In the 2011 census, there were 49,081 Hmars in Manipur.[11]
Mizoram
The exact population of the Hmars in Mizoram is not known. In the first census of 1901 there were 10,411 Hmar language speakers. By 1961 the population was assessed to be 3,118, and then 4,524 in 1971. In the 2001 census, 18,155 Hmar speakers were found in Mizoram, but most of the Hmars of Mizoram speak Mizo languages.[12]
An overwhelming majority of the Hmar people practice Christianity.
Place of origin
The majority of the Hmars were cultivators. The Hmars in South Manipur were introduced to Christianity in the year 1910 by Watkin Roberts, a Welsh missionary.[14]
After the signing of the Mizo Accord in July 1986, some Hmar leaders in Mizoram formed the Mizoram Hmar Association (later renamed the Hmar People's Convention (HPC)). The HPC spearheaded a political movement for self-governance of the Hmars in Mizoram, demanding an Autonomous District Council (ADC) comprising Hmar-dominated areas in north and northwest of Mizoram for the protection of their identity, culture, tradition, language, and natural resources.
To quell and suppress the political movement, the Mizoram government deployed the Mizoram Armed Police (MAP) against the HPC activists, which forced the HPC to take up an armed struggle by forming an armed wing, the Hmar Volunteer Cell (HVC). The armed confrontation continued until 1992 when HPC representatives and the Government of Mizoram mutually agreed to hold ministerial-level talks. After multiple rounds of talks, a Memorandum of Settlement (MoS) was signed in Aizawl on 27 July 1994 between the Government of Mizoram and the HPC. Armed cadres of the HPC surrendered along with their weapons in October 1994 and later the Sinlung Hills Development Council (SHDC) was established. Some of the HPC leaders and cadres, however, rejected the Memorandum of Settlement and broke away from the main HPC, forming the Hmar People's Convention - Democratic (HPC-D), which continued an armed movement for autonomy in the form of an Autonomous District Council under the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India within Mizoram.[15] Over one hundred militants of HPC-D surrendered with their weapons in April 2018 following a peace pact signed with the Mizoram state government, which led to the formation of the Sinlung Hills Council[16]
Literature
Dena, Lal; In search of identity: Hmars of North-East India; New Delhi 2008; ISBN978-81-8370-134-1
Allen BC, Gait EA, Allen CGH, and Howard HF. Gazetteer of Bengal and North East India. Mittal Publications. New Delhi 1979.
Pudaite, Rochunga. 1963. The Education of the Hmar People. Sielmat, Churachandpur. Indo-Burma Pioneer Mission, 1963.
Songate, H. 1956. Hmar History-Hmar Chanchin. Imphal: Mao Press.
Songate, H. 1967. Hmar Chanchin (Hmar History).Churachandpur: L & R Press.
Pakhuongte, Ruolneikhum. 1983. The Power of the Gospel Among the Hmar Tribe. Shillong, Meghalaya: EFCI. Ri Khasi Press, Shillong.
Bapui, VLT & Buruah, PN Dutta. 1996. Hmar Grammar. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages. CIIL Press, Mysore.
Bapui, Vanlal Tluonga. 2012. Hmar Ṭawng Inchukna (A Lexical Study of the Hmar Language & Usages). Guwahati, Assam: The Assam Institute of Research for Tribals and Scheduled Castes. Hi-Tech Printing & Binding Industries, Guwahati
Cassar, T. 2013. Only 36,000.
Cassar, T. 2017. Oh God - Now it's 75K (and it's only getting worse)!.
Dena, Lal. 1995. Hmar Folk Tales. New Delhi: Scholar Publishing House. Bengal Printing Press, New Delhi ISBN81-7172-281-4
Fimate, L. Thina Râpthlak.
Hmar, RH Hminglien. 1997. Hmangaitu Hmel.
Hminga, FT. 1991. Hmar Pipu Thilhming Lo Phuokhai. Churachandpur, Manipur: Dr. FT Hminga.
Hminga, FT. 1993. Hmar Ṭawng Indiklem. Churachandpur, Manipur: Dr. FT Hminga.
Hminga, FT. 1994. Hming Umzie Neihai. Churachandpur, Manipur: Dr. FT Hminga.
