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Stevedore

A stevedore (/ˈstvɪˌdɔːr/), also called a longshoreman, a docker or a dockworker, is a waterfront manual laborer who is involved in loading and unloading ships, trucks, trains or airplanes.[1]

Longshoremen on a New York dock load barrels of corn syrup onto a barge on the Hudson River. Photograph by Lewis Hine, c. 1912.
Dockers load bagged cargo – MS Rothenstein (North German Lloyd), Port Sudan 1960

After the shipping container revolution of the 1960s, the number of dockworkers required declined by over 90%.[2]

Etymology

The word stevedore originated in Portugal or Spain, and entered the English language through its use by sailors.[3] It started as a phonetic spelling of estivador (Portuguese) or estibador (Spanish), meaning a man who loads ships and stows cargo, which was the original meaning of stevedore (though there is a secondary meaning of "a man who stuffs" in Spanish); compare Latin stīpāre meaning to stuff, as in to fill with stuffing. In Ancient and modern Greek, the verb στοιβάζω (stevazo) means pile up.[4][5] In the United Kingdom, people who load and unload ships are usually called dockers; in Australia, they are called stevedores, dockworkers or wharfies; and, in the United States and Canada, the term longshoreman, derived from man-along-the-shore, is used.[6] Before the extensive use of container ships and shore-based handling machinery in the United States, longshoremen referred exclusively to the dockworkers, while stevedores, in a separate trade union, worked on the ships, operating ship's cranes and moving cargo. In Canada, the term stevedore has also been used, for example, in the name of the Western Stevedoring Company, Ltd., based in Vancouver, British Columbia, in the 1950s.[7]

Loading and unloading ships

Loading and unloading ships requires knowledge of the operation of loading equipment, the proper techniques for lifting and stowing cargo, and correct handling of hazardous materials. In addition, workers must be physically strong and able to follow orders attentively. To unload a ship successfully, many longshoremen are needed. There is only a limited amount of time that a ship can be at a port, so their work must be completed quickly.

In earlier days before the introduction of containerization, men who loaded and unloaded ships had to tie down cargoes with rope. A type of stopper knot is called the stevedore knot. The method of securely tying up parcels of goods is called stevedore lashing or stevedore knotting. While loading a general cargo vessel, they use dunnage, which are pieces of wood (or nowadays sometimes strong inflatable dunnage bags) set down to keep the cargo out of any water that might be lying in the hold or are placed as shims between cargo crates for load securing.

Today, the vast majority of non-bulk cargo is transported in intermodal containers.[8] The containers arrive at a port by truck, rail, or another ship and are stacked in the port's storage area. When the ship that will be transporting them arrives, the containers that it is offloading are unloaded by a crane. The containers either leave the port by truck or rail or are put in the storage area until they are put on another ship. Once the ship is offloaded, the containers it is leaving with are brought to the dock by truck. A crane lifts the containers from the trucks onto the ship. As the containers pile up on the ship, the workers connect them to the ship and to the other already-placed containers. The jobs involved include the crane operators, the workers who connect the containers to the ship and each other, the truck drivers that transport the containers from the dock and storage area, the workers who track the containers in the storage area as they are loaded and unloaded, as well as various supervisors. Those workers at the port who handle and move the containers are likely to be considered stevedores or longshoremen.

Before containerization, freight was often handled with a longshoreman’s hook, a tool which became emblematic of the profession (mostly on the west coast of the United States and Canada).[9]

Traditionally, stevedores had no fixed job, but would arrive at the docks in the morning seeking employment for the day. London dockers called this practice standing on the stones,[10] while in the United States it was referred to as shaping up or assembling for the shape-up,[11][12] or "catching the breaks".[citation needed] In Britain, due to changes in employment laws, such jobs have either become permanent or have been converted to temporary jobs.[citation needed]

Dock workers have been a prominent part of the modern labor movement.[13]

By country

Australia

In Australia, the informal term "wharfie" (from wharf labourer) and the formal "waterside worker" include the variety of occupations covered in other countries by words like stevedore. The term "stevedore" is also sometimes used, as in the company name Patrick Stevedores. The term "docker" is also used, as in the Federated Ship Painters and Dockers Union; and is the mascot of the Fremantle Dockers in the Australian Football League.

The Maritime Union of Australia has coverage of these workers and fought a substantial industrial battle in the 1998 Australian waterfront dispute to prevent the contracting out of work to non-union workers.

