Holomycota or Nucletmycea are a basal Opisthokont clade as sister of the Holozoa. It consists of the Cristidiscoidea and the kingdom Fungi. The position of nucleariids, unicellular free-living phagotrophic amoebae,[3] as the earliest lineage of Holomycota suggests that animals and fungi independently acquired complex multicellularity from a common unicellular ancestor and that the osmotrophic lifestyle (one of the fungal hallmarks) was originated later in the divergence of this eukaryotic lineage. Opisthosporidians is a recently proposed taxonomic group that includes aphelids,[4]Microsporidia and Cryptomycota, three groups of endoparasites.[5]
Rozella (Cryptomycota) is the earliest diverging fungal genus in which chitin has been observed at least in some stages of their life cycle,[5] although the chitinous cell wall (another fungal hallmark) and osmotrophy originated in a common ancestor of Blastocladiomycota and Chytridiomycota, which still contain some ancestral characteristics such as the flagellum in zoosporic stage.[6] The groups of fungi with the characteristic hyphal growth, Zoopagomycota, Mucoromycotina and Dikarya, originated from a common ancestor ~700 Mya.[6] Zoopagomycota are mostly pathogens of animals or other fungi, Mucoromycotina is a more diverse group including parasites, saprotrophs or ectomycorrhizal.[5]Dikarya is the group embracing Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, which comprise ~98% of the described fungal species.[6] Because of this rich diversity, Dikarya includes highly morphologically distinct groups, from hyphae or unicellular yeasts (such as the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to the complex multicellular fungi popularly known as mushrooms.[6] Contrary to animals and land plants with complex multicellularity, the inferred phylogenetic relationships indicate that fungi acquired and lost multicellularity multiple times along Ascomycota and Basidiomycota evolution.[7]
Phylogenyedit
The phylogenetic tree depicts the fungi and their close relationship to other organisms, based on the work of Philippe Silar[8] and "The Mycota: A Comprehensive Treatise on Fungi as Experimental Systems for Basic and Applied Research".[9][10] The holomycota tree is following Tedersoo et al.[11][12][13]
^Adl, Sina M.; Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Lane, Christopher E.; Lukeš, Julius; Bass, David; Bowser, Samuel S.; Brown, Matthew W.; Burki, Fabien; Dunthorn, Micah; Hampl, Vladimir; Heiss, Aaron; Hoppenrath, Mona; Lara, Enrique; Le Gall, Line; Lynn, Denis H.; McManus, Hilary; Mitchell, Edward A. D.; Mozley-Stanridge, Sharon E.; Parfrey, Laura W.; Pawlowski, Jan; Rueckert, Sonja; Shadwick, Laura; Schoch, Conrad L.; Smirnov, Alexey; Spiegel, Frederick W. (2012). "The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 59 (5): 429–514. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x. PMC3483872. PMID 23020233.
^Brown MW, Spiegel FW, Silberman JD (December 2009). "Phylogeny of the "forgotten" cellular slime mold, Fonticula alba, reveals a key evolutionary branch within Opisthokonta". Mol. Biol. Evol. 26 (12): 2699–709. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp185. PMID 19692665.
^López‐Escardó, David; López‐García, Purificación; Moreira, David; Ruiz‐Trillo, Iñaki; Torruella, Guifré (2017-08-12). "Parvularia atlantis gen. et sp. nov., a Nucleariid Filose Amoeba (Holomycota, Opisthokonta)". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 65 (2): 170–179. doi:10.1111/jeu.12450. ISSN 1550-7408. PMC5708529. PMID 28741861.
^Karpov, Sergey; Mamkaeva, Maria A.; Aleoshin, Vladimir; Nassonova, Elena; Lilje, Osu; Gleason, Frank H. (2014). "Morphology, phylogeny, and ecology of the aphelids (Aphelidea, Opisthokonta) and proposal for the new superphylum Opisthosporidia". Frontiers in Microbiology. 5: 112. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00112. PMC3975115. PMID 24734027.
^ abcBerbee, Mary L.; James, Timothy Y.; Strullu-Derrien, Christine (2017-09-08). "Early Diverging Fungi: Diversity and Impact at the Dawn of Terrestrial Life". Annual Review of Microbiology. 71 (1): 41–60. doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-030117-020324. PMID 28525299.
^ abcdStajich, Jason E.; Berbee, Mary L.; Blackwell, Meredith; Hibbett, David S.; James, Timothy Y.; Spatafora, Joseph W.; Taylor, John W. (2009-09-29). "The Fungi". Current Biology. 19 (18): R840–R845. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.07.004. PMC2913116. PMID 19788875.
