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Iroquoian peoples

February 15, 2024

The Iroquoian peoples are an ethnolinguistic group of peoples from eastern North America. Their traditional territories, often referred to by scholars as Iroquoia,[1] stretch from the mouth of the St. Lawrence River in the north, to modern-day North Carolina in the south.

Pre-contact distribution of Iroquoian languages

Historical Iroquoian people were the Five nations of the Iroquois or Haudenosaunee, Huron or Wendat, Petun, Neutral or Attawandaron, Erie people, Wenro, Susquehannock and the St. Lawrence Iroquoians.

The Cherokee are also an Iroquoian-speaking people.

There is archaeological evidence for Iroquoian peoples "in the area around present-day New York state by approximately 500 to 600 CE, and possibly as far back as 4000 BCE. Their distinctive culture seems to have developed by about 1000 CE.[citation needed]

List of Iroquoian peoples edit

History edit

Iroquois mythology tells that the Iroquoian people have their origin in a woman who fell from the sky,[2] and that they have always been on Turtle Island.[3]

Iroquoian societies were affected by the wave of infectious diseases resulting from the arrival of Europeans. For example, it is estimated that by the mid-17th century, the Huron population had decreased from 20,000–30,000 to about 9000, while the Petun population dropped from around 8000 to 3000.[4]

Archaeology edit

The Hopewell tradition describes the common aspects of an ancient pre-Columbian Native American civilization that flourished in settlements along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern Eastern Woodlands from 100 BCE to 500 CE, in the Middle Woodland period. The Hopewell tradition was not a single culture or society, but a widely dispersed set of populations connected by a common network of trade routes. This is known as the Hopewell exchange system.

There is archaeological evidence for Iroquoian peoples "in the area around present-day New York state by approximately 500 to 600 CE, and possibly as far back as 4000 BCE. Their distinctive culture seems to have developed by about 1000 CE."[5]

Ontario Iroquois tradition edit

The Ontario Iroquois tradition was conceptualized by the archaeologist J. V. Wright in 1966.[6] It encompasses a group of archaeological cultures considered by archaeologists to be Iroquoian or proto-Iroquoian in character. In the Early Ontario Iroquois stage (likely beginning around AD 900), these comprised the Glen Meyer and Pickering cultures,[6] which clustered in southwestern and eastern Ontario respectively.[7]

During the Middle Ontario Iroquois stage, rapid cultural change took place near the beginning of the 14th century,[8] and detectable differences between the Glen Meyer and Pickering cultures disappeared. The Middle Ontario Iroquois stage is divided into chronological Uren and Middleport substages,[9] which are sometimes termed as cultures.[10] Wright controversially attributed the increase in homogeneity to a "conquest theory", whereby the Pickering culture became dominant over the Glen Meyer and the former became the predecessor of the later Uren and Middleport substages. Archaeologists opposed to Wright's theory have criticized it on a number of levels, such as questioning whether the Glen Meyer and Pickering cultures were meaningfully distinct from each other,[8] reclassifying some Uren and Middleport sites as Glen Meyer,[11] and, by the 1990s, becoming increasingly reluctant to classify sub-groups of sites from the period in Ontario into distinct archaeological cultures at all.[12]

In one 1990 paper, Ronald Williamson stated that Glen Meyer and Pickering cultures might represent "two ends of a continuum of spatial variability extending across southern Ontario," in his arguments against the classification of Ontario Iroquoian sites into groups based on material culture.[13] This dispute paralleled other contemporary discussions over the usefulness of the older system of material culture classification which had mostly been devised in the 1960s and 1970s, such as criticism of the usefulness of the pre-Ontario Iroquoian Saugeen complex as a conceptual model.[14] In a 1995 article, Dean Snow took a more middling view, supporting the idea of Glen Meyer and Pickering cultures being distinct, but also acknowledging that the "conquest theory" was not generally accepted by archaeologists by that point.[10]

The Point Peninsula complex was an indigenous culture located in Ontario and New York from 600 BCE to 700 CE (during the Middle Woodland period).[15] This culture, perhaps in interaction with other complexes eventually developed into the several Iroquoian-speaking nations of Pennsylvania and New York.

