Corallochytrium belongs to the class of Corallochytrea within Teretosporea and is a sister group to Ichthyosporea.[2]Corallochytrium limacisporum is the only species of Corallochytrium known so far. It was first discovered and named in the Arabian Sea’s coral lagoons by Kaghu-Kumar in 1987. It was first thought to be a member of the fungi-like thraustochytrids, however, this was later disproven due to Corallochytriums lack of cilia and sagenogenetosome. Little research has been done on the life cycle or morphology. Most research concerning this genus has been done to uncover the evolution of animals and fungi, as Corallochytrium possess both animal and fungal enzymatic trademarks (C-14 reductase and α-AAR respectively).
The genus name is derived from the habitat in which it was first found: coral reef lagoons. The single species name is derived from the limax-shaped (slug-shaped) spores that are produced by the cell. (Raghu-kumar, 1987).
Taxonomyedit
C. limacisporum was first discovered and named in 1987 in coral reef lagoons of three Lakshadweep islands in the Arabian sea; Agatti, Kavaratti and Bangaram (Raghu-kumar, 1987). The organism was initially thought to be a new thraustochytrid protist, a group of protists that closely resemble fungi and produce filaments from which they absorb nutrients (Raghu-kumar 1987). However, Cavalier-Smith & Allsopp (1996) explain that C. limancisporum had been wrongly classified as it lacks all defining characteristics of thraustochytrids. After phylogenetic analysis, Corallochytrium was determined not to be a thraustochytrid, but rather related to choanoflagellates. Cavalier-Smith assigned a new order and class for Corallochytrium under the phylum Choanozoa: Corallochytrida and Corallochytrea respectively (Cavelier-Smith 1995). Recently, Torruella et al. (2015) revealed that Corallochytrium has a sister group: Ichthyosporea and clusters within Teretosporea, an early branching lineage of unicellular organisms that are thought to be one of the closest relatives to animals (Marshall, 2014)
Corallochytrium has become an important species in unraveling the diversification of animals from fungi and opisthokont evolution. Corallochytrium and Ichthyosporea are thought to be the earliest branches of the holozoans (animals and all their ancestors, excluding fungi) (Torruella et al. 2015). However new phylogenetic trees placing Corallochytrium closer to fungi are emerging (Sumanthi et al. 2006). Phylogenetic trees based on the α-AAR gene, put Corallochytrium as a sister group to fungi, however trees using other genes, such as C-14 reductase, have been inconclusive in their placement in relation to animals or fungi (Sumanthi et al. 2006).
Descriptionedit
Corallochytrium is a small (around 5–20μm in diameter), round, non-photosynthetic choanoflagellate (Torruella et al. 2015, Cavalier-Smith & Allsopp, 1996). It possesses no cilia (despite being a choanoflagellate) and no sagenogenetosome (Cavalier-Smith, 2001). It has a thin wall of unknown composition, that does not resemble that of fungi (Cavalier-Smith, 2001). Like fungi and choanoflagellates, Corallochytrium has flat mitochondrial cristae (Cavalier-Smith, 2001).
Habitat and ecologyedit
Little is known about Corallochytrium's feeding and ecology, however its feeding regime has strong implications for the evolution of animals and fungi. Corallochytrium is a marine protist that inhabits coral reef lagoons in the Arabian Sea (Raghu-kumar, 1987). C. limacisporum is predatory and feeds on large eukaryotic prey (Hehenberger et al. 2017). Corallochytrium has the fungal signature α-aminoadipate reductase (α-AAR) which is involved in the α-aminoadipate (AAA) pathway that synthesises amino acids from inorganic nitrogen in fungi (Sumathi et al. 2006). α-AAR is an evolutionarily conserved enzyme in the fungi (Sumathi at al., 2006). The presence of α-AAR in Corallochytrium suggests it is a sister clade to fungi. Like fungi, Corallochytrium has also been found to be saprotrophic (Cavalier-Smith & Allsopp, 1996). Coralochytrium also possess the sterol C-14 reductase gene involved in animal and fungi sterol pathways (Sumathi at al., 2006).
Life cycleedit
Little documentation of the Corallochytrium life cycle exists. However it is known that Corallochytrium produces colonies by binary, palintomic cell division (Raghu-kumar, 1987). Completion of the Corallochytrium life cycle involves the release of limax-shaped spores (Raghu-kumar, 1987).
