is divided into 31 verses Textual witnesses edit Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition which includes the Codex Cairensis 895 the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets 916 Aleppo Codex 10th century Codex Leningradensis 1008 1 Fragments containing parts of this chapter were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls 3rd century BC or later 1QIsaa complete 1QIsab extant verses 1 4 4QIsab 4Q56 extant verses 1 4 22 26 5Q3 5QIsa extant verses 16 18 19There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint made in the last few centuries BCE Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus B G displaystyle mathfrak G nbsp B 4th century Codex Sinaiticus S BHK G displaystyle mathfrak G nbsp S 4th century Codex Alexandrinus A G displaystyle mathfrak G nbsp A 5th century and Codex Marchalianus Q G displaystyle mathfrak G nbsp Q 6th century 2 New Testament references edit Isaiah 40 1 5 Matthew 3 1 12 Mark 1 1 8 Luke 3 1 20 John 1 19 28 3 Isaiah 40 6 8 1 Peter 1 22 25 3 Isaiah 40 9 31 Romans 11 33 36 3 Parashot editThe parashah sections listed here are based on the Aleppo Codex 4 Isaiah 40 is a part of the Consolations Isaiah 40 66 P open parashah S closed parashah P 40 1 2 S 40 3 5 P 40 6 8 S 40 9 11 S 40 12 16 P 40 17 20 S 40 21 24 S 40 25 26 S 40 27 31 S Structure editJohn Skinner in the Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges commentary refers to verses 1 11 as the prologue to Deutero Isaiah 5 Prepare the Way for the LORD 40 1 5 editVerse 1 edit Comfort comfort my people says your God 6 dd Your The pronominal suffix is second masculine plural may refer to God s people or unidentified heralds commanded to comfort Jerusalem 7 Verse 2 edit Speak tenderly to Jerusalem and cry to herthat her warfare is ended that her iniquity is pardoned dd that she has received from the Lord s handdouble for all her sins 8 dd dd In the Septuagint this passage is addressed to the priests 9 Verse 3 edit The voice of him that crieth in the wilderness Prepare ye the way of the Lord make straight in the desert a highway for our God 10 This verse is cited in all four gospels in New Testament as fulfilled in the person of John the Baptist who prepared for the coming of Jesus Christ the Lord Matthew 3 1 3 Mark 1 2 5 Luke 3 2 6 John 1 23 John himself confessed that the verse pertains to him He John the Baptist said I am the voice of one crying out in the wilderness Make straight the way of the Lord as the prophet Isaiah said 11 Some English translations associate the reference to the wilderness with the voice which cries out examples include the King James Version and New King James Version the Geneva Bible Wycliffe s translation the Darby Bible and Brenton s translation of the Septuagint In more recent translations the wilderness is associated with the place where the way of the Lord is to be prepared examples include the ASV Common English Bible Contemporary English Version English Standard Version Jerusalem Bible Revised Standard Version and New Revised Standard Version A voice cries In the wilderness prepare the way of the Lord 12 dd Verse 4 edit Every valley shall be exalted and every mountain and hill shall be made low and the crooked shall be made straight and the rough places plain 13 Cited in Luke 3 5 14 Verse 5 edit And the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together for the mouth of the Lord hath spoken it 15 Cited in Luke 3 6 14 The Enduring Word 40 6 8 editVerse 6 edit The voice said Cry And he said What shall I cry dd All flesh is grass and all the goodliness thereof is as the flower of the field 16 dd All flesh is grass Hebrew כל הבשר חציר kal ha ba shar kha tsir 17 compare to Isaiah 37 27 and see also Job 5 25 Psalm 90 5 Psalm 92 7 Psalm 103 15 18 is answering the question What shall I cry also see Job 8 12 Job 14 2 Psalm 37 2 19 Cited in 1 Peter 1 24 20 Verse 7 edit The grass withers the flower fadesbecause the Spirit of the Lord blows upon it surely the people are grass 21 dd Spirit of the Lord can also rendered as wind of Jehovah Psalm 103 16 or may refer to the withering east wind of those countries sent by Jehovah Jonah 4 8 22 Verse 8 edit nbsp Isaiah 40 8 in Hebrew Greek Latin and German with the verse analysed word by word from Elias Hutter 1602 The grass withers the flower fades but the word of our God shall stand forever 23 dd Cited together with Isaiah 40 6 in 1 Peter 1 24 25 20 Here Is Your God 40 9 31 editVerse 13 edit Who has directed the Spirit of the Lord Or as His counselor has taught Him 24 dd Cross reference Jeremiah 23 18 Cited in Romans 11 34Verse 22 edit nbsp Mural in Church of the Sermon on the Mount on the campus of Mar Elias Educational with the text from Isaiah 40 22 by Dianne Roe It is he who sits above the circle of the earth and its inhabitants are like grasshoppers dd who stretches out the heavens like a curtain and spreads them like a tent to dwell in 25 dd Westermann notes the similarity of parts of this verse to other Bible verses verse 22a vs Job 34 13b and verse 22b vs Psalm 104 2b 26 This verse contains several rare words such as ד ק doq curtain and מ ת ח mathach