The Indian paradise flycatcher (Terpsiphone paradisi) is a medium-sized passerinebird native to Asia, where it is widely distributed. As the global population is considered stable, it has been listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List since 2004. It is native to the Indian subcontinent, Central Asia and Myanmar.[1]
Males have elongated central tail feathers, and a black and rufous plumage in some populations, while others have white plumage. Females are short-tailed with rufous wings and a black head.[2] Indian paradise flycatchers feed on insects, which they capture in the air often below a densely canopied tree.
Linnaeus thought that the Indian paradise flycatcher occurred only in India.[3] Later ornithologists observed it also in other areas and described several subspecies based on differences in plumage of males. Three subspecies] are recognized:[6]
T. p. paradisi (Linnaeus, 1758) breeds in central and southern India, central Bangladesh and south-western Myanmar; populations occurring in Sri Lanka in the winter season are non-breeding.[7]
Himalayan paradise flycatcher (T. p. leucogaster) (Swainson, 1838) was initially described as a separate species. It breeds in the western Tian Shan, in Afghanistan, in northern Pakistan, in northwestern and central India, and in western and central Nepal; populations in eastern Pakistan and in southern India migrate towards the foothills of the Himalayas in spring for breeding.[7]
Ceylon paradise flycatcher (T. p. ceylonensis) (Zarudny & Harms, 1912) occurs in Sri Lanka.
Description
Female Indian Paradise flycatcher in Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve, Chandrapur, Maharashtra, guarding its nest on a bamboo twig
Adult Indian paradise flycatchers are 19–22 cm (7.5–8.7 in) long. Their heads are glossy black with a black crown and crest, their black bill round and sturdy, their eyes black. Female are rufous on the back with a greyish throat and underparts. Their wings are 86–92 mm (3.4–3.6 in) long. Young males look very much like females but have a black throat and blue-ringed eyes. As adults they develop up to 24 cm (9.4 in) long tail feathers with two central tail feathers growing up to 30 cm (12 in) long drooping streamers.
Young males are rufous and have short tails. They acquire long tails in their second or third year. Adult males are either predominantly bright rufous above or predominantly white. Some specimens show some degree of intermediacy between rufous and white. Long-tailed rufous birds are generally devoid of shaft streaks on the wing and tail feathers, while in white birds the shaft streaks, and sometimes the edges of the wing and tail feathers are black.[2]
In the early 1960s, 680 long-tailed males were examined that are contained in collections of the British Museum of Natural History, Chicago Natural History Museum, Peabody Museum, Carnegie Museum, American Museum of Natural History, United States National Museum and Royal Ontario Museum. The specimens came from almost the entire range of the species, though some areas were poorly represented. The relative frequency of the rufous and white plumage types varies geographically. Rufous birds are rare in the extreme southeastern part of the species' range. Throughout the Indian area and, to a lesser extent, in China, asymmetrically patterned intermediates occur. Intermediates are rare or absent throughout the rest of the range of the species. In general, long-tailed males are[2]
predominantly rufous with some white in wings and tail — collected in Turkestan, Kashmir, northern India, Punjab, Maharashtra, Sikkim and in Sri Lanka;
predominantly rufous with some white in wings — collected in Iran, Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Punjab, Kashmir, northern and central India, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Bihar, Nepal;
predominantly rufous with some white in tail — collected in Punjab, northern and central India, Kolkata, Sri Lanka and in the Upper Yangtze Valley in China;
predominantly white with some rufous in tail and wings — collected in Kashmir, Maharashtra, Sichuan and North China;
predominantly white with some rufous in tail — collected in Maharashtra and Fuzhou, China;
predominantly white with back partly rufous — collected in Punjab and Chennai;
moulting from rufous into white plumage — collected in North Bihar.
Possible interpretations of this phenomenon are : males may be polymorphic for rufous and white plumage colour; rufous birds may be sub-adults; and there may even be two sympatric species distinguishable only in the male.[2]
Distribution and habitat
Adult male Indian paradise flycatcher in Pannipitiya, Sri Lanka
The Indian paradise flycatcher is a migratory bird and spends the winter season in tropical Asia. In southern India and Sri Lanka specialy highlands of Sri Lanka and Western Part of Sri Lanka, both locally breeding populations and visiting migrants occur in winter.[8][9]
Indian paradise flycatcher's breeding season lasts from May to July.[10] Being socially monogamous both male and female take part in nest-building, incubation, brooding and feeding of the young. The incubation period lasts 14 to 16 days and the nestling period 9 to 12 days.[11] The nest is sometimes built in the vicinity of a breeding pair of drongos, which keep predators away.[12]The female lays up to four eggs in a neat cup nest made with twigs and spider webs on the end of a low branch. Chicks hatch in about 21 to 23 days.[7] A case of interspecific feeding has been noted with paradise flycatcher chicks fed by Oriental white-eyes.[13]
In culture
This bird is mentioned in Satyajit Ray's Feluda detective stories Chinnamastar Abhishap and Jahangirer Swarnamudra.[citation needed]
^ abBirdLife International (2019). "Terpsiphone paradisi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T103715992A155628184. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103715992A155628184.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.|date= / |doi= mismatch
^ abcdOwen, D. F. (1963). (PDF). Ardea. 51: 230–236. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-24.