Culture edit

The Iroquoian peoples had matrilineal kinship systems.[16] They were historically sedentary farmers who lived in large fortified villages enclosed by palisades thirty feet high as a defence against enemy attack, these settlements were referred to as “towns” by early Europeans and supplemented their diet with additional hunting and gathering activities.[16] Longhouses were also common.

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ Anderson 2020, p. 4.
  2. ^ "Iroquois | History, Culture, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-01-22.
  3. ^ "Iroquois Creation Story - Lesson Four". www.collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-01-22.
  4. ^ McMillan & Yellowhorn 2004, p. 78.
  5. ^ "Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) | The Canadian Encyclopedia". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 2022-01-22.
  6. ^ a b Snow 1995, p. 67.
  7. ^ "Summary of Ontario Archaeology". Ontario Archaeological Society. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  8. ^ a b Wright 1992, p. 4.
  9. ^ Wright 1992, p. 5.
  10. ^ a b Snow 1995, p. 68.
  11. ^ Wright 1992, p. 3.
  12. ^ Wright 1992, p. 8.
  13. ^ Williamson 1990, p. 295.
  14. ^ Ferris & Spence 1995, p. 98.
  15. ^ "Middle Woodland Natives". Retrieved 2009-10-08.
  16. ^ a b "The Iroquois Peoples". WorldAtlas. 2017-04-25. Retrieved 2022-01-23.

Sources edit

  • Anderson, Chad L. (2020). The Storied Landscape of Iroquoia: History, Conquest, and Memory in the Native Northeast. Borderlands and Transcultural Studies. University of Nebraska Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvzpv65x. ISBN 9781496218650. S2CID 219044376.
  • Ferris, Neal; Spence, Michael W. (July–December 1995). "The Woodland Traditions in Southern Ontario". Revista de Arqueología Americana. Pan American Institute of Geography and History (9): 83–138. JSTOR 27768356.
  • McMillan, Alan D.; Yellowhorn, Eldon (2004). First Peoples In Canada (3rd ed.). Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 1-55365-053-0.
  • Snow, Dean R. (January 1995). "Migration in Prehistory: The Northern Iroquoian Case". American Antiquity. Cambridge University Press. 60 (1): 59–79. doi:10.2307/282076. JSTOR 282076. S2CID 164163259.
  • Williamson, Ronald F. (1990). Ellis, Chris J.; Ferris, Neal (eds.). "The Early Iroquoian Period of Southern Ontario". The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. No. 5. pp. 291–320.
  • Wright, J. V. (1992). "The Conquest Theory of the Ontario Iroquois Tradition: a Reassessment" (PDF). Ontario Archaeology. Ontario Archaeological Society. 54: 3–16.