Referencesedit
^Ruiz-Trillo, Iñaki; Donachie, Stuart; Sitjà-Bobadilla, Ariadna; Roger, Andrew J.; Paley, Richard; Nichols, Krista M.; Whipps, Christopher M.; Pérez-Cordón, Gregorio; Eme, Laura (2015-09-21). "Phylogenomics Reveals Convergent Evolution of Lifestyles in Close Relatives of Animals and Fungi". Current Biology. 25 (18): 2404–2410. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.053. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 26365255.
^. multicellgenome.com. Archived from the original on 2019-06-13.
Cavalier-Smith, T. 2001.“What are Fungi” in The Mycota VIII: 3–30.
Cavalier-Smith, T., Allsopp, P. 1996. Corallochytrium, an enigmatic non-flagellate protozoan related to choanoflagellates. Protistology. 32(3): 306–310. doi: 10.1016/S0932-4739(96)80053-8
Hehenberger et al. 2017. Novel predators reshape holozoan phylogeny and reveal the presence of a two-component signaling system in the ancestor of animals. Current Biol. 27: 2043-2050. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.006
Marshall, W. 2014. Ichythyosporea. Mesomycetozoa, Mesomycetozoa. Version 6 December 2014 (under construction). Retrieved from: http://tolweb.org/Ichthyosporea/121172/2014.12.06 in Tree of Life Web Project.
Raghu-kumar, S. 1987. Occurrence of the Thraustochytrid, Corallochytrium limacisporum gen. et sp. nov. in the coral reef lagoons of the Lakshadweep Islands in the Arabian Sea. Botanica Marina. 30: 83–89. doi: 10.1515/botm.1987.30.1.83
Sumathi, J.C., Raghukumar, S., Kasbekar, D.P., Raghukumar, C. 2006. Molecular evidence of fungal signatures in the marine protist Corallochytrium limacisporum and its implications in the evolution of animals and fungi. Protist. 157(4): 363-373. doi: 10.1016/j.protis.2006.05.003
Torruella et al. 2015. Phylogenomics reveal convergent evolution of lifestyles in close relatives of animals and fungi. Current Biology. 25(18): 2404–2410. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.053
February 15, 2024
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This article may be too technical for most readers to understand Please help improve it to make it understandable to non experts without removing the technical details December 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message Corallochytrium belongs to the class of Corallochytrea within Teretosporea and is a sister group to Ichthyosporea 2 Corallochytrium limacisporum is the only species of Corallochytrium known so far It was first discovered and named in the Arabian Sea s coral lagoons by Kaghu Kumar in 1987 It was first thought to be a member of the fungi like thraustochytrids however this was later disproven due to Corallochytriums lack of cilia and sagenogenetosome Little research has been done on the life cycle or morphology Most research concerning this genus has been done to uncover the evolution of animals and fungi as Corallochytrium possess both animal and fungal enzymatic trademarks C 14 reductase and a AAR respectively CorallochytriumScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaClass CorallochytreaCavalier Smith 1998Order CorallochytridaCavalier Smith 1995Family CorallochytriidaeCavalier Smith 1995Genus CorallochytriumRaghu Kumar 1987 1 Type speciesCorallochytrium limacisporumO Kelly amp Nerad 1999SpeciesC limacisporum Contents 1 Etymology 2 Taxonomy 3 Description 4 Habitat and ecology 4 1 Life cycle 5 ReferencesEtymology editThe genus name is derived from the habitat in which it was first found coral reef lagoons The single species name is derived from the limax shaped slug shaped spores that are produced by the cell Raghu kumar 1987 Taxonomy editC limacisporum was first discovered and named in 1987 in coral reef lagoons of three Lakshadweep islands in the Arabian sea Agatti Kavaratti and Bangaram Raghu kumar 1987 The organism was initially thought to be a new thraustochytrid protist a group of protists that closely resemble fungi and produce filaments from which they absorb nutrients Raghu kumar 1987 However Cavalier Smith amp Allsopp 1996 explain that C limancisporum had been wrongly classified as it lacks all defining characteristics of thraustochytrids After phylogenetic analysis Corallochytrium was determined not to be a thraustochytrid but rather related to choanoflagellates Cavalier Smith assigned a new order and class for Corallochytrium under the phylum Choanozoa Corallochytrida and Corallochytrea respectively Cavelier Smith 1995 Recently Torruella et al 2015 revealed that Corallochytrium has a sister group