Hrangate, HC. 1996. Pathien Kut.
Lalhmuoklien, 2009. Gospel Through Darkness. Churachandpur, Manipur: Rev. Dr. Lalmuoklien. SMART tech Offset Printers, Churachandpur
Ngurte, SN. 1991. Damlai Thlaler.
Ngurte, SN. 1994. Rengchawnghawi.
Ngurte, SN. 1995. Kanaan Phaizawl. HL Lawma & Sons Publication.
Pudaite, Jonathan. 2011. The Legacy of Watkin R. Roberts.
Pudaite, Mawii. 1982. Beyond The Next Mountain: The Story of Rochunga Pudaite. Tyndale House Publishers.
Pudaite, Rochunga. 1985, The Dime That Lasted Forever. Carol Stream, Illinois: Tyndale House Publishers.
Zaneisang, H. 2003. Sinlung. Churachandpur, Manipur: H. Zaneisang. Diamond Offset, Churachandpur.
Zote, Timothy Z. 2007. Manmasi Year Book (Vol-II), Churachandpur, Manipur: Manmasi Year Book Editorial Board. BCPW, Imphal.
Sungte, Robert L. 2007. Impact of Religious Journals on the Hmar tribe in Manipur, Karnataka. Mangalore University, Mangalore.
Varte, Immanuel Zarzosang. 2016. Revisiting Sikpui Ruoi of the Hmar Tribe. Anthropology Today. Vol. 1, No. 2. ISSN 2454-2709. Pp. 60–72.
Varte, Immanuel Zarzosang. 2017. In Search of the “Holy” Confluence: A Journey to the Barak River. In: Queenbala Marak (Ed) “Doing Autoethnography”. Serials Publications: New Delhi. ISBN978-81-8387-672-8. Pp. 268–285.
Varte, Immanuel Zarzosang. 2014. Hmar at the Crossroads. IndigeNE: Imphal. ISBN978-81-905939-8-4.
Varte, Immanuel Zarzosang. 2014. Culture and Development: Hmar of Tipaimukh in Transition. IndigeNE: Imphal. ISBN978-81-905939-9-1.
Varte, Immanuel Zarzosang. 2019. Ruolevaisuo a Hohlimna Thusim Thlirletna. 2019. In: Nunhlui-II (Hmar MIL Textbook for TDC Third Semester), Assam University, Silchar, Hmar Literature Society, Assam.
Varte, Immanuel Zarzosang. 2014. Traditional concepts on honour, wealth, happiness and self-reliance vis-á-vis planned development: Case of the Hmars. In: Aheibam Koireng Singh, Amol Sanasam and Sushma Phurailatpam (Ed) “Knowing Manipur from Endogenous Perspective”. Centre for Manipur Studies, Manipur University and Indian Council of Social Science Research: Imphal. Vol. 2. ISBN978-93-83201-11-2. Pp. 451−460.
Varte, Immanuel Zarzosang. 2011. Indigenous Knowledge System, Identity, Freedom and Tipaimukh Dam: An Anthropological Perspective. In: Lal Dena (Ed) “Dialogue on Tipaimukh Dam”. Akansha Publishing House: New Delhi. ISBN978-81-8370-288-1. Pp. 142−151.
Varte, Immanuel Zarzosang & R. Th. Varte. 2017. Hmar Traditional Practices in Conflict Resolution: An Anthropological Perspective. In: Melvil Pereira, Bitopi Dutta and Binita Kakati (Ed) “Legal Pluralism and Indian Democracy: Tribal Conflict Resolution Systems in Northeast India”. Routledge: New York. Print ISBN978-11-3823-0781; eText ISBN978-13-5140-366-5.
Varte, Immanuel Zarzosang. 2005. Pre-historical Heritage of Ruong Le Vaisuo. “Hmar Arasi”. Souvenir on the occasion of Cultural Festival-cum-Sikpui Ruoi, 2 – 5 December & 50th General Assembly-cum-Literary Meet, 15 – 16 December. Hmar Students' Association General Headquarters: Churachandpur. Pp. 96–99.