Further reading edit

  • Abel, Timothy J.; Vavrasek, Jessica L.; Hart, John P. (October 2019). "Radiocarbon Dating the Iroquoian Occupation of Northern New York". American Antiquity. Cambridge University Press. 84 (4): 748–761. doi:10.1017/aaq.2019.50. JSTOR 26818405. S2CID 198409952.
  • Bamann, Susan; Kuhn, Robert; Molnar, James; Snow, Dean (1992). "Iroquoian Archaeology". Annual Review of Anthropology. Annual Reviews. 21: 435–460. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.21.100192.002251. JSTOR 2155995.
  • Birch, Jennifer (October 2012). "Coalescent communities: settlement aggregation and social integration in Iroquoian Ontario". American Antiquity. Cambridge University Press. 77 (4): 646–670. doi:10.7183/0002-7316.77.4.646. JSTOR 23486483. S2CID 163563683.
  • Birch, Jennifer (September 2015). "Current Research on the Historical Development of Northern Iroquoian Societies". Journal of Archaeological Research. Springer. 23 (3): 263–323. doi:10.1007/s10814-015-9082-3. JSTOR 43956789. S2CID 254595251.
  • Braun, Gregory Vincent (2015). Ritual, Materiality, and Memory in an Iroquoian Village (PDF) (Thesis). University of Toronto.
  • Bursey, Jeffrey A. (2003). "Discerning Storage and Structures at the Forster Site: A Princess Point Component in Southern Ontario". Canadian Journal of Archaeology. Canadian Archaeological Association. 27 (2): 191–233. JSTOR 41103448.
  • Crawford, Gary W.; Smith, David G. (October 1996). "Migration in Prehistory: Princess Point and the Northern Iroquoian Case". American Antiquity. Cambridge University Press. 61 (4): 782–790. doi:10.2307/282018. JSTOR 282018. S2CID 163859412.
  • Creese, John Laurence (2011). Deyughnyonkwarakda – "At the Wood's Edge": The Development of the Iroquoian Village in Southern Ontario, A.D. 900-1500 (PDF) (Thesis). University of Toronto.
  • Hart, John P.; Engelbrecht, William (June 2012). "Northern Iroquoian Ethnic Evolution: A Social Network Analysis". Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory. Springer. 19 (2): 322–349. doi:10.1007/s10816-011-9116-1. JSTOR 23256843. S2CID 254600558.
  • Jamieson, James Bruce (January 2016). Bone, Antler, Tooth and Shell: A Study in Iroquoian Technology (PDF) (Thesis). McGill University.
  • Jamieson, Susan M. (1992). "Regional Interaction and Ontario Iroquois Evolution". Canadian Journal of Archaeology. Canadian Archaeological Association. 16: 70–88. JSTOR 41102851.
  • Johnston, Richard B. (1979). "Notes on Ossuary Burial Among the Ontario Iroquois". Canadian Journal of Archaeology. Canadian Archaeological Association (3): 91–104. JSTOR 41102198.
  • Jones, Eric E.; Creese, John L., eds. (2016). Process and Meaning in Spatial Archaeology: Investigations into Pre-Columbian Iroquoian Space and Place. University Press of Colorado. ISBN 9781607325093. JSTOR j.ctt1kc6hk0.
  • Kapches, Mima (Fall 1980). "Wall Trenches on Iroquoian Sites". Archaeology of Eastern North America. Eastern States Archeological Federation. 8: 98–105. JSTOR 40914190.
  • Kerber, Jordan E., ed. (2007). Archaeology of the Iroquois: Selected Readings and Research Sources. Syracuse University Press.
  • Manning, Sturt W.; Birch, Jennifer; Conger, Megan A.; Dee, Michael W.; et al. (5 December 2018). "Radiocarbon re-dating of contact-era Iroquoian history in northeastern North America". Science Advances. 4 (12). eaav0280. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aav0280. PMC 6281431. PMID 30525108.
  • Noble, William C. (1979). "Ontario Iroquois Effigy Pipes". Canadian Journal of Archaeology. Canadian Archaeological Association (3): 69–90. JSTOR 41102197.
  • Parmenter, Jon (2010). The Edge of the Woods: Iroquoia, 1534–1701. Michigan State University Press.
  • Traphagan, John W. (2008). "Embodiment, Ritual Incorporation, and Cannibalism Among the Iroquoians after 1300 c.e.". Journal of Ritual Studies. 22 (2): 1–12. JSTOR 44368787.
  • Warrick, Gary (December 2000). "The Precontact Iroquoian Occupation of Southern Ontario". Journal of World Prehistory. Springer. 14 (4): 415–466. doi:10.1023/A:1011137725917. JSTOR 25801165. S2CID 163183815.
  • Wesler, Kit W. (October 1983). "Trade Politics and Native Polities in Iroquoia and Asante". Comparative Studies in Society and History. Cambridge University Press. 25 (4): 641–660. doi:10.1017/S0010417500010653. JSTOR 178668. S2CID 145308030.
  • Whyte, Thomas R. (Summer 2007). "Proto-Iroquoian Divergence in the Late Archaic-Early Woodland Period Transition of the Appalachian Highlands". Southeastern Archaeology. Taylor & Francis. 26 (1): 134–144. JSTOR 40713422.