In 1943, stevedores in Melbourne and Sydney were deliberately exposed to mustard gas while unloading the ship Idomeneus. The result was death and permanent disability—all as a result of military secrecy.[14]

New Zealand

New Zealand usage is very similar to the Australian version; "waterside workers" are also known as "wharfies." The 1951 New Zealand waterfront dispute, involving New Zealand stevedores, was the largest and most bitter industrial dispute in the country's history.[This paragraph needs citation(s)]

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, the definition of a stevedore varies from port to port. In some ports, only the highly skilled master of a loading gang is referred to as a "stevedore". "Docker" is the usual general term used in the UK for a worker who loads or unloads ships and performs various other jobs required at a seaport.

In some ports, a stevedore is a person who decides where cargo is stowed on a ship, for safe stowage and even balance of a ship. It is not a hands-on role.[citation needed]

It was once known to refer those working on a ship—loading or unloading the cargo—as stevedores, while those working on the quayside were called dockers.

In the ports along the Thames, stevedores load, whilst dockers unload (according to Michael Budge, ex docker, Tilbury and Dave Penn, ex docker, Tilbury, 1978–2018).[full citation needed]

United States

 
Dockworkers loading a tank in Brooklyn, New York, Continental Piers, 1959

In present-day American waterfront usage, a stevedore is usually a person or a company who manages the operation of loading or unloading a ship. In the early 19th century, the word was usually applied to black laborers or slaves who loaded and unloaded bales of cotton and other freight on and off riverboats. In Two Years Before the Mast (1840), the author Richard Henry Dana Jr. describes the steeving of a merchant sailing ship in 1834. This was the process of taking a mostly-full hold and cramming in more material. In this case, the hold was filled with hides from the California hide trade up to four feet below the deckhead (equivalent of 'ceiling'). "Books" composed of 25–50 cattle skins folded into a bundle were prepared, and a small opening created in the middle of one of the existing stacks. Then the book was shoved in by use of a pair of thick strong pieces of wood called steeves. The steeves had one end shaped as a wedge which was placed into the middle of a book to shove it into the stack. The other ends were pushed on through block and tackle attached to the hull and overhead beams and hauled on by sailors.

Typically one ethnic group dominated the stevedore market in a port, usually the Irish Catholics, as seen in the 1954 film about New York On the Waterfront.[15] In New Orleans there was competition between the Irish and the blacks.[16]

In the Port of Baltimore, Polish Americans dominated. In the 1930s, about 80% of Baltimore's longshoremen were Polish or of Polish descent.[17] The port of Baltimore had an international reputation of fast cargo handling credited to the well-organized gang system that was nearly free of corruption, wildcat strikes, and repeated work stoppages of its other East coast counterparts. The New York Anti-Crime Commission and the Waterfront Commission looked upon the Baltimore system as the ideal one for all ports. The hiring of longshoremen in Baltimore by the gang system dates back to 1913 when the ILA was first formed. The Polish longshoremen began setting up the system by selecting the most skilled men to lead them. This newly formed gang would usually work for the same company, which would give priority to the gang. During the times where there was no work within the particular company, the gang would work elsewhere, or even divide to aid other groups in their work, which would speed up the work and make it more efficient.[18] In an environment as dangerous as a busy waterfront, Baltimore's gangs always operated together as a unit, because the experience let them know what each member would be doing at any given time, making a waterfront a much safer place.[19] At the beginning of the Second World War, Polish predominance in the Port of Baltimore significantly diminished, as many Poles were drafted.

It is common to use the terms "stevedore" and "longshoreman" interchangeably.[18] The U.S. Congress has done so in the Ship Mortgage Act, 46 app. U.S.C. section 31301(5)(C) which designates both "crew wages" and "stevedore wages" as preferred maritime liens. The statute intended to give the wages of the seamen and longshoremen the same level of protection. Sometimes the word "stevedore" is used to mean "the man who loads and unloads a ship" as the British "docker".

Today,[when?] a stevedore typically owns the equipment used in the loading or discharge operation and hires longshoremen who load and unload cargo under the direction of a stevedore superintendent. This type of work along the East Coast waterfront was characteristic of ports like New York, Boston, and Philadelphia.

Today, a commercial stevedoring company also may contract with a terminal owner to manage all terminal operations. Many large container ship operators have established in-house stevedoring operations to handle cargo at their own terminals and to provide stevedoring services to other container carriers.