Notable people
Rochunga Pudaite, included the Hmar as well as Paite, Zou, Vaiphei, Gangte, and other clans as one of the Schedule Tribe of India, 1956 and the founder of Bibles for the world
^. Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
^"Did you know Hmar is vulnerable?". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 31 July 2023. ... Hmar speakers of Manipur use Manipuri while Assamese and Bengali are used in Assam. Ethnic Hmars living in Mizoram speak Mizo as their first language....
^Lisam, Khomdan Singh (2011). Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.). p. 561. ISBN978-81-7835-864-2. ... They speak Hmar language and converse well in Manipuri (Meiteilon) ...{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^"Did you know Hmar is vulnerable?". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 31 July 2023. ... Hmar speakers of Manipur use Manipuri while Assamese and Bengali are used in Assam. Ethnic Hmars living in Mizoram speak Mizo as their first language....
^"Manipur :: Meitei Mayek News :: 11th nov22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines" ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯃꯥꯔ ꯌꯨꯊ ꯑꯦꯁꯣꯁꯤꯑꯦꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯀꯟꯐꯦꯔꯦꯟꯁ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯟꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ. e-pao.net (in Manipuri). India. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
^. Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
^"Did you know Hmar is vulnerable?". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 31 July 2023. ... Hmar speakers of Manipur use Manipuri while Assamese and Bengali are used in Assam. Ethnic Hmars living in Mizoram speak Mizo as their first language....
^Lisam, Khomdan Singh (2011). Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.). p. 561. ISBN978-81-7835-864-2. ... They speak Hmar language and converse well in Manipuri (Meiteilon) ...{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^"Did you know Hmar is vulnerable?". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 31 July 2023. ... Hmar speakers of Manipur use Manipuri while Assamese and Bengali are used in Assam. Ethnic Hmars living in Mizoram speak Mizo as their first language....
^"Languages Not Specified In The Eighth Schedule (Non-scheduled Languages)" (PDF). censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
^"C-16 Population By Mother Tongue". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
^"MIZORAM DATA HIGHLIGHTS : THE SCHEDULED TRIBES Census of India 2001" (PDF). censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
^mad, mad. "Census of India - Socio-cultural aspects, Table ST-14". Census of India, 2001 - Socio-cultural Aspects. Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs. Not available online. Available only on CD.
^Impact of Religious Journal on the Hmar Tribe in Manipur
^"Hmar Struggles for Autonomy in Mizoram, India". Ritimo (in French). Retrieved 17 May 2018.
^"103 HPC-D militants to surrender today : Nagaland Post". www.nagalandpost.com. Retrieved 13 April 2018.[permanent dead link]
External links
VIRTHLI- Ushering Change (News & Info House of the Hmars)
INPUI.COM – News & Information 'House' of the Hmar Tribe
Hmarram.com: Hmar Online Museum
HMARHLA.COM – Hmar Lyrics
Hmasawnna Thar- A Hmar Daily
Jacob L Pulamte
Sinlung
Hmar Resources Online: The Hmar Repository
Mumbai Tuisunsuo Weekly News
Hmar Clans
Hmar Dances
Hmar Books & Authors
Hmar: Struggle for autonomy
December 15, 2023