^Nguyen, Tu Anh; Cissé, Ousmane H.; Wong, Jie Yun; Zheng, Peng; Hewitt, David; Nowrousian, Minou; Stajich, Jason E.; Jedd, Gregory (2017-02-08). "Innovation and constraint leading to complex multicellularity in the Ascomycota". Nature Communications. 8: ncomms14444. Bibcode:2017NatCo...814444N. doi:10.1038/ncomms14444. PMC5309816. PMID 28176784.
^Silar P (2016). Protistes Eucaryotes: Origine, Evolution et Biologie des Microbes Eucaryotes. HAL. p. 462. ISBN978-2-9555841-0-1.
^Esser K (2014). The Mycota VII A: Systematics and Evolution (2nd ed.). Springer. p. 461. ISBN978-3-642-55317-2.
^Bass, David; Czech, Lucas; Williams, Bryony A. P.; Berney, Cédric; Dunthorn, Micah; Mahé, Frederic; Torruella, Guifré; Stentiford, Grant D.; Williams, Tom A. (2018-04-28). "Clarifying the Relationships between Microsporidia and Cryptomycota". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 65 (6): 773–782. doi:10.1111/jeu.12519. ISSN 1066-5234. PMC6282948. PMID 29603494.
^Tedersoo, Leho; Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago; Kõljalg, Urmas; Bahram, Mohammad; Döring, Markus; Schigel, Dmitry; May, Tom; Ryberg, Martin; Abarenkov, Kessy (2018). "High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses". Fungal Diversity. 90 (1): 135–159. doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0. hdl:10138/238983. ISSN 1560-2745.
^Galindo, Luis Javier; Torruella, Guifré; López-García, Purificación; Ciobanu, Maria; Gutiérrez-Preciado, Ana; Karpov, Sergey A; Moreira, David (2022-07-28). "Phylogenomics Supports the Monophyly of Aphelids and Fungi and Identifies New Molecular Synapomorphies". Systematic Biology.
February 15, 2024
holomycota, nucletmycea, basal, opisthokont, clade, sister, holozoa, consists, cristidiscoidea, kingdom, fungi, position, nucleariids, unicellular, free, living, phagotrophic, amoebae, earliest, lineage, suggests, that, animals, fungi, independently, acquired,. Holomycota or Nucletmycea are a basal Opisthokont clade as sister of the Holozoa It consists of the Cristidiscoidea and the kingdom Fungi The position of nucleariids unicellular free living phagotrophic amoebae 3 as the earliest lineage of Holomycota suggests that animals and fungi independently acquired complex multicellularity from a common unicellular ancestor and that the osmotrophic lifestyle one of the fungal hallmarks was originated later in the divergence of this eukaryotic lineage Opisthosporidians is a recently proposed taxonomic group that includes aphelids 4 Microsporidia and Cryptomycota three groups of endoparasites 5 HolomycotaNucleariaScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaClade AmorpheaClade Obazoa unranked OpisthokontaClade HolomycotaLiu et al 2009Groups 1 Cristidiscoidea Kingdom Fungi Aphelida True Fungi RozellidaSynonymsNucletmycea Brown et al 2009 2 Holofungi FungidaRozella Cryptomycota is the earliest diverging fungal genus in which chitin has been observed at least in some stages of their life cycle 5 although the chitinous cell wall another fungal hallmark and osmotrophy originated in a common ancestor of Blastocladiomycota and Chytridiomycota which still contain some ancestral characteristics such as the flagellum in zoosporic stage 6 The groups of fungi with the characteristic hyphal growth Zoopagomycota Mucoromycotina and Dikarya originated from a common ancestor 700 Mya 6 Zoopagomycota are mostly pathogens of animals or other fungi Mucoromycotina is a more diverse group including parasites saprotrophs or ectomycorrhizal 5 Dikarya is the group embracing Ascomycota and Basidiomycota which comprise 98 of the described fungal species 6 Because of this rich diversity Dikarya includes highly morphologically distinct groups from hyphae or unicellular yeasts such as the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the complex multicellular fungi popularly known as mushrooms 6 Contrary to animals and land plants with complex multicellularity the inferred phylogenetic relationships indicate that fungi acquired and lost multicellularity multiple times along Ascomycota and Basidiomycota evolution 7 Phylogeny editThe phylogenetic tree depicts the fungi and their close relationship to other organisms based on the work of Philippe Silar 