February 15, 2024
iroquoian, peoples, ethnolinguistic, group, peoples, from, eastern, north, america, their, traditional, territories, often, referred, scholars, iroquoia, stretch, from, mouth, lawrence, river, north, modern, north, carolina, south, contact, distribution, iroqu. The Iroquoian peoples are an ethnolinguistic group of peoples from eastern North America Their traditional territories often referred to by scholars as Iroquoia 1 stretch from the mouth of the St Lawrence River in the north to modern day North Carolina in the south Pre contact distribution of Iroquoian languagesHistorical Iroquoian people were the Five nations of the Iroquois or Haudenosaunee Huron or Wendat Petun Neutral or Attawandaron Erie people Wenro Susquehannock and the St Lawrence Iroquoians The Cherokee are also an Iroquoian speaking people There is archaeological evidence for Iroquoian peoples in the area around present day New York state by approximately 500 to 600 CE and possibly as far back as 4000 BCE Their distinctive culture seems to have developed by about 1000 CE citation needed Contents 1 List of Iroquoian peoples 2 History 3 Archaeology 3 1 Ontario Iroquois tradition 4 Culture 5 References 5 1 Citations 5 2 Sources 6 Further readingList of Iroquoian peoples editHaudenosaunee of New York Quebec and Ontario Canada Mohawk Kanienʼkeha ka of Quebec and Ontario Canada and New York United States Seneca Onodowaʼga of New York and Oklahoma United States and Ontario Canada Cayuga Gayogo ho nǫʼ New York and Oklahoma United States and Ontario Canada Oneida Onʌyoteˀa ka New York Wisconsin United States and Ontario Canada Tuscarora Skaru reˀ of New York United States and Ontario Canada Onondaga Ononda gaga of New York United States and Ontario Canada Huron Wendat Georgian Bay Ontario Canada Attignawantan Attigneenongnahac Arendarhonon Tahontaenrat Ataronchronon Petun Tobacco or Tionontati Georgian Bay Ontario Canada Neutral Nation Chonnonton or Attawandaron southwestern and south central Ontario Erie Eriechronon of Upstate New York Ohio and Northwest Pennsylvania United States Susquehannock Conestoga of Pennsylvania West Virginia New York and Maryland United States St Lawrence Iroquoians St Lawrence River Quebec Canada and New York United States Monongahela Pennsylvania West Virginia and Ohio United States Scahentoarrhonon Wyoming Valley Pennsylvania Nottoway Cheroenhaka of Virginia United States Senedo Virginia United States Westo Chichimeco or Richahecrian of Virginia and South Carolina United States Wenrohronon Wenro New York United States Cherokee Anigiduwagi North Carolina southeastern Tennessee edges of western South Carolina northern Georgia and northeastern Alabama Meherrin Kauwets a ka North Carolina History editIroquois mythology tells that the Iroquoian people have their origin in a woman who fell from the sky 2 and that they have always been on Turtle Island 3 Iroquoian societies were affected by the wave of infectious diseases resulting from the arrival of Europeans For example it is estimated that by the mid 17th century the Huron population had decreased from 20 000 30 000 to about 9000 while the Petun population dropped from around 8000 to 3000 4 Archaeology editThe Hopewell tradition describes the common aspects of an ancient pre Columbian Native American civilization that flourished in settlements along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern Eastern Woodlands from 100 BCE to 500 CE in the Middle Woodland period The Hopewell tradition was not a single culture or society but a widely dispersed set of populations connected by a common network of trade routes This is known as the Hopewell exchange system There is archaeological evidence for Iroquoian peoples in the area around present day New York state by approximately 500 to 600 CE and possibly as far back as 4000 BCE Their distinctive culture seems to have developed by about 1000 CE 5 Ontario Iroquois tradition edit The Ontario Iroquois tradition was conceptualized by the archaeologist J V Wright in 1966 6 It encompasses a group of archaeological cultures considered by archaeologists to be Iroquoian or proto Iroquoian in character In the Early Ontario Iroquois stage likely beginning around AD 900 these comprised the Glen Meyer and Pickering cultures 6 which