hmar, people, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, unclear, citation, style, references, used, made, clearer, with, different, consistent, sty. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article has an unclear citation style The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting September 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Hmar people news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message Hmar is an Kuki ethnic group living in Northeast Indian state of Manipur Mizoram Assam and western Myanmar Burma and eastern Bangladesh 5 They use Meitei language as their second language L2 in Manipur 6 7 8 They speak Mizo language as their L1 in Mizoram 9 Hmar Manmasi Khawthlang Khawsak Hmar Kuki Hmar HnamRegions with significant populationsIndia Myanmar and BangladeshLanguagesHmar languages L1 Meitei language L2 in Manipur 1 2 3 Mizo language L1 in Mizoram 4 ReligionChristianityRelated ethnic groupsKuki Chin Mizo peoples Contents 1 Population 1 1 Manipur 1 2 Mizoram 2 Religion 3 Place of origin 4 Political movements 5 Literature 6 Notable people 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksPopulationAccording to the 2011 Indian Census there were 98 988 Hmar speakers 10 Manipur In the 2011 census there were 49 081 Hmars in Manipur 11 Mizoram The exact population of the Hmars in Mizoram is not known In the first census of 1901 there were 10 411 Hmar language speakers By 1961 the population was assessed to be 3 118 and then 4 524 in 1971 In the 2001 census 18 155 Hmar speakers were found in Mizoram but most of the Hmars of Mizoram speak Mizo languages 12 ReligionReligion among Assam Hmar 13 Religion PercentChristianity 99 Hinduism 0 48 Others 0 52 An overwhelming majority of the Hmar people practice Christianity Place of originThe majority of the Hmars were cultivators The Hmars in South Manipur were introduced to Christianity in the year 1910 by Watkin Roberts a Welsh missionary 14 Political movements nbsp Flag of the Hmar Students AssociationAfter the signing of the Mizo Accord in July 1986 some Hmar leaders in Mizoram formed the Mizoram Hmar Association later renamed the Hmar People s Convention HPC The HPC spearheaded a political movement for self governance of the Hmars in Mizoram demanding an Autonomous District Council ADC comprising Hmar dominated areas in north and northwest of Mizoram for the protection of their identity culture tradition language and natural resources To quell and suppress the political movement the Mizoram government deployed the Mizoram Armed Police MAP against the HPC activists which forced the HPC to take up an armed struggle by forming an armed wing the Hmar Volunteer Cell HVC The armed confrontation continued until 1992 when HPC representatives and the Government of Mizoram mutually agreed to hold ministerial level talks After multiple rounds of talks a Memorandum of Settlement MoS was signed in Aizawl on 27 July 1994 between the Government of Mizoram and the HPC Armed cadres of the HPC surrendered along with their weapons in October 1994 and later the Sinlung Hills Development Council SHDC was established Some of the HPC leaders and cadres however rejected the Memorandum of Settlement and broke away from the main HPC forming the Hmar People s Convention Democratic HPC D which continued an armed movement for autonomy in the form of an Autonomous District Council under the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India within Mizoram 15 Over one hundred militants of HPC D surrendered with their weapons in April 2018 following a peace pact signed with the Mizoram state government which led to the formation of the Sinlung Hills Council 16 LiteratureDena Lal In search of identity Hmars of North East India New Delhi 2008 ISBN 978 81 8370 134 1 Allen BC Gait EA Allen CGH and Howard HF Gazetteer of Bengal and North East India Mittal Publications New Delhi 1979 Pudaite Rochunga 1963 The Education of the Hmar People Sielmat Churachandpur Indo Burma Pioneer Mission 1963 Songate H 1956 Hmar History Hmar Chanchin Imphal Mao Press Songate H 1967 Hmar Chanchin Hmar History Churachandpur L amp R Press Pakhuongte Ruolneikhum 1983 The Power of the Gospel Among the Hmar Tribe Shillong Meghalaya EFCI Ri Khasi Press Shillong Bapui VLT amp Buruah PN Dutta 1996 Hmar Grammar