One union within the AFL–CIO represent longshoremen: the International Longshoremen's Association, which represents longshoremen on the East Coast, on the Great Lakes and connected waterways and along the Gulf of Mexico. The International Longshore and Warehouse Union, which represents longshoremen along the West Coast, Hawaii and Alaska, was formerly affiliated with the AFL–CIO but disaffiliated in 2013.

 
Docker lashing down cargo aboard a container ship

Famous former stevedores

Former stevedores and longshoremen include:

In popular culture

  • Poet Ella Wheeler Wilcox recited her poem "The Stevedores" (which includes the lyric: "Here's to the Army stevedores, lusty and virile and strong ... ") while visiting a camp of 9,000 stevedores in France during World War I.[22]
  • In 1949, reporter Malcolm Johnson was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for a 24-part investigative series titled Crime on the Waterfront, published in the New York Sun.
  • The material from Malcolm Johnson's investigative series was fictionalized and used as a basis for the influential film On the Waterfront (1954), starring Marlon Brando as a longshoreman, and the working conditions on the docks figure significantly in the film's plot. On the Waterfront was a critical and commercial success that received twelve Academy Award nominations, and won eight including Best Picture, Best Actor for Brando, Best Supporting Actress for Eva Marie Saint, and Best Director for Elia Kazan. The American Film Institute ranked it the 8th-greatest American movie of all time in 1997 and 19th in 2007.[23]
  • Playwright Arthur Miller was involved in the early stages of the development of On the Waterfront; his play A View from the Bridge (1955) also deals with the troubled life of a longshoreman.[24]
  • In season 2 of the HBO series The Wire, which first aired in 2003, the Stevedore Union and its members working in Baltimore, particularly Frank Sobotka, figure prominently in the second season's story.[25][26]
  • The American film Kill the Irishman (2011) features Ray Stevenson as Danny Greene, head of the Longshoreman's Union.[27]
  • The tenth book of the webcomic Schlock Mercenary, titled The Longshoreman of the Apocalypse, features a robotic stevedore as a central character.

See also

References

  1. ^ "STEVEDORING Definition & Legal Meaning". Black's Law Dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  2. ^ Khan, Khalil U. (15 September 2014). "Stevedoring & The Role of Stevedores in Shipping". The International Institute of Marine Surveying (IIMS). Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  3. ^ David Maclachlan (1875). A Treatise on the Law of Merchant Shipping. W. Maxwell & Son. pp. 387–.
  4. ^ "Modern Greek Verbs – στοιβάζω, στοίβαξα, στοιβάχτηκα, στοιβαγμένος – I pile up". moderngreekverbs.com.
  5. ^ "Stevedores – definition of stevedores by The Free Dictionary". TheFreeDictionary.com.
  6. ^ . Archived from the original on June 12, 2007.
  7. ^ Paul Hellyer Papers, Library and Archives Canada, MG32 B33, Vol. 251.
  8. ^ Marc Levinson (2006). The Box, How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger. Princeton Univ. Press. ISBN 0-691-12324-1.
  9. ^ "Uniform Containerization of Freight: Early Steps in the Evolution of an Idea". Business History Review. 43 (1): 84–87. 1969. doi:10.2307/3111989. JSTOR 3111989. S2CID 246479077.
  10. ^ Standing on the Stones
  11. ^ "shape-up". Dictionary.com. Random House Unabridged Dictionary. Retrieved 2008-05-15.
  12. ^ Blum, Howard (March 13, 1978). "The 'Shape-Up' on Piers Gives Way to 'Show- Up'". The New York Times. Retrieved 2019-10-13.
  13. ^ "British History in depth: Banners of the British Labour Movement". BBC.
  14. ^ Plunkett, Geoff (2014). Death by Mustard. Big Sky. ISBN 978-1-922132-91-8.
  15. ^ Fisher, James T. (2010). On the Irish Waterfront: The Crusader, the Movie, and the Soul of the Port of New York.
  16. ^ Arnesen, Eric (1994). Waterfront Workers of New Orleans: Race, Class, and Politics, 1863–1923.
  17. ^ Hollowak, Thomas L. (1996). A History of Polish Longshoremen and Their Role in the Establishment of a Union at the Port of Baltimore. Baltimore: History Press.
  18. ^ a b Delich, Helen. "Noted for Fast, Efficient Work Baltimore System of Operating is Termed Ideal for All Ports." Baltimore Sun, 1955.
  19. ^ Delich, Helen. "Ganging Up on the Water Front." Baltimore Sun, 1954.
  20. ^ MacKay, Peter (August 25, 2012). "Peter MacKay learned to appreciate Arctic life working as a stevedore". National Post. Retrieved March 13, 2023.
  21. ^ Glenn Seaborg Tribute: A Man in Full 2017-04-28 at the Wayback Machine. Lbl.gov. Retrieved on 2013-08-15.
  22. ^ Scott, Emmett J. Scott's Official History of The American Negro in the World War. Retrieved 2014-02-09.
  23. ^ Rapf, Joanna E. (2003). On the Waterfront. Cambridge University Press.
  24. ^ Epstein, Arthur D. (1965). "A Look at A View from the Bridge". Texas Studies in Literature and Language. 7 (1): 109–122.
  25. ^ Warren, Kenneth W. (2011). "Sociology and The Wire". Critical Inquiry. 38 (1): 200–207. doi:10.1086/661649. S2CID 161316328.
  26. ^ Herbert, Daniel (2012). "'It Is What It Is': The Wire and the Politics of Anti-Allegorical Television Drama". Quarterly Review of Film and Video. 29 (3): 191–202. doi:10.1080/10509200903120047. S2CID 155014315.
  27. ^ Porrello, Rick (2011). Kill the Irishman. Simon and Schuster.