clustered in southwestern and eastern Ontario respectively 7 During the Middle Ontario Iroquois stage rapid cultural change took place near the beginning of the 14th century 8 and detectable differences between the Glen Meyer and Pickering cultures disappeared The Middle Ontario Iroquois stage is divided into chronological Uren and Middleport substages 9 which are sometimes termed as cultures 10 Wright controversially attributed the increase in homogeneity to a conquest theory whereby the Pickering culture became dominant over the Glen Meyer and the former became the predecessor of the later Uren and Middleport substages Archaeologists opposed to Wright s theory have criticized it on a number of levels such as questioning whether the Glen Meyer and Pickering cultures were meaningfully distinct from each other 8 reclassifying some Uren and Middleport sites as Glen Meyer 11 and by the 1990s becoming increasingly reluctant to classify sub groups of sites from the period in Ontario into distinct archaeological cultures at all 12 In one 1990 paper Ronald Williamson stated that Glen Meyer and Pickering cultures might represent two ends of a continuum of spatial variability extending across southern Ontario in his arguments against the classification of Ontario Iroquoian sites into groups based on material culture 13 This dispute paralleled other contemporary discussions over the usefulness of the older system of material culture classification which had mostly been devised in the 1960s and 1970s such as criticism of the usefulness of the pre Ontario Iroquoian Saugeen complex as a conceptual model 14 In a 1995 article Dean Snow took a more middling view supporting the idea of Glen Meyer and Pickering cultures being distinct but also acknowledging that the conquest theory was not generally accepted by archaeologists by that point 10 The Point Peninsula complex was an indigenous culture located in Ontario and New York from 600 BCE to 700 CE during the Middle Woodland period 15 This culture perhaps in interaction with other complexes eventually developed into the several Iroquoian speaking nations of Pennsylvania and New York Culture editThe Iroquoian peoples had matrilineal kinship systems 16 They were historically sedentary farmers who lived in large fortified villages enclosed by palisades thirty feet high as a defence against enemy attack these settlements were referred to as towns by early Europeans and supplemented their diet with additional hunting and gathering activities 16 Longhouses were also common References editCitations edit Anderson 2020 p 4 Iroquois History Culture amp Facts Britannica www britannica com Retrieved 2022 01 22 Iroquois Creation Story Lesson Four www collectionscanada gc ca Retrieved 2022 01 22 McMillan amp Yellowhorn 2004 p 78 Haudenosaunee Iroquois The Canadian Encyclopedia www thecanadianencyclopedia ca Retrieved 2022 01 22 a b Snow 1995 p 67 Summary of Ontario Archaeology Ontario Archaeological Society Retrieved 8 January 2023 a b Wright 1992 p 4 Wright 1992 p 5 a b Snow 1995 p 68 Wright 1992 p 3 Wright 1992 p 8 Williamson 1990 p 295 Ferris amp Spence 1995 p 98 Middle Woodland Natives Retrieved 2009 10 08 a b The Iroquois Peoples WorldAtlas 2017 04 25 Retrieved 2022 01 23 Sources edit Anderson Chad L 2020 The Storied Landscape of Iroquoia History Conquest and Memory in the Native Northeast Borderlands and Transcultural Studies University of Nebraska Press doi 10 2307 j ctvzpv65x ISBN 9781496218650 S2CID 219044376 Ferris Neal Spence Michael W July December 1995 The Woodland Traditions in Southern Ontario Revista de Arqueologia Americana Pan American Institute of Geography and History 9 83 138 JSTOR 27768356 McMillan Alan D Yellowhorn Eldon 2004 First Peoples In Canada 3rd ed Douglas amp McIntyre ISBN 1 55365 053 0 Snow Dean R January 1995 Migration in Prehistory The Northern Iroquoian Case American Antiquity Cambridge University Press 60 1 59 79 doi 10 2307 282076 JSTOR 282076 S2CID 164163259 Williamson Ronald F 1990 Ellis Chris J Ferris Neal eds The Early Iroquoian Period of Southern Ontario The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A D 1650 No 5 pp 291 320 Wright J V 1992 The Conquest Theory of the Ontario Iroquois Tradition a Reassessment PDF Ontario Archaeology Ontario Archaeological