Mysore Central Institute of Indian Languages CIIL Press Mysore Bapui Vanlal Tluonga 2012 Hmar Ṭawng Inchukna A Lexical Study of the Hmar Language amp Usages Guwahati Assam The Assam Institute of Research for Tribals and Scheduled Castes Hi Tech Printing amp Binding Industries Guwahati Cassar T 2013 Only 36 000 Cassar T 2017 Oh God Now it s 75K and it s only getting worse Dena Lal 1995 Hmar Folk Tales New Delhi Scholar Publishing House Bengal Printing Press New Delhi ISBN 81 7172 281 4 Fimate L Thina Rapthlak Hmar RH Hminglien 1997 Hmangaitu Hmel Hminga FT 1991 Hmar Pipu Thilhming Lo Phuokhai Churachandpur Manipur Dr FT Hminga Hminga FT 1993 Hmar Ṭawng Indiklem Churachandpur Manipur Dr FT Hminga Hminga FT 1994 Hming Umzie Neihai Churachandpur Manipur Dr FT Hminga Hrangate HC 1996 Pathien Kut Lalhmuoklien 2009 Gospel Through Darkness Churachandpur Manipur Rev Dr Lalmuoklien SMART tech Offset Printers Churachandpur Ngurte SN 1991 Damlai Thlaler Ngurte SN 1994 Rengchawnghawi Ngurte SN 1995 Kanaan Phaizawl HL Lawma amp Sons Publication Pudaite Jonathan 2011 The Legacy of Watkin R Roberts Pudaite Mawii 1982 Beyond The Next Mountain The Story of Rochunga Pudaite Tyndale House Publishers Pudaite Rochunga 1985 The Dime That Lasted Forever Carol Stream Illinois Tyndale House Publishers Pudaite Rochunga 2008 English Hmar Dictionary Partnership Publishing House Pudaite Rochunga 2011 Ka Hring Nun Vol 1 Thomson Press Harayana Pudaite Rosiem 2002 Indian National Struggle for Freedom and its Impact on the Mizo Movement 1935 1953 AD Pulamte John H 2011 Hmar Bungpui Imphal Manipur Dr John H Pulamte BCPW Imphal Ruolngul Darsanglien 2009 The Advance of the Gospel Part One Churachandpur Manipur Rev Darsanglien Ruolngul SMART tech Offset Printers Churachandpur Ruolngul Darsanglien 2013 Kohran Churachandpur Manipur ICI Diamond Offset Churachandpur Sanate Ngurthangkhum 1984 Ngurte Pahnam Chanchin Churachandpur Manipur Sawngate Thangsawihmang 2012 Hmangaina Parbawr Churachandpur Manipur Sinate Lalthankhum 2001 Kohran Hring Thangsiem JC Zilsi Varzan Rengkai Churachandpur Ṭhiek Hrilrokhum 2013 History of the Hmars in North East India Guwahati Assam Rev Hrilrokhum Ṭhiek Bhabani Offset Private Ltd Guwahati Ṭhiek Hrilrokhum 1996 Maichama Mei Chu Sukchawk Zing Ding A Nih Thuomte H 2001 Joute Pahnam Inthladan Joute Genealogy Churachandpur Manipur Various 2008 Lal Remruot Saidan Chanchin Delhi Hmanglien amp Sons Rai s Ad venture Delhi Zaneisang H 2003 Sinlung Churachandpur Manipur H Zaneisang Diamond Offset Churachandpur Zote Timothy Z 2007 Manmasi Year Book Vol II Churachandpur Manipur Manmasi Year Book Editorial Board BCPW Imphal Sungte Robert L 2007 Impact of Religious Journals on the Hmar tribe in Manipur Karnataka Mangalore University Mangalore Varte Immanuel Zarzosang 2016 Revisiting Sikpui Ruoi of the Hmar Tribe Anthropology Today Vol 1 No 2 ISSN 2454 2709 Pp 60 72 Varte Immanuel Zarzosang 2017 In Search of the Holy Confluence A Journey to the Barak River In Queenbala Marak Ed Doing Autoethnography Serials Publications New Delhi ISBN 978 81 8387 672 8 Pp 268 285 Varte Immanuel Zarzosang amp Lalthakim Hmar ed 2016 Highland Musing 2016 IndigeNE Imphal ISBN 978 93 85790 02 7 Varte Immanuel Zarzosang amp Lalthakim Hmar ed 2016 Sinlung Sermei IndigeNE Imphal ISBN 978 93 85790 03 4 Varte Immanuel Zarzosang 2014 Hmar at the Crossroads IndigeNE Imphal ISBN 978 81 905939 8 4 Varte Immanuel Zarzosang 2014 Culture and Development Hmar of Tipaimukh in Transition IndigeNE Imphal ISBN 978 81 905939 9 1 Varte Immanuel Zarzosang 2019 Ruolevaisuo a Hohlimna Thusim Thlirletna 2019 In Nunhlui II Hmar MIL Textbook for TDC Third Semester Assam University Silchar Hmar Literature Society Assam Varte Immanuel Zarzosang 2014 Traditional concepts on honour wealth happiness and self reliance vis a vis planned development Case of the Hmars In Aheibam Koireng Singh Amol Sanasam and Sushma Phurailatpam Ed Knowing