Ichthyosporea and clusters within Teretosporea an early branching lineage of unicellular organisms that are thought to be one of the closest relatives to animals Marshall 2014 Corallochytrium has become an important species in unraveling the diversification of animals from fungi and opisthokont evolution Corallochytrium and Ichthyosporea are thought to be the earliest branches of the holozoans animals and all their ancestors excluding fungi Torruella et al 2015 However new phylogenetic trees placing Corallochytrium closer to fungi are emerging Sumanthi et al 2006 Phylogenetic trees based on the a AAR gene put Corallochytrium as a sister group to fungi however trees using other genes such as C 14 reductase have been inconclusive in their placement in relation to animals or fungi Sumanthi et al 2006 Description editCorallochytrium is a small around 5 20mm in diameter round non photosynthetic choanoflagellate Torruella et al 2015 Cavalier Smith amp Allsopp 1996 It possesses no cilia despite being a choanoflagellate and no sagenogenetosome Cavalier Smith 2001 It has a thin wall of unknown composition that does not resemble that of fungi Cavalier Smith 2001 Like fungi and choanoflagellates Corallochytrium has flat mitochondrial cristae Cavalier Smith 2001 Habitat and ecology editLittle is known about Corallochytrium s feeding and ecology however its feeding regime has strong implications for the evolution of animals and fungi Corallochytrium is a marine protist that inhabits coral reef lagoons in the Arabian Sea Raghu kumar 1987 C limacisporum is predatory and feeds on large eukaryotic prey Hehenberger et al 2017 Corallochytrium has the fungal signature a aminoadipate reductase a AAR which is involved in the a aminoadipate AAA pathway that synthesises amino acids from inorganic nitrogen in fungi Sumathi et al 2006 a AAR is an evolutionarily conserved enzyme in the fungi Sumathi at al 2006 The presence of a AAR in Corallochytrium suggests it is a sister clade to fungi Like fungi Corallochytrium has also been found to be saprotrophic Cavalier Smith amp Allsopp 1996 Coralochytrium also possess the sterol C 14 reductase gene involved in animal and fungi sterol pathways Sumathi at al 2006 Life cycle edit Little documentation of the Corallochytrium life cycle exists However it is known that Corallochytrium produces colonies by binary palintomic cell division Raghu kumar 1987 Completion of the Corallochytrium life cycle involves the release of limax shaped spores Raghu kumar 1987 References edit Ruiz Trillo Inaki Donachie Stuart Sitja Bobadilla Ariadna Roger Andrew J Paley Richard Nichols Krista M Whipps Christopher M Perez Cordon Gregorio Eme Laura 2015 09 21 Phylogenomics Reveals Convergent Evolution of Lifestyles in Close Relatives of Animals and Fungi Current Biology 25 18 2404 2410 doi 10 1016 j cub 2015 07 053 ISSN 0960 9822 PMID 26365255 Corallochytrium limacisporum MULTICELLGENOME LAB multicellgenome com Archived from the original on 2019 06 13 Cavalier Smith T 2001 What are Fungi in The Mycota VIII 3 30 Cavalier Smith T Allsopp P 1996 Corallochytrium an enigmatic non flagellate protozoan related to choanoflagellates Protistology 32 3 306 310 doi 10 1016 S0932 4739 96 80053 8 Hehenberger et al 2017 Novel predators reshape holozoan phylogeny and reveal the presence of a two component signaling system in the ancestor of animals Current Biol 27 2043 2050 doi 10 1016 j cub 2017 06 006 Chytrium Merriam Webster retrieved from https www merriam webster com dictionary Chytrium Marshall W 2014 Ichythyosporea Mesomycetozoa Mesomycetozoa Version 6 December 2014 under construction Retrieved from http tolweb org Ichthyosporea 121172 2014 12 06 in Tree of Life Web Project Raghu kumar S 1987 Occurrence of the Thraustochytrid Corallochytrium limacisporum gen et sp nov in the coral reef lagoons of the Lakshadweep Islands in the Arabian Sea Botanica Marina 30 83 89 doi 10 1515 botm 1987 30 1 83 Sumathi J C Raghukumar S Kasbekar D P Raghukumar C 2006 Molecular evidence of fungal signatures in the marine protist Corallochytrium limacisporum and its implications in the evolution of animals and fungi Protist 157 4 363 373 doi 10 1016 j protis 2006 05 003 Torruella et al 2015 Phylogenomics reveal convergent evolution of lifestyles in close relatives of animals and fungi Current Biology 25 18 2404 2410 doi 10 1016 j cub 2015 07 053 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Corallochytrium amp oldid 1201948788, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
