Hoplitosaurus (meaning "Hoplite lizard") was a genus of armored dinosaur related to Polacanthus. It was named from a partial skeleton found in the ?Barremian-age Lower CretaceousLakota Formation of Custer County, South Dakota. It is an obscure genus which has been subject to some misinterpretation of its damaged remains. Although there was a push to synonymize it with Polacanthus in the late 1980s-early 1990s, Hoplitosaurus has been accepted as a valid albeit poorly known genus in more recent reviews.
William T. Blows[4] and Javier Pereda-Suberbiola[5][6] both considered the genus to be the same as Polacanthus, creating the new combination Polacanthus marshii, but this has since been rejected.[7]Ken Carpenter and James Kirkland noted that many of the resemblances between the two were more widely distributed among ankylosaurs than previously thought, or were based on damage to the bones, such as some femoral characters.[7]
However, its similarity to Polacanthus has been noted since Lucas renamed it in 1902,[3] the two being most similar in armor, although Hoplitosaurus lacks the sacral shield of armor found in Polacanthus.[7] Today, both are considered to be polacanthine or polacanthid ankylosaurs,[8] depending on classification preference (see for example [1]), or ankylosaurians of uncertain relationships.[9]
Paleobiologyedit
Gilmore described the animal as being about 1.2 m (4 ft) tall at the hips.[2] It would have been a quadrupedalherbivore, eating low to the ground; armor was its main defense.[9]
Blows (2001) reconsidered the armor in light of new data on polacanthine dinosaurs, and found it to fall into the following categories:[10]
^Lucas, F.A. (1901). A new dinosaur, Stegosaurus marshi, from the Lower Cretaceous of South Dakota. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 23(1224):591-592.
^ abcGilmore, C.W. (1914). Osteology of the armored Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genus Stegosaurus. United States National Museum Bulletin 89:1-136.
^ abLucas, F.A. (1902). Paleontological notes. The generic name Omosaurus. A new generic name for Stegosaurus marshi. Science, new series 16(402):435.
^Blows, W.T. (1987). The armoured dinosaur Polacanthus foxi from the Lower Cretaceous of the Isle of Wight. Palaeontology 30(3):557-580.
^Pereda-Suberbiola, J. (1991). Nouvelle évidence d'une connexion terrestre entre Europe et Amérique du Nord au Crétacé inférior: Hoplitosaurus synonyme de Polacanthus (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria). C.R. Academie Science, Paris 313:971-976. [French]
^Pereda-Suberbiola, J. (1994). Polacanthus (Ornithischia, Ankylosauria), a transatlantic armoured dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Europe and North America. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 232(4-6):133-159.
^ abcCarpenter, K., and Kirkland, J.I. (1998). Review of Lower and middle Cretaceous ankylosaurs from North America. In: Lucas, S.G., Kirkland, J.I., and Estep, J.W. (eds.). Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 14:249-270.
^Carpenter, K. (2001). Phylogenetic analysis of the Ankylosauria. In: Carpenter, K. (ed.). The Armored Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press:Bloomington, 455-483. ISBN0-253-33964-2
^ abVickaryous, M.K., Maryańska, T., and Weishampel, D.B. (2004). Ankylosauria. In: Weishampel, D.B., Dodson, P., and Osmólska, H. (eds.). The Dinosauria (second edition). University of California Press:Berkeley, 363-392. ISBN0-520-24209-2
^Blows, W.T. (2001). Dermal armor of the polacanthine dinosaurs. In: Carpenter, K. (ed.). The Armored Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press:Bloomington, 363-385. ISBN0-253-33964-2
hoplitosaurus, meaning, hoplite, lizard, genus, armored, dinosaur, related, polacanthus, named, from, partial, skeleton, found, barremian, lower, cretaceous, lakota, formation, custer, county, south, dakota, obscure, genus, which, been, subject, some, misinter. Hoplitosaurus meaning Hoplite lizard was a genus of armored dinosaur related to Polacanthus It was named from a partial skeleton found in the Barremian age Lower Cretaceous Lakota Formation of Custer County South Dakota It is an obscure genus which has been subject to some misinterpretation of its damaged remains Although there was a push to synonymize it with Polacanthus in the late 1980s early 1990s Hoplitosaurus