Further reading

  • Arnesen, Eric (1994). Waterfront Workers of New Orleans: Race, Class, and Politics, 1863–1923.
  • Connolly, Michael C. (2010). Seated by the Sea: The Maritime History of Portland, Maine, and Its Irish Longshoremen. University Press of Florida.
  • Callebert, Ralph (2017). On Durban's Docks: Zulu Workers, Rural Households, Global Labor. University of Rochester Press.
  • Davis, Colin J. (2003). Waterfront Revolts: New York and London Dockworkers, 1946–61.
  • Land, Isaac (2007). "Liberty on the Waterfront: American Maritime Culture in the Age of Revolution". Journal of Social History. 40 (3): 731–743. doi:10.1353/jsh.2007.0051. S2CID 143564724.
  • Mello, William J. (2010). New York Longshoremen: Class and Power on the Docks.
  • Nelson, Bruce (1990). Workers on the Waterfront: Seamen, Longshoremen, and Unionism in the 1930s.
  • Parnaby, Andrew (2008). Citizen Docker: Making a New Deal on the Vancouver Waterfront, 1919–1939.
  • Phillips, Jim (2005). "Class and Industrial Relations in Britain: The 'Long' Mid-century and the Case of Port Transport, 1920–70" (PDF). Twentieth Century British History. 16 (1): 52–73. doi:10.1093/tcbh/hwi009.
  • Safford, Jeffrey J. (2008). "The Pacific Coast Maritime Strike of 1936: Another View". Pacific Historical Review. 77 (4): 585–615. doi:10.1525/phr.2008.77.4.585.
  • Vaughan Wilson, Matt (2008). "The 1911 Waterfront Strikes in Glasgow: Trade Unions and Rank-and-File Militancy in the Labour Unrest of 1910–1914". International Review of Social History. 53 (2): 261–292. doi:10.1017/S0020859008003441.
  • Velasco e Cruz, Maria Cecília (2006). "Puzzling Out Slave Origins in Rio de Janeiro Port Unionism: The 1906 Strike and the Sociedade de Resistência dos Trabalhadores em Trapiche e Café". Hispanic American Historical Review. 86 (2): 205–245. doi:10.1215/00182168-2005-002.
  • "Longshore Workers and Their Unions". Waterfront Workers History Project.