spread stretch which are only found here as well as ח ו ג chug circle which are only found in a few other verses Proverbs 8 27 Job 22 14 Job 26 10 suggesting well defined distinctive traditions 26 Circle of the earth is translated from the Hebrew word חו ג chug which also denotes horizon circuit vault of the heavens 27 28 while the Gesenius Lexicon also adds sphere a It can refer to the full circuit the seen and unseen halves of the stars across the dome of the sky or the vault of heaven Job 22 14 extending in a half circle from horizon to horizon or a circular observable horizon cf Proverbs 8 27 Job 26 10 It is to emphasize the range of God s authority over everything the eye can see in every direction even to the distant ends of the earth 30 31 but not necessarily refer to the circular nature of the earth 31 Rashi mentions an expression with the same root in Isaiah 44 13 and with a compass ו ב מ חו ג ה to view this word as a circle as made by a compass 32 A newer edition of the Douay Rheims Bible renders it as globe 33 and so does the Spanish version of the Jubilee Bible el globo 34 although the English version renders as circle 35 but an older edition of the Douay Reims renders it as compasse original spelling in 1582 CE 36 Uses editModern literature edit A part of the Hebrew text of Isaiah 40 4 was used by Shmuel Yosef Agnon as the title for his 1912 novella Vehaya Ha akov Lemishor The Crooked Shall Be Made Straight 37 Music edit The King James Version of verses 1 5 9 and 11 from this chapter is cited as texts in the English language oratorio Messiah by George Frideric Handel HWV 56 38 See also editAll flesh is grass Christian messianic prophecies John the Baptist Messianic prophecies of Jesus Related Bible parts Exodus 19 Jeremiah 23 Matthew 3 Mark 1 Luke 3 John 1 Romans 11 1 Peter 1 1 Peter 5Notes edit a circle sphere used of the arch or vault of the sky 29 References edit Wurthwein 1995 pp 35 37 Wurthwein 1995 pp 73 74 a b c Isaiah 40 Berean Study Bible As implemented in the Jewish Publication Society s 1917 edition of the Hebrew Bible in English Skinner J 1897 8 Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on Isaiah 40 accessed 30 July 2018 Isaiah 40 1 ESV Note on Isaiah 40 1 in NET Bible Isaiah 40 2 ESV Isaiah 40 2 Brenton s Septuagint Translation Isaiah 40 3 KJV John 1 23 ESV Isaiah 40 3 ESV Isaiah 40 4 KJV a b Ellicott C J Ed 1905 Ellicott s Bible Commentary for English Readers Isaiah 40 London Cassell and Company Limited 1905 1906 Online version OCoLC 929526708 Accessed 28 April 2019 Isaiah 40 5 KJV Isaiah 40 6 KJV Hebrew Text Analysis Isaiah 40 6 Biblehub Exell Joseph S Spence Jones Henry Donald Maurice Editors On Isaiah 40 In The Pulpit Commentary 23 volumes First publication 1890 Accessed 24 April 2019 Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges Isaiah 40 Accessed 28 April 2019 a b Barnes Albert Notes on the Bible Isaiah 40 James Murphy ed London Blackie amp Son 1884 Isaiah 40 7 MEV Jamieson Robert Fausset Andrew Robert Brown David Jamieson Fausset and Brown s Commentary On the Whole Bible Isaiah 40 1871 Isaiah 40 8 MEV Isaiah 40 13 NKJV Isaiah 40 22 ESV a b Westermann 1969 p 56 Smith 2009 p 116 Brown 1994 חו ג Gesenius 1979 חו ג Smith 2009 pp 116 117 a b Oswalt 1998 p 67 Yeshayahu Isaiah Chapter 40 The Complete Jewish Bible with Rashi Commentary Chabad org Accessed on February 28 2019 Isaiah 40 22 Douay Rheims Isaiah 40 22 JBS Isaiah 40 22 JUB Isaiah 40 22 in the 1582 Douay Rheims Old Testament Aschkenasy Nehama 1983 Biblical Substructures in the Tragic Form Hardy The Mayor of Casterbridge Agnon And the Crooked Shall Be Made Straight Modern Language Studies 13 1 105 doi 10 2307 3194323 JSTOR 3194323 Block Daniel I 2001 Handel s Messiah Biblical and Theological Perspectives PDF Didaskalia 12 2 Retrieved 19 July 2011 Sources editBrown Francis Briggs Charles A Driver S R 1994 The Brown Driver Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon reprint ed Hendrickson Publishers ISBN 978 1565632066 Gesenius H W F 1979 Gesenius Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures Numerically Coded to Strong s Exhaustive Concordance with an English Index Translated by Tregelles Samuel Prideaux 7th ed Baker Book House Oswalt John 1998 The Book of Isaiah Chapters 40 66 Volume 2 of The Book of Isaiah New International Commentary on the Old Testament Vol 23 Wm B Eerdmans Publishing ISBN 9780802825346 Retrieved February 28 2019 Smith Gary V 2009 Isaiah 40 66 New American commentary Vol 15 B amp H Publishing Group ISBN 9780805401448 Retrieved February 28 2019 Westermann Claus 1969 Isaiah 40 66 Old Testament Library Westminster John Knox Press ISBN 9780664226459 Retrieved February 28 2019 Wurthwein Ernst 1995 The Text of the Old Testament Translated by Rhodes Erroll F Grand Rapids MI Wm B Eerdmans ISBN 0 8028 0788 7 Retrieved January 26 2019 External links editJewish edit Isaiah 40 Hebrew with Parallel EnglishChristian edit Isaiah 40 English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Isaiah 40 amp oldid 1122679202 Verse 7, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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