has been accepted as a valid albeit poorly known genus in more recent reviews HoplitosaurusTemporal range Early Cretaceous 130 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Spined plate Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Clade Dinosauria Clade Ornithischia Clade Thyreophora Clade Ankylosauria Family Nodosauridae Subfamily Polacanthinae Genus HoplitosaurusLucas 1902 Type species Hoplitosaurus marshiLucas 1901 Contents 1 History and Taxonomy 2 Paleobiology 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksHistory and Taxonomy edit nbsp Femur The holotype specimen USNM 4752 was discovered in 1898 by Nelson Horatio Darton near Buffalo Gap Station and consisted of ribs caudal vertebrae part of a right scapulocoracoid parts of both humeri a right femur and a variety of armor including tall spines 1 2 Frederic Augustus Lucas described it briefly in 1901 as a new species of Stegosaurus but soon gave the material its own genus 3 Charles W Gilmore fully described the material in 1914 2 William T Blows 4 and Javier Pereda Suberbiola 5 6 both considered the genus to be the same as Polacanthus creating the new combination Polacanthus marshii but this has since been rejected 7 Ken Carpenter and James Kirkland noted that many of the resemblances between the two were more widely distributed among ankylosaurs than previously thought or were based on damage to the bones such as some femoral characters 7 However its similarity to Polacanthus has been noted since Lucas renamed it in 1902 3 the two being most similar in armor although Hoplitosaurus lacks the sacral shield of armor found in Polacanthus 7 Today both are considered to be polacanthine or polacanthid ankylosaurs 8 depending on classification preference see for example 1 or ankylosaurians of uncertain relationships 9 Paleobiology editGilmore described the animal as being about 1 2 m 4 ft tall at the hips 2 It would have been a quadrupedal herbivore eating low to the ground armor was its main defense 9 Blows 2001 reconsidered the armor in light of new data on polacanthine dinosaurs and found it to fall into the following categories 10 Pectoral spines Presacral spines Splates spine plate from the sacral region Tall asymmetric hollow based caudal plates Small to large solid based ridged ossicles filling spaces See also editTimeline of ankylosaur researchReferences edit Lucas F A 1901 A new dinosaur Stegosaurus marshi from the Lower Cretaceous of South Dakota Proceedings of the United States National Museum 23 1224 591 592 a b c Gilmore C W 1914 Osteology of the armored Dinosauria in the United States National Museum with special reference to the genus Stegosaurus United States National Museum Bulletin 89 1 136 a b Lucas F A 1902 Paleontological notes The generic name Omosaurus A new generic name for Stegosaurus marshi Science new series 16 402 435 Blows W T 1987 The armoured dinosaur Polacanthus foxi from the Lower Cretaceous of the Isle of Wight Palaeontology 30 3 557 580 Pereda Suberbiola J 1991 Nouvelle evidence d une connexion terrestre entre Europe et Amerique du Nord au Cretace inferior Hoplitosaurus synonyme de Polacanthus Ornithischia Ankylosauria C R Academie Science Paris 313 971 976 French Pereda Suberbiola J 1994 Polacanthus Ornithischia Ankylosauria a transatlantic armoured dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Europe and North America Palaeontographica Abteilung A 232 4 6 133 159 a b c Carpenter K and Kirkland J I 1998 Review of Lower and middle Cretaceous ankylosaurs from North America In Lucas S G Kirkland J I and Estep J W eds Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 14 249 270 Carpenter K 2001 Phylogenetic analysis of the Ankylosauria In Carpenter K ed The Armored Dinosaurs Indiana University Press Bloomington 455 483 ISBN 0 253 33964 2 a b Vickaryous M K Maryanska T and Weishampel D B 2004 Ankylosauria In Weishampel D B Dodson P and Osmolska H eds The Dinosauria second edition University of California Press Berkeley 363 392 ISBN 0 520 24209 2 Blows W T 2001 Dermal armor of the polacanthine dinosaurs In Carpenter K ed The Armored Dinosaurs Indiana University Press Bloomington 363 385 ISBN 0 253 33964 2External links editPolacanthidae at Tree of Life Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hoplitosaurus amp oldid 1062488814, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