External links

  • "The Irish on the Docks of Portland" by Michael Connolly


stevedore, stevedore, ɔːr, also, called, longshoreman, docker, dockworker, waterfront, manual, laborer, involved, loading, unloading, ships, trucks, trains, airplanes, longshoremen, york, dock, load, barrels, corn, syrup, onto, barge, hudson, river, photograph. A stevedore ˈ s t iː v ɪ ˌ d ɔːr also called a longshoreman a docker or a dockworker is a waterfront manual laborer who is involved in loading and unloading ships trucks trains or airplanes 1 Longshoremen on a New York dock load barrels of corn syrup onto a barge on the Hudson River Photograph by Lewis Hine c 1912 Dockers load bagged cargo MS Rothenstein North German Lloyd Port Sudan 1960After the shipping container revolution of the 1960s the number of dockworkers required declined by over 90 2 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Loading and unloading ships 3 By country 3 1 Australia 3 2 New Zealand 3 3 United Kingdom 3 4 United States 4 Famous former stevedores 5 In popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksEtymology EditThe word stevedore originated in Portugal or Spain and entered the English language through its use by sailors 3 It started as a phonetic spelling of estivador Portuguese or estibador Spanish meaning a man who loads ships and stows cargo which was the original meaning of stevedore though there is a secondary meaning of a man who stuffs in Spanish compare Latin stipare meaning to stuff as in to fill with stuffing In Ancient and modern Greek the verb stoibazw stevazo means pile up 4 5 In the United Kingdom people who load and unload ships are usually called dockers in Australia they are called stevedores dockworkers or wharfies and in the United States and Canada the term longshoreman derived from man along the shore is used 6 Before the extensive use of container ships and shore based handling machinery in the United States longshoremen referred exclusively to the dockworkers while stevedores in a separate trade union worked on the ships operating ship s cranes and moving cargo In Canada the term stevedore has also been used for example in the name of the Western Stevedoring Company Ltd based in Vancouver British Columbia in the 1950s 7 Loading and unloading ships EditLoading and unloading ships requires knowledge of the operation of loading equipment the proper techniques for lifting and stowing cargo and correct handling of hazardous materials In addition workers must be physically strong and able to follow orders attentively To unload a ship successfully many longshoremen are needed There is only a limited amount of time that a ship can be at a port so their work must be completed quickly In earlier days before the introduction of containerization men who loaded and unloaded ships had to tie down cargoes with rope A type of stopper knot is called the stevedore knot The method of securely tying up parcels of goods is called stevedore lashing or stevedore knotting While loading a general cargo vessel they use dunnage which are pieces of wood or nowadays sometimes strong inflatable dunnage bags set down to keep the cargo out of any water that might be lying in the hold or are placed as shims between cargo crates for load securing Today the vast majority of non bulk cargo is transported in intermodal containers 8 The containers arrive at a port by truck rail or another ship and are stacked in the port s storage area When the ship that will be transporting them arrives the containers that it is offloading are unloaded by a crane The containers either leave the port by truck or rail or are put in the storage area until they are put on another ship Once the ship is offloaded the containers it is leaving with are brought to the dock by truck A crane lifts the containers from the trucks onto the ship As the containers pile up on the ship the workers connect them to the ship and to the other already placed containers The jobs involved include the crane operators the workers who connect the containers to the ship and each other the truck drivers that transport the containers from the dock and storage area the workers who track the containers in the storage area as they are loaded and unloaded as well as various supervisors Those workers at the port who handle and move the containers are likely to be considered stevedores or longshoremen Before containerization freight was often handled with a longshoreman s hook a tool which became emblematic of the profession mostly on the west coast of the United States and Canada 9 Traditionally stevedores had no fixed job but would arrive at the docks in the morning seeking employment for the day London dockers called this practice standing on the stones 10 while in the United States it was referred to as shaping up or assembling for the shape up 11 12 or catching the breaks citation needed In Britain due to changes in employment laws such jobs have either become permanent or have been converted to temporary jobs citation needed Dock workers have been a prominent part of the modern labor movement 13 Container handling in Hong Kong 2005 At anchor two barges with cranes floating derricks at port A container is lifted from the deck Dockworkers on the containers in the ship s hatch Strong tidal current loading work in adverse conditionsBy country EditThe examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the