Society 54 3 16 Further reading editAbel Timothy J Vavrasek Jessica L Hart John P October 2019 Radiocarbon Dating the Iroquoian Occupation of Northern New York American Antiquity Cambridge University Press 84 4 748 761 doi 10 1017 aaq 2019 50 JSTOR 26818405 S2CID 198409952 Bamann Susan Kuhn Robert Molnar James Snow Dean 1992 Iroquoian Archaeology Annual Review of Anthropology Annual Reviews 21 435 460 doi 10 1146 annurev an 21 100192 002251 JSTOR 2155995 Birch Jennifer October 2012 Coalescent communities settlement aggregation and social integration in Iroquoian Ontario American Antiquity Cambridge University Press 77 4 646 670 doi 10 7183 0002 7316 77 4 646 JSTOR 23486483 S2CID 163563683 Birch Jennifer September 2015 Current Research on the Historical Development of Northern Iroquoian Societies Journal of Archaeological Research Springer 23 3 263 323 doi 10 1007 s10814 015 9082 3 JSTOR 43956789 S2CID 254595251 Braun Gregory Vincent 2015 Ritual Materiality and Memory in an Iroquoian Village PDF Thesis University of Toronto Bursey Jeffrey A 2003 Discerning Storage and Structures at the Forster Site A Princess Point Component in Southern Ontario Canadian Journal of Archaeology Canadian Archaeological Association 27 2 191 233 JSTOR 41103448 Crawford Gary W Smith David G October 1996 Migration in Prehistory Princess Point and the Northern Iroquoian Case American Antiquity Cambridge University Press 61 4 782 790 doi 10 2307 282018 JSTOR 282018 S2CID 163859412 Creese John Laurence 2011 Deyughnyonkwarakda At the Wood s Edge The Development of the Iroquoian Village in Southern Ontario A D 900 1500 PDF Thesis University of Toronto Hart John P Engelbrecht William June 2012 Northern Iroquoian Ethnic Evolution A Social Network Analysis Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory Springer 19 2 322 349 doi 10 1007 s10816 011 9116 1 JSTOR 23256843 S2CID 254600558 Jamieson James Bruce January 2016 Bone Antler Tooth and Shell A Study in Iroquoian Technology PDF Thesis McGill University Jamieson Susan M 1992 Regional Interaction and Ontario Iroquois Evolution Canadian Journal of Archaeology Canadian Archaeological Association 16 70 88 JSTOR 41102851 Johnston Richard B 1979 Notes on Ossuary Burial Among the Ontario Iroquois Canadian Journal of Archaeology Canadian Archaeological Association 3 91 104 JSTOR 41102198 Jones Eric E Creese John L eds 2016 Process and Meaning in Spatial Archaeology Investigations into Pre Columbian Iroquoian Space and Place University Press of Colorado ISBN 9781607325093 JSTOR j ctt1kc6hk0 Kapches Mima Fall 1980 Wall Trenches on Iroquoian Sites Archaeology of Eastern North America Eastern States Archeological Federation 8 98 105 JSTOR 40914190 Kerber Jordan E ed 2007 Archaeology of the Iroquois Selected Readings and Research Sources Syracuse University Press Manning Sturt W Birch Jennifer Conger Megan A Dee Michael W et al 5 December 2018 Radiocarbon re dating of contact era Iroquoian history in northeastern North America Science Advances 4 12 eaav0280 doi 10 1126 sciadv aav0280 PMC 6281431 PMID 30525108 Noble William C 1979 Ontario Iroquois Effigy Pipes Canadian Journal of Archaeology Canadian Archaeological Association 3 69 90 JSTOR 41102197 Parmenter Jon 2010 The Edge of the Woods Iroquoia 1534 1701 Michigan State University Press Traphagan John W 2008 Embodiment Ritual Incorporation and Cannibalism Among the Iroquoians after 1300 c e Journal of Ritual Studies 22 2 1 12 JSTOR 44368787 Warrick Gary December 2000 The Precontact Iroquoian Occupation of Southern Ontario Journal of World Prehistory Springer 14 4 415 466 doi 10 1023 A 1011137725917 JSTOR 25801165 S2CID 163183815 Wesler Kit W October 1983 Trade Politics and Native Polities in Iroquoia and Asante Comparative Studies in Society and History Cambridge University Press 25 4 641 660 doi 10 1017 S0010417500010653 JSTOR 178668 S2CID 145308030 Whyte Thomas R Summer 2007 Proto Iroquoian Divergence in the Late Archaic Early Woodland Period Transition of the Appalachian Highlands Southeastern Archaeology Taylor amp Francis 26 1 134 144 JSTOR 40713422 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Iroquoian peoples amp oldid 1170143268, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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