^ abLinnaeus, C. (1758). "Corvus paradisi". Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. Tomus I (decima, reformata ed.). Holmiae: Laurentius Salvius. p. 107.
^Pasquet, É.; Cibois, A.; Baillon, F.; Érard, C. (2002). "What are African monarchs (Aves, Passeriformes)? A phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial genes". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 325 (2): 107–118. doi:10.1016/S1631-0691(02)01409-9. PMID 11980172.
^Lei Xin; Lian Zhen-Min; Lei Fu-Min; Yin Zuo-Hua; Zhao Hong-Feng (2007). "Phylogeny of some Muscicapinae birds based on cyt b mitochondrial gene sequences". Acta Zoologica Sinica. 53 (1): 95.
^ abGill, F. B.; D. B. Donsker (eds.). "IOC World Bird". IOC World Bird List. doi:10.14344/ioc.ml.6.4.
^ abcRasmussen, P. C.; Anderton, J. C. (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Vol.2. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. pp. 332–333.
^Whistler, H. (1933). "The migration of the Paradise Flycatcher, (Tchitrea paradisi)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 36 (2): 498–499.
^Bates, R. S. P. (1932). "Migration of the Paradise Flycatcher Tchitrea paradisi". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 35 (4): 896–897.
^Hume, A.O. (1890). The nests and eggs of Indian birds. Volume 2. London: R. H. Porter. pp. 22–26.
^Mizuta, T.; Satoshi Yamagishi (1998). "Breeding biology of monogamous Asian Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi (Aves: Monarchinae): A special reference to colour dimorphism and exaggerated long tails in male" (PDF). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 46 (1): 101–112.
^Rashid, S.M.A.; Khan, A.; Ahmed, R. (1989). "Some observations on the breeding of Paradise Flycatcher, Terpsiphone paradisi (Linnaeus) (Monarchinae)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 86 (1): 103–105.
^Tehsin, R.H. k; Tehsin, H. (1998). "White-eye (Zosterops palpebrosa) feeding the chicks of Paradise Flycatcher (Terpsiphone paradisi)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 95 (2): 348.
Further reading
Andersen, M.J.; Hoster, P.A.; Filardi, C.E.; Moyle, R.G. (2015). "Phylogeny of the monarch flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly and novel relationships within a major Australo-Pacific radiation". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 67: 336–347. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.11.010.
Fabre, P.H.; Irestedt, M.; Fjeldså, J.; Bristol, R.; Groombridge, J.J.; Irham, M.; Jønsson, K.A. (2012). "Dynamic colonization exchanges between continents and islands drive diversification in paradise-flycatchers (Terpsiphone, Monarchidae)". Journal of Biogeography. 39: 1900–1918. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2012.02744.x.
Lewis, W.A.S. (1942) The Asian Paradise Flycatcher Tchitrea paradisi paradisi (Linn.). Some notes on a colony breeding near Calcutta. Journal of the Bengal Natural History Society 17 (1): 1–8.
Inglis, C.M. (1942) The Asian Paradise Flycatcher Tchitrea paradisi paradisi (Linn.). Journal of the Bengal Natural History Society 17 (2): 50–52.
Salomonsen, F. (1933). "Revision of the group Tchitrea affinis Blyth". Ibis. 75 (4): 730–745. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1933.tb03360.x.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Terpsiphone paradisi.