8 and The Mycota A Comprehensive Treatise on Fungi as Experimental Systems for Basic and Applied Research 9 10 The holomycota tree is following Tedersoo et al 11 12 13 Opisthokonts Holomycota Cristidiscoidea FonticulidaNucleariida nbsp Fungi BCG2Phytophagea True Fungi nbsp AphelidaBCG1Rozellomyceta Rozella nbsp Namako 37Microsporidia MetchnikovelleaMicrosporea nbsp Cryptomycota OpisthophageaOpisthosporidiaHolozoa Ichthyosporea nbsp Pluriformea Corallochytrium nbsp SyssomonasFilozoa Filasterea nbsp Choanozoa Choanoflagellatea nbsp Animalia nbsp References edit Adl Sina M Simpson Alastair G B Lane Christopher E Lukes Julius Bass David Bowser Samuel S Brown Matthew W Burki Fabien Dunthorn Micah Hampl Vladimir Heiss Aaron Hoppenrath Mona Lara Enrique Le Gall Line Lynn Denis H McManus Hilary Mitchell Edward A D Mozley Stanridge Sharon E Parfrey Laura W Pawlowski Jan Rueckert Sonja Shadwick Laura Schoch Conrad L Smirnov Alexey Spiegel Frederick W 2012 The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 5 429 514 doi 10 1111 j 1550 7408 2012 00644 x PMC 3483872 PMID 23020233 Brown MW Spiegel FW Silberman JD December 2009 Phylogeny of the forgotten cellular slime mold Fonticula alba reveals a key evolutionary branch within Opisthokonta Mol Biol Evol 26 12 2699 709 doi 10 1093 molbev msp185 PMID 19692665 Lopez Escardo David Lopez Garcia Purificacion Moreira David Ruiz Trillo Inaki Torruella Guifre 2017 08 12 Parvularia atlantis gen et sp nov a Nucleariid Filose Amoeba Holomycota Opisthokonta Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 65 2 170 179 doi 10 1111 jeu 12450 ISSN 1550 7408 PMC 5708529 PMID 28741861 Karpov Sergey Mamkaeva Maria A Aleoshin Vladimir Nassonova Elena Lilje Osu Gleason Frank H 2014 Morphology phylogeny and ecology of the aphelids Aphelidea Opisthokonta and proposal for the new superphylum Opisthosporidia Frontiers in Microbiology 5 112 doi 10 3389 fmicb 2014 00112 PMC 3975115 PMID 24734027 a b c Berbee Mary L James Timothy Y Strullu Derrien Christine 2017 09 08 Early Diverging Fungi Diversity and Impact at the Dawn of Terrestrial Life Annual Review of Microbiology 71 1 41 60 doi 10 1146 annurev micro 030117 020324 PMID 28525299 a b c d Stajich Jason E Berbee Mary L Blackwell Meredith Hibbett David S James Timothy Y Spatafora Joseph W Taylor John W 2009 09 29 The Fungi Current Biology 19 18 R840 R845 doi 10 1016 j cub 2009 07 004 PMC 2913116 PMID 19788875 Nguyen Tu Anh Cisse Ousmane H Wong Jie Yun Zheng Peng Hewitt David Nowrousian Minou Stajich Jason E Jedd Gregory 2017 02 08 Innovation and constraint leading to complex multicellularity in the Ascomycota Nature Communications 8 ncomms14444 Bibcode 2017NatCo 814444N doi 10 1038 ncomms14444 PMC 5309816 PMID 28176784 Silar P 2016 Protistes Eucaryotes Origine Evolution et Biologie des Microbes Eucaryotes HAL p 462 ISBN 978 2 9555841 0 1 Esser K 2014 The Mycota VII A Systematics and Evolution 2nd ed Springer p 461 ISBN 978 3 642 55317 2 Bass David Czech Lucas Williams Bryony A P Berney Cedric Dunthorn Micah Mahe Frederic Torruella Guifre Stentiford Grant D Williams Tom A 2018 04 28 Clarifying the Relationships between Microsporidia and Cryptomycota Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 65 6 773 782 doi 10 1111 jeu 12519 ISSN 1066 5234 PMC 6282948 PMID 29603494 Tedersoo Leho Sanchez Ramirez Santiago Koljalg Urmas Bahram Mohammad Doring Markus Schigel Dmitry May Tom Ryberg Martin Abarenkov Kessy 2018 High level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses Fungal Diversity 90 1 135 159 doi 10 1007 s13225 018 0401 0 hdl 10138 238983 ISSN 1560 2745 Lopez Garcia Purificacion Volcker Eckhard Sebe Pedros Arnau Burns John Karpov Sergey A Moreira David Grau Bove Xavier Torruella Guifre 2018 08 17 The aphelid like phagotrophic origins of fungi bioRxiv 233882 doi 10 1101 233882 Galindo Luis Javier Torruella Guifre Lopez Garcia Purificacion Ciobanu Maria Gutierrez Preciado Ana Karpov Sergey A Moreira David 2022 07 28 Phylogenomics Supports the Monophyly of Aphelids and Fungi and Identifies New Molecular Synapomorphies Systematic Biology Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Holomycota amp oldid 1172542767, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