English speaking world and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject You may improve this article discuss the issue on the talk page or create a new article as appropriate September 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message Australia Edit In Australia the informal term wharfie from wharf labourer and the formal waterside worker include the variety of occupations covered in other countries by words like stevedore The term stevedore is also sometimes used as in the company name Patrick Stevedores The term docker is also used as in the Federated Ship Painters and Dockers Union and is the mascot of the Fremantle Dockers in the Australian Football League The Maritime Union of Australia has coverage of these workers and fought a substantial industrial battle in the 1998 Australian waterfront dispute to prevent the contracting out of work to non union workers In 1943 stevedores in Melbourne and Sydney were deliberately exposed to mustard gas while unloading the ship Idomeneus The result was death and permanent disability all as a result of military secrecy 14 New Zealand Edit New Zealand usage is very similar to the Australian version waterside workers are also known as wharfies The 1951 New Zealand waterfront dispute involving New Zealand stevedores was the largest and most bitter industrial dispute in the country s history This paragraph needs citation s United Kingdom Edit In the United Kingdom the definition of a stevedore varies from port to port In some ports only the highly skilled master of a loading gang is referred to as a stevedore Docker is the usual general term used in the UK for a worker who loads or unloads ships and performs various other jobs required at a seaport In some ports a stevedore is a person who decides where cargo is stowed on a ship for safe stowage and even balance of a ship It is not a hands on role citation needed It was once known to refer those working on a ship loading or unloading the cargo as stevedores while those working on the quayside were called dockers In the ports along the Thames stevedores load whilst dockers unload according to Michael Budge ex docker Tilbury and Dave Penn ex docker Tilbury 1978 2018 full citation needed United States Edit Dockworkers loading a tank in Brooklyn New York Continental Piers 1959In present day American waterfront usage a stevedore is usually a person or a company who manages the operation of loading or unloading a ship In the early 19th century the word was usually applied to black laborers or slaves who loaded and unloaded bales of cotton and other freight on and off riverboats In Two Years Before the Mast 1840 the author Richard Henry Dana Jr describes the steeving of a merchant sailing ship in 1834 This was the process of taking a mostly full hold and cramming in more material In this case the hold was filled with hides from the California hide trade up to four feet below the deckhead equivalent of ceiling Books composed of 25 50 cattle skins folded into a bundle were prepared and a small opening created in the middle of one of the existing stacks Then the book was shoved in by use of a pair of thick strong pieces of wood called steeves The steeves had one end shaped as a wedge which was placed into the middle of a book to shove it into the stack The other ends were pushed on through block and tackle attached to the hull and overhead beams and hauled on by sailors Typically one ethnic group dominated the stevedore market in a port usually the Irish Catholics as seen in the 1954 film about New York On the Waterfront 15 In New Orleans there was competition between the Irish and the blacks 16 In the Port of Baltimore Polish Americans dominated In the 1930s about 80 of Baltimore s longshoremen were Polish or of Polish descent 17 The port of Baltimore had an international reputation of fast cargo handling credited to the well organized gang system that was nearly free of corruption wildcat strikes and repeated work stoppages of its other East coast counterparts The New York Anti Crime Commission and the Waterfront Commission looked upon the Baltimore system as the ideal one for all ports The hiring of longshoremen in Baltimore by the gang system dates back to 1913 when the ILA was first formed The Polish longshoremen began setting up the system by selecting the most skilled men to lead them This newly formed gang would usually work for the same company which would give priority to the gang During the times where there was no work within the particular company the gang would work elsewhere or even divide to aid other groups in their work which would speed up the work and make it more efficient 18 In an environment as dangerous as a busy waterfront Baltimore s gangs always operated together as a unit because the experience let them know what each member would be doing at any given time making a waterfront a much safer place 19 At the beginning of the Second World War Polish predominance in the Port of Baltimore significantly diminished as many Poles were drafted It is common to use the terms stevedore and longshoreman interchangeably 18 The U S Congress has done so in the Ship Mortgage Act 46 app U S C section 31301 5 C which designates both crew wages and stevedore wages as preferred maritime liens The statute intended to give the wages of the seamen and longshoremen the same level of protection