Ingvar Carlsson
Gösta Ingvar Carlsson (born 9 November 1934) is a Swedish politician who twice served as Prime Minister of Sweden, first from 1986 to 1991 and again from 1994 to 1996.[1] He was leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party from 1986 to 1996.[2][3] He is best known for leading Sweden into the European Union.[4]
Ingvar Carlsson | |
|---|---|
Carlsson in 2013 | |
| Prime Minister of Sweden | |
| In office 7 October 1994 – 22 March 1996 | |
| Monarch | Carl XVI Gustaf |
| Deputy | Mona Sahlin Lena Hjelm-Wallén |
| Preceded by | Carl Bildt |
| Succeeded by | Göran Persson |
| In office 13 March 1986[a] – 4 October 1991 | |
| Monarch | Carl XVI Gustaf |
| Deputy | Svante Lundkvist Kjell-Olof Feldt Lena Hjelm-Wallén Odd Engström |
| Preceded by | Olof Palme |
| Succeeded by | Carl Bildt |
| Leader of the Social Democratic Party | |
| In office 3 March 1986 – 15 March 1996 | |
| Preceded by | Olof Palme |
| Succeeded by | Göran Persson |
| Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden | |
| In office 8 October 1982 – 28 February 1986 | |
| Prime Minister | Olof Palme |
| Preceded by | Ola Ullsten |
| Succeeded by | Svante Lundkvist (Acting) |
| Minister for Housing | |
| In office 1 January 1974 – 8 October 1976 | |
| Prime Minister | Olof Palme |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Elvy Olsson |
| Minister for Education | |
| In office 14 October 1969 – 2 November 1973 | |
| Prime Minister | Olof Palme |
| Preceded by | Olof Palme |
| Succeeded by | Bertil Zachrisson |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Gösta Ingvar Carlsson 9 November 1934 Borås, Sweden |
| Political party | Social Democratic |
| Spouse | Ingrid Carlsson |
| Residence(s) | Tyresö, Sweden |
| Alma mater | Lund University, Northwestern University |
| Profession | Business economist |
| Signature | |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Sweden |
| Branch/service | Swedish Army |
Carlsson was a member of the Riksdag from 1965 to 1996 representing the constituency of Stockholm County (until 1970 in the lower house). He served as Minister of Education from 1969 to 1973, as Minister of Housing in 1973 and again from 1974 to 1976, and as Minister of Environmental affairs from 1985 to 1986. He served as Deputy Prime Minister from 1982 to 1986, and assumed office as Prime Minister of Sweden upon the assassination of Prime Minister Olof Palme in 1986.
Early life edit
Carlsson was born in Borås, Västra Götaland County (then Älvsborg County), Sweden and is the third son of the warehouse worker Olof Karlsson and Ida, née Johansson.[5] Carlsson has a diploma in business economics and a degree in political science from Lund University. In Lund he met with Tage Erlander, the Swedish prime minister, and his aide Olof Palme, later to become Erlander's successor. He graduated in 1952.[6]
Early political career edit
After finishing studies Carlsson got a job in Erlander's staff, along with other young aides such as Palme and Bengt K. Å. Johansson.[7] Erlander called this group "the boys".[8] In 1965, Carlsson attended Northwestern University in Illinois in the United States as a Fulbright scholar studying economics.[9] After returning home, he was elected member of the Swedish Parliament. In the same year, he also became leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Youth League. He had the following ministerial posts: Minister of Education 1969-1973, Minister of Housing 1973-1976, Deputy Prime Minister 1982-1986.
He was deputy prime minister to Prime Minister Olof Palme when Palme was assassinated.[10]
Prime Minister edit
First premiership (1986-1991) edit
Following the assassination of Olof Palme in 1986, Ingvar Carlsson became the new Prime Minister or Statsminister and party leader. Together with Minister for Finance Kjell-Olof Feldt, the government turned a budget deficit of 90 billion SEK to a surplus of a few hundred billion SEK, which initially led to large investments and record low unemployment. [citation needed] 1980s Social Democratic neoliberal measures—such as depressing and deregulating the currency to prop up Swedish exports during the economic restructuring transition, dropping corporate taxation and taxation on high income-earners, and switching from anti-unemployment policies to anti-inflationary policies—were exacerbated by international recession, unchecked currency speculation, and a centre-right government led by Carl Bildt (1991–1994), creating the fiscal crisis of the early 1990s.[11]
But Sweden's economy began to deteriorate in the early 1990s. In 1990 the Carlsson cabinet resigned after failing to gain a majority for its economic policy agenda, but was reinstated immediately with a slightly changed agenda.