The Internet Bird Collection : Asian Paradise-flycatcher (Terpsiphone paradisi)
2015 eBird India Taxonomic re-classification of Asian Paradise Flycatcher[permanent dead link]
February 24, 2023
indian, paradise, flycatcher, terpsiphone, paradisi, medium, sized, passerine, bird, native, asia, where, widely, distributed, global, population, considered, stable, been, listed, least, concern, iucn, list, since, 2004, native, indian, subcontinent, central,. The Indian paradise flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi is a medium sized passerine bird native to Asia where it is widely distributed As the global population is considered stable it has been listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List since 2004 It is native to the Indian subcontinent Central Asia and Myanmar 1 Indian paradise flycatcherAdult maleFemaleConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder PasseriformesFamily MonarchidaeGenus TerpsiphoneSpecies T paradisiBinomial nameTerpsiphone paradisi Linnaeus 1758 SubspeciesSee textSynonymsMuscicapa paradisi Linnaeus 1766 Corvus paradisi Linnaeus 1758 Tchitrea paradisi Linnaeus 1758 Males have elongated central tail feathers and a black and rufous plumage in some populations while others have white plumage Females are short tailed with rufous wings and a black head 2 Indian paradise flycatchers feed on insects which they capture in the air often below a densely canopied tree Contents 1 Taxonomy 1 1 Subspecies 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behaviour and ecology 5 In culture 6 Selected photos 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksTaxonomy EditCorvus paradisi was the scientific name proposed by Linnaeus in 1758 3 Paradise flycatchers used to be classified with the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae but are now placed in the family Monarchidae together with monarch flycatchers 4 5 Until 2015 the Indian paradise flycatcher Blyth s paradise flycatcher and the Amur paradise flycatcher were all considered conspecific and together called Asian paradise flycatcher 6 Subspecies Edit Sub adult male Himalayan paradise flycatcher in Ranthambhore National Park Rajasthan Linnaeus thought that the Indian paradise flycatcher occurred only in India 3 Later ornithologists observed it also in other areas and described several subspecies based on differences in plumage of males Three subspecies are recognized 6 T p paradisi Linnaeus 1758 breeds in central and southern India central Bangladesh and south western Myanmar populations occurring in Sri Lanka in the winter season are non breeding 7 Himalayan paradise flycatcher T p leucogaster Swainson 1838 was initially described as a separate species It breeds in the western Tian Shan in Afghanistan in northern Pakistan in northwestern and central India and in western and central Nepal populations in eastern Pakistan and in southern India migrate towards the foothills of the Himalayas in spring for breeding 7 Ceylon paradise flycatcher T p ceylonensis Zarudny amp Harms 1912 occurs in Sri Lanka Description Edit Female Indian Paradise flycatcher in Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve Chandrapur Maharashtra guarding its nest on a bamboo twig Adult Indian paradise flycatchers are 19 22 cm 7 5 8 7 in long Their heads are glossy black with a black crown and crest their black bill round and sturdy their eyes black Female are rufous on the back with a greyish throat and underparts Their wings are 86 92 mm 3 4 3 6 in long Young males look very much like females but have a black throat and blue ringed eyes As adults they develop up to 24 cm 9 4 in long tail feathers with two central tail feathers growing up to 30 cm 12 in long drooping streamers Young males are rufous and have short tails They acquire long tails in their second or third year Adult males are either predominantly bright rufous above or predominantly white Some specimens show some degree of intermediacy between rufous and white Long tailed rufous birds are generally devoid of shaft streaks on the wing and tail feathers while in white birds the shaft streaks and sometimes the edges of the wing and tail feathers are black 2 In the early 1960s 680 long tailed males were examined that are contained in collections of the British Museum of Natural History Chicago Natural History Museum Peabody Museum Carnegie Museum American Museum of Natural History United States National Museum and Royal Ontario Museum The specimens came from almost the entire range of the species though some areas were poorly represented The relative frequency of the rufous and white plumage types varies geographically Rufous birds are rare in the extreme southeastern part of the species range Throughout the Indian area and to a lesser extent in China asymmetrically patterned intermediates occur Intermediates are rare or absent throughout the rest of the range of the species In general long tailed males are 2 predominantly rufous with some white in wings and tail collected in Turkestan Kashmir northern India Punjab Maharashtra Sikkim and in Sri Lanka predominantly rufous with some white in wings collected in Iran Afghanistan Baluchistan Punjab Kashmir northern and central India Rajasthan Maharashtra Bihar Nepal predominantly rufous with some white in tail collected in Punjab northern and central India Kolkata Sri Lanka and in the Upper Yangtze Valley in China predominantly white with some rufous in tail and wings collected in Kashmir Maharashtra Sichuan and North China predominantly white with some rufous in tail collected in Maharashtra and Fuzhou China predominantly white with back partly rufous collected in Punjab and Chennai moulting from rufous into white plumage collected in North Bihar