Sometimes the word stevedore is used to mean the man who loads and unloads a ship as the British docker Today when a stevedore typically owns the equipment used in the loading or discharge operation and hires longshoremen who load and unload cargo under the direction of a stevedore superintendent This type of work along the East Coast waterfront was characteristic of ports like New York Boston and Philadelphia Today a commercial stevedoring company also may contract with a terminal owner to manage all terminal operations Many large container ship operators have established in house stevedoring operations to handle cargo at their own terminals and to provide stevedoring services to other container carriers One union within the AFL CIO represent longshoremen the International Longshoremen s Association which represents longshoremen on the East Coast on the Great Lakes and connected waterways and along the Gulf of Mexico The International Longshore and Warehouse Union which represents longshoremen along the West Coast Hawaii and Alaska was formerly affiliated with the AFL CIO but disaffiliated in 2013 Docker lashing down cargo aboard a container shipFamous former stevedores EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed April 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Former stevedores and longshoremen include Crispus Attucks American Patriot Frithjof Bergmann philosopher Jaguare Bezerra de Vasconcelos Brazilian football goalkeeper Mestre Bimba founder of the Regional style of Capoeira Ronald Bird English cricketer Jerry Colonna Movie actor comedian Terry Bollea Better known as professional wrestler Hulk Hogan Murray Bookchin American libertarian socialist founder of social ecology Harry Bridges founder of the International Longshore and Warehouse Union ILWU James Braddock heavyweight boxing champion from 1935 to 1937 Joey Coyle basis for the movie Money for Nothing Jack Dash British dock workers trade union leader Francois Faber road racing cyclist Tour de France winner Chief Dan George Native American actor Danny Greene American mobster Eric Hoffer author and philosopher James J Hill railroad industrialist and financier Brian Jacques author of the Redwall book series Vladimir Kokkinaki the most famous test pilot in the Soviet Union Mauno Koivisto President of Finland from 1982 to 1994 Artie Lange comedian radio personality The Howard Stern Show Tom Mann British trade unionist and organizer of the London Dock Strike of 1889 Charles Manson convicted murderer worked as a longshoreman from 1954 to 1956 Peter MacKay Canadian former government minister and conservative party leader a stevedore for two summers while a teenager 20 Frank McCourt Irish American author Daniel Patrick Moynihan sociologist ambassador to the United Nations and to India U S Senator from New York Don Muraco former professional wrestler most famous as Magnificent Muraco Michael Ozzie Myers U S Representative from Pennsylvania Bruce Nelson labor historian author of Workers on the Waterfront Bartolomeo Pagano Italian actor Charles Plymell poet Benito Quinquela Martin painter from Buenos Aires Argentina His works reflect the work at the docks in La Boca a portuary district of Buenos Aires Joe Rollino boxer and strongman Glenn Theodore Seaborg 1951 Nobel Prize winner member of The Manhattan Project 21 Hubert Selby Jr Writer Last Exit To Brooklyn Mark E Smith singer songwriter of the British band The Fall Stan Weir blue collar intellectual and sociologist founder of Singlejack Press Isaac Woodard African American victim of a notorious racist attack J S Woodsworth a founder of the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation the forerunner of the New Democratic Party of Canada Howard Zinn historian playwright and activistIn popular culture EditPoet Ella Wheeler Wilcox recited her poem The Stevedores which includes the lyric Here s to the Army stevedores lusty and virile and strong while visiting a camp of 9 000 stevedores in France during World War I 22 In 1949 reporter Malcolm Johnson was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for a 24 part investigative series titled Crime on the Waterfront published in the New York Sun The material from Malcolm Johnson s investigative series was fictionalized and used as a basis for the influential film On the Waterfront 1954 starring Marlon Brando as a longshoreman and the working conditions on the docks figure significantly in the film s plot On the Waterfront was a critical and commercial success that received twelve Academy Award nominations and won eight including Best Picture Best Actor for Brando Best Supporting Actress for Eva Marie Saint and Best Director for Elia Kazan The American Film Institute ranked it the 8th greatest American movie of all time in 1997 and 19th in 2007 23 Playwright Arthur Miller was involved in the early stages of the development of On the Waterfront his play A View from the Bridge 1955 also deals with the troubled life of a longshoreman 24 In season 2 of the HBO series The Wire which first aired in 2003 the Stevedore Union and its members working in Baltimore particularly Frank Sobotka figure prominently in the second season s story 25 26 The American film Kill the Irishman 2011 features Ray Stevenson as Danny Greene head of the Longshoreman s Union 27 The tenth book of the webcomic Schlock Mercenary titled The Longshoreman of the