In 1987, he visited United States President Ronald Reagan at the White House, becoming the first Swedish prime minister to visit a U.S. president since Erlander met John F. Kennedy in 1961.[12]
Second premiership (1994-1996) edit
The Social Democrats lost the elections in 1991, but Carlsson returned to power after the elections in 1994. When the Social Democrats returned to power in 1994, they responded to the fiscal crisis[13] by stabilizing the currency—and by reducing the welfare state and privatizing public services and goods, as governments did in many countries influenced by Milton Friedman, the Chicago Schools of political and economic thought, and the neoliberal movement. As Prime Minister he also carried out a comprehensive reform of the tax system.
After three years in opposition and an election victory in the 1994 elections, Carlsson formed a new government. This government realigned its focus on cleaning up Swedish Government finances, and the task was assigned to the newly appointed Minister of Finance Göran Persson. The ensuing governing period was difficult and it was strongly criticized by trade unions and party members for government service cuts and tax increases that were instituted. On 19 December 1994, Carlsson announced the decision not to recover the wreck of the MS Estonia, or even the bodies of the victims of the disaster.
Carlsson pushed for Sweden to join the European Union, seeing it as necessary for Sweden to strengthen its economy, although other members of his party were skeptical of the idea.[14] After four years of negotiations and a large campaign credited with increasing EU support, a national referendum was held on 13 October 1994, with 83% voter turnout (the highest for a Swedish referendum up to that point), and 52.3% voting to join.[15][16] Sweden joined in January 1995 alongside Austria and Finland.[15]
In August 1995, Ingvar Carlsson announced that he would resign as party leader and Swedish Prime Minister. His successor was long considered to be the then Minister of Equality and Deputy Prime Minister Mona Sahlin. However, due to the so-called Toblerone Affair, she took back her candidacy and also later resigned from the government. On 5 December 1995 the nominating committee proposed the Minister for Finance, Göran Persson, as the new party leader candidate. He was elected on 15 March 1996 at the Social Democratic Party Congress as party leader and on 22 March 1996 he was elected Prime Minister.
Later life edit
Ingvar Carlsson was Chairman of the inquiry after the Gothenburg Riots of 2001 to investigate the events. Their report was submitted to the Government on 14 January 2003.[17]
Ingvar Carlsson was the Chairman of the Independent Inquiry into United Nations actions during the 1994 Rwandan genocide.[18] He is also chairman of the Bergman Foundation Center on Fårö.[19]
With Shridath Ramphal, he was in 1995 one of the co-chairs of the Commission on Global Governance, which reported on issues of international development, international security, globalization and global governance.
His career has been shaped by the heritage of Olof Palme, with whom he worked closely, but his policies are more seen as being a continuation of the legacy established by Tage Erlander.
Personal life edit
On 10 July 1957[20] Carlsson married librarian Ingrid Melander (born 9 April 1934[21]), daughter of the wholesaler Sven H. Melander and Gerda Melander (née Eriksson).[5] They have two daughters.
Ingvar Carlsson is a big supporter of football teams IF Elfsborg and Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.[22]
Awards and decorations edit
- Commander of the Legion of Honour (17 February 2017)[23]
Honours edit
- Honorary doctor of philosophy, Lund University (1989)[24]
- Honorary degree, Northwestern University (1991)[24][9]
- Honorary doctor of technology, Luleå University of Technology (1996)[24]
Bibliography edit
- Carlsson, Ingvar (2014). Lärdomar: personliga och politiska (in Swedish). Stockholm: Norstedt. ISBN 9789113052687.
- Carlsson, Ingvar; Lindgren, Anne-Marie (2007) [1974]. Vad är socialdemokrati?: en bok om idéer och utmaningar (in Swedish) ([New edi.] ed.). Stockholm: Arbetarrörelsens tankesmedja. ISBN 978-91-976756-0-4.
- Carlsson, Ingvar (2003). Så tänkte jag: politik & dramatik (in Swedish) (1st ed.). Stockholm: Hjalmarson & Högberg. ISBN 91-89660-22-6.
- Carlsson, Ingvar (1999). Ur skuggan av Olof Palme (in Swedish). Stockholm: Hjalmarson & Högberg. ISBN 91-89080-37-8.
- Carlsson, Ingvar (1994). Tillväxt och rättvisa (in Swedish). Stockholm: Tiden. ISBN 91-550-4167-1.