Possible interpretations of this phenomenon are males may be polymorphic for rufous and white plumage colour rufous birds may be sub adults and there may even be two sympatric species distinguishable only in the male 2 Distribution and habitat Edit Adult male Indian paradise flycatcher in Pannipitiya Sri Lanka The Indian paradise flycatcher is a migratory bird and spends the winter season in tropical Asia In southern India and Sri Lanka specialy highlands of Sri Lanka and Western Part of Sri Lanka both locally breeding populations and visiting migrants occur in winter 8 9 Behaviour and ecology Edit Female leucogaster on nest Sub adult male on nest in Andhra Pradesh Indian paradise flycatcher s breeding season lasts from May to July 10 Being socially monogamous both male and female take part in nest building incubation brooding and feeding of the young The incubation period lasts 14 to 16 days and the nestling period 9 to 12 days 11 The nest is sometimes built in the vicinity of a breeding pair of drongos which keep predators away 12 The female lays up to four eggs in a neat cup nest made with twigs and spider webs on the end of a low branch Chicks hatch in about 21 to 23 days 7 A case of interspecific feeding has been noted with paradise flycatcher chicks fed by Oriental white eyes 13 In culture EditThis bird is mentioned in Satyajit Ray s Feluda detective stories Chinnamastar Abhishap and Jahangirer Swarnamudra citation needed Selected photos Edit Adult male in Kullu District Himachal Pradesh India Female in Kullu District Himachal Pradesh Female Indian paradise flycatcher Indian paradise flycatcher in Chandigarh India Indian paradise flycatcher in Gir National Park Indian paradise flycatcher in Sattal In Chitwan National Park Nepal In Nagarjun Forest Reserve Area Kathmandu ValleyReferences Edit a b BirdLife International 2019 Terpsiphone paradisi IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T103715992A155628184 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2017 3 RLTS T103715992A155628184 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 date doi mismatch a b c d Owen D F 1963 The rufous and white forms of an Asiatic paradise flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi PDF Ardea 51 230 236 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 07 24 a b Linnaeus C 1758 Corvus paradisi Caroli Linnaei Systema naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes ordines genera species cum characteribus differentiis synonymis locis Vol Tomus I decima reformata ed Holmiae Laurentius Salvius p 107 Pasquet E Cibois A Baillon F Erard C 2002 What are African monarchs Aves Passeriformes A phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial genes Comptes Rendus Biologies 325 2 107 118 doi 10 1016 S1631 0691 02 01409 9 PMID 11980172 Lei Xin Lian Zhen Min Lei Fu Min Yin Zuo Hua Zhao Hong Feng 2007 Phylogeny of some Muscicapinae birds based on cyt b mitochondrial gene sequences Acta Zoologica Sinica 53 1 95 a b Gill F B D B Donsker eds IOC World Bird IOC World Bird List doi 10 14344 ioc ml 6 4 a b c Rasmussen P C Anderton J C 2005 Birds of South Asia The Ripley Guide Vol 2 Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions pp 332 333 Whistler H 1933 The migration of the Paradise Flycatcher Tchitrea paradisi Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 36 2 498 499 Bates R S P 1932 Migration of the Paradise Flycatcher Tchitrea paradisi Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 35 4 896 897 Hume A O 1890 The nests and eggs of Indian birds Volume 2 London R H Porter pp 22 26 Mizuta T Satoshi Yamagishi 1998 Breeding biology of monogamous Asian Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi Aves Monarchinae A special reference to colour dimorphism and exaggerated long tails in male PDF Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 46 1 101 112 Rashid S M A Khan A Ahmed R 1989 Some observations on the breeding of Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi Linnaeus Monarchinae Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 86 1 103 105 Tehsin R H k Tehsin H 1998 White eye Zosterops palpebrosa feeding the chicks of Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 95 2 348 Further reading EditAndersen M J Hoster P A Filardi C E Moyle R G 2015 Phylogeny of the monarch flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly and novel relationships within a major Australo Pacific radiation Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 67 336 347 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2014 11 010 Fabre P H Irestedt M Fjeldsa J Bristol R Groombridge J J Irham M Jonsson K A 2012 Dynamic colonization exchanges between continents and islands drive diversification in paradise flycatchers Terpsiphone Monarchidae Journal of Biogeography 39 1900 1918 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2699 2012 02744 x Lewis W A S 1942 The Asian Paradise Flycatcher Tchitrea paradisi paradisi Linn Some notes on a colony breeding near Calcutta Journal of the Bengal Natural History Society 17 1 1 8 Inglis C M 1942 The Asian Paradise Flycatcher Tchitrea paradisi paradisi Linn Journal of the Bengal Natural History Society 17 2 50 52 Salomonsen F 1933 Revision of the group Tchitrea affinis Blyth Ibis 75 4 730 745 doi 10 1111 j 1474 919X 1933 tb03360 x External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Terpsiphone paradisi The Internet Bird Collection Asian Paradise flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi 2015 eBird India Taxonomic re classification of Asian Paradise Flycatcher permanent dead link Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Indian paradise flycatcher amp oldid 1137796618, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