Apocalypse features a robotic stevedore as a central character See also Edit Transport portal1913 Sligo Dock strike Admiralty law Battle of Ballantyne Pier Canada Dockers Union UK disambiguation Dunnage Federated Ship Painters and Dockers Union History of Squamish and Tsleil Waututh longshoremen 1863 1963 International Longshore and Warehouse Union United States Liverpool dockers strike 1995 98 UK Mersey Docks and Harbour Company Mudlark National Union of Dock Labourers Scottish Union of Dock Labourers Teamster Weeks MarineReferences Edit STEVEDORING Definition amp Legal Meaning Black s Law Dictionary 2nd ed Retrieved January 24 2023 Khan Khalil U 15 September 2014 Stevedoring amp The Role of Stevedores in Shipping The International Institute of Marine Surveying IIMS Retrieved 7 April 2021 David Maclachlan 1875 A Treatise on the Law of Merchant Shipping W Maxwell amp Son pp 387 Modern Greek Verbs stoibazw stoiba3a stoibaxthka stoibagmenos I pile up moderngreekverbs com Stevedores definition of stevedores by The Free Dictionary TheFreeDictionary com America on the Move collection Archived from the original on June 12 2007 Paul Hellyer Papers Library and Archives Canada MG32 B33 Vol 251 Marc Levinson 2006 The Box How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger Princeton Univ Press ISBN 0 691 12324 1 Uniform Containerization of Freight Early Steps in the Evolution of an Idea Business History Review 43 1 84 87 1969 doi 10 2307 3111989 JSTOR 3111989 S2CID 246479077 Standing on the Stones BFI Film and TV Database London Dockers 1964 shape up Dictionary com Random House Unabridged Dictionary Retrieved 2008 05 15 Blum Howard March 13 1978 The Shape Up on Piers Gives Way to Show Up The New York Times Retrieved 2019 10 13 British History in depth Banners of the British Labour Movement BBC Plunkett Geoff 2014 Death by Mustard Big Sky ISBN 978 1 922132 91 8 Fisher James T 2010 On the Irish Waterfront The Crusader the Movie and the Soul of the Port of New York Arnesen Eric 1994 Waterfront Workers of New Orleans Race Class and Politics 1863 1923 Hollowak Thomas L 1996 A History of Polish Longshoremen and Their Role in the Establishment of a Union at the Port of Baltimore Baltimore History Press a b Delich Helen Noted for Fast Efficient Work Baltimore System of Operating is Termed Ideal for All Ports Baltimore Sun 1955 Delich Helen Ganging Up on the Water Front Baltimore Sun 1954 MacKay Peter August 25 2012 Peter MacKay learned to appreciate Arctic life working as a stevedore National Post Retrieved March 13 2023 Glenn Seaborg Tribute A Man in Full Archived 2017 04 28 at the Wayback Machine Lbl gov Retrieved on 2013 08 15 Scott Emmett J Scott s Official History of The American Negro in the World War Retrieved 2014 02 09 Rapf Joanna E 2003 On the Waterfront Cambridge University Press Epstein Arthur D 1965 A Look at A View from the Bridge Texas Studies in Literature and Language 7 1 109 122 Warren Kenneth W 2011 Sociology and The Wire Critical Inquiry 38 1 200 207 doi 10 1086 661649 S2CID 161316328 Herbert Daniel 2012 It Is What It Is The Wire and the Politics of Anti Allegorical Television Drama Quarterly Review of Film and Video 29 3 191 202 doi 10 1080 10509200903120047 S2CID 155014315 Porrello Rick 2011 Kill the Irishman Simon and Schuster Further reading EditArnesen Eric 1994 Waterfront Workers of New Orleans Race Class and Politics 1863 1923 Connolly Michael C 2010 Seated by the Sea The Maritime History of Portland Maine and Its Irish Longshoremen University Press of Florida Callebert Ralph 2017 On Durban s Docks Zulu Workers Rural Households Global Labor University of Rochester Press Davis Colin J 2003 Waterfront Revolts New York and London Dockworkers 1946 61 Land Isaac 2007 Liberty on the Waterfront American Maritime Culture in the Age of Revolution Journal of Social History 40 3 731 743 doi 10 1353 jsh 2007 0051 S2CID 143564724 Mello William J 2010 New York Longshoremen Class and Power on the Docks Nelson Bruce 1990 Workers on the Waterfront Seamen Longshoremen and Unionism in the 1930s Parnaby Andrew 2008 Citizen Docker Making a New Deal on the Vancouver Waterfront 1919 1939 Phillips Jim 2005 Class and Industrial Relations in Britain The Long Mid century and the Case of Port Transport 1920 70 PDF Twentieth Century British History 16 1 52 73 doi 10 1093 tcbh hwi009 Safford Jeffrey J 2008 The Pacific Coast Maritime Strike of 1936 Another View Pacific Historical Review 77 4 585 615 doi 10 1525 phr 2008 77 4 585 Vaughan Wilson Matt 2008 The 1911 Waterfront Strikes in Glasgow Trade Unions and Rank and File Militancy in the Labour Unrest of 1910 1914 International Review of Social History 53 2 261 292 doi 10 1017 S0020859008003441 Velasco e Cruz Maria Cecilia 2006 Puzzling Out Slave Origins in Rio de Janeiro Port Unionism The 1906 Strike and the Sociedade de Resistencia dos Trabalhadores em Trapiche e Cafe Hispanic American Historical Review 86 2 205 245 doi 10 1215 00182168 2005 002 Longshore Workers and Their Unions Waterfront Workers History Project External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dock workers Look up stevedore in Wiktionary the free dictionary The Irish on the Docks of Portland by Michael Connolly Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Stevedore amp oldid 1160395861, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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