Notes edit
- ^ Acting Prime Minister from 28 February to 12 March 1986
References edit
- ^ (in Swedish). regeringen.se. Archived from the original on 12 June 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
- ^ "Ingvar Carlsson". Nationalencyklopedin (in Swedish). Retrieved 28 January 2010.
- ^ "Ingvar Carlsson". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 28 January 2010.
- ^ Elgán & Scobbie 2015, p. 52
- ^ a b Uddling, Hans; Paabo, Katrin, eds. (1992). Vem är det: svensk biografisk handbok. 1993 [Who is it: Swedish biographical handbook. 1993] (in Swedish). Stockholm: Norstedt. p. 201. ISBN 91-1-914072-X.
- ^ Elgán & Scobbie 2015, p. 51
- ^ Ruin 1989, p. 131
- ^ Ruin 1989, p. 134
- ^ a b Kates, Margaret (16 June 2021). "Looking Back at Northwestern's International Honorary Degree Recipients". Northwestern University. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
- ^ Elgán & Scobbie 2015, p. 17
- ^ Englund, P. 1990. "Financial deregulation in Sweden." European Economic Review 34 (2–3): 385–393. Korpi TBD. Meidner, R. 1997. "The Swedish model in an era of mass unemployment." Economic and Industrial Democracy 18 (1): 87–97. Olsen, Gregg M. 1999. "Half empty or half full? The Swedish welfare state in transition." Canadian Review of Sociology & Anthropology, 36 (2): 241–268.
- ^ "Washington Talk: Briefing; A Swedish Visit". The New York Times. 24 August 1987. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
- ^ hdr.undp (original URL: [1]) (access date: 5 July 2007) (dead URL)
- ^ Elgán & Scobbie 2015, p. 90
- ^ a b "Twenty years since Sweden voted to join the EU - what's changed?". The Guardian. 13 November 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
- ^ "Swedes Vote In Referendum To Join The European Union". The New York Times. 14 November 1994. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
- ^ Hedberg, Kristina; Klinghoffer, Sanna (14 January 2003). "Hård kritik mot polisen för Göteborgskravallerna" [Harsh criticism against the police for the Gothenburg riots]. Sveriges Radio (in Swedish). Retrieved 10 June 2015.
- ^ (Press release). United Nations. 14 April 2000. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
- ^ "Ingvar Carlsson: "Precis det vi hoppats på"" [Ingvar Carlsson: "Just what we hoped for"]. Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). 23 October 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
- ^ Marquis (13 February 1990). Who's who in the World. Marquis Who's Who. ISBN 978-0-8379-1110-6.
- ^ "Ingrid Margareta Carlsson (Tyresö, 89 år)". Merinfo.se. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
- ^ "Ingvar Carlsson på besök" [Ingvar Carlsson to visit]. Sveriges Radio (in Swedish). 5 February 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
- ^ "Ingvar Carlsson utnämnd till kommendör av franska Hederslegionen av Frankrikes EU-minister Harlem Désir" [Ingvar Carlsson appointed Commander of the French Legion of Honor by France's EU Minister Harlem Désir] (in Swedish). Embassy of France, Stockholm. 17 February 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
- ^ a b c Jönsson, Lena, ed. (2000). Vem är det: svensk biografisk handbok. 2001 [Who is it: Swedish biographical handbook. 2001] (in Swedish). Stockholm: Norstedt. p. 603. ISBN 9172850426. SELIBR 8261515.
Sources edit
- Elgán & Scobbie, Elisabeth & Irene (2015). Historical Dictionary Of Sweden. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 9781442250710.
- Ruin, Olof (1989). Tage Erlander: Serving The Welfare State, 1946-1969. University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 9780822976677.
Further reading edit
- Ruin, Olof. "Three Swedish Prime Ministers: Tage Erlander, Olof Palme and Ingvar Carlsson." West European Politics 14.3 (1991): 58-82.
- Bjereld, Ulf, ed. (2009). Socialdemokratin i krig och fred: Ingvar Carlsson 75 år [Social democracy in war and peace: Ingvar Carlsson 75 years] (in Swedish). Hedemora: Gidlund. ISBN 9789178447893.
- Kratz, Anita (1996). Ingvar Carlsson: Erlanders siste pojke [Ingvar Carlsson: Erlander's last boy] (in Swedish). Stockholm: Bonnier Alba. ISBN 91-34-51888-6.