Manipur from Endogenous Perspective Centre for Manipur Studies Manipur University and Indian Council of Social Science Research Imphal Vol 2 ISBN 978 93 83201 11 2 Pp 451 460 Varte Immanuel Zarzosang 2011 Indigenous Knowledge System Identity Freedom and Tipaimukh Dam An Anthropological Perspective In Lal Dena Ed Dialogue on Tipaimukh Dam Akansha Publishing House New Delhi ISBN 978 81 8370 288 1 Pp 142 151 Varte Immanuel Zarzosang amp R Th Varte 2017 Hmar Traditional Practices in Conflict Resolution An Anthropological Perspective In Melvil Pereira Bitopi Dutta and Binita Kakati Ed Legal Pluralism and Indian Democracy Tribal Conflict Resolution Systems in Northeast India Routledge New York Print ISBN 978 11 3823 0781 eText ISBN 978 13 5140 366 5 Varte Immanuel Zarzosang 2005 Pre historical Heritage of Ruong Le Vaisuo Hmar Arasi Souvenir on the occasion of Cultural Festival cum Sikpui Ruoi 2 5 December amp 50th General Assembly cum Literary Meet 15 16 December Hmar Students Association General Headquarters Churachandpur Pp 96 99 Notable peopleRochunga Pudaite included the Hmar as well as Paite Zou Vaiphei Gangte and other clans as one of the Schedule Tribe of India 1956 and the founder of Bibles for the world HT Sangliana Lok Sabha MP Robert Romawia Royte current MLA from Aizawl and Minister of State He is the owner of Aizawl FC Esther Hnamte Singer Mami Varte Mizo singer Jason Azzopardi Lalnghinglova Hmar Journalist and sports promoter of Mizoram Lalremsiami India women s national field hockey team player Bijoy Kumar Hrangkhawl Politician from Tripura Lalram Luaha Indian Footballer Lal Dena Hmar historian and Vice Chancellor of Sangai International University Churachandpur Lalthlamuong Keivom writer and composer of Mizo literature and Hmar literature Zirsangzela Hnamte Writer of Mizo literature Alfred Lalroutsang youngest ever player to play in the Indian Super League at the age of 16 years Lalrinliana Hnamte Indian Footballer Lalvarmoi Hmar Indian Footballer Hmar Zothanchhunga Indian CricketerSee alsoBnei MenasheReferences Meitei Ethnologue Ethnologue Archived from the original on 24 July 2019 Retrieved 3 May 2023 Did you know Hmar is vulnerable Endangered Languages Retrieved 31 July 2023 Hmar speakers of Manipur use Manipuri while Assamese and Bengali are used in Assam Ethnic Hmars living in Mizoram speak Mizo as their first language Lisam Khomdan Singh 2011 Encyclopaedia Of Manipur 3 Vol p 561 ISBN 978 81 7835 864 2 They speak Hmar language and converse well in Manipuri Meiteilon a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint date and year link Did you know Hmar is vulnerable Endangered Languages Retrieved 31 July 2023 Hmar speakers of Manipur use Manipuri while Assamese and Bengali are used in Assam Ethnic Hmars living in Mizoram speak Mizo as their first language Manipur Meitei Mayek News 11th nov22 E Pao Headlines ꯑꯍ ꯟꯕ ꯃ ꯔ ꯌ ꯊ ꯑ ꯁ ꯁ ꯑ ꯁꯟꯒ ꯀꯟꯐ ꯔ ꯟꯁ ꯂ ꯏꯁ ꯟꯈ ꯔ e pao net in Manipuri India Retrieved 12 November 2022 Meitei Ethnologue Ethnologue Archived from the original on 24 July 2019 Retrieved 3 May 2023 Did you know Hmar is vulnerable Endangered Languages Retrieved 31 July 2023 Hmar speakers of Manipur use Manipuri while Assamese and Bengali are used in Assam Ethnic Hmars living in Mizoram speak Mizo as their first language Lisam Khomdan Singh 2011 Encyclopaedia Of Manipur 3 Vol p 561 ISBN 978 81 7835 864 2 They speak Hmar language and converse well in Manipuri Meiteilon a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint date and year link Did you know Hmar is vulnerable Endangered Languages Retrieved 31 July 2023 Hmar speakers of Manipur use Manipuri while Assamese and Bengali are used in Assam Ethnic Hmars living in Mizoram speak Mizo as their first language Languages Not Specified In The Eighth Schedule Non scheduled Languages PDF censusindia gov in Retrieved 6 April 2020 C 16 Population By Mother Tongue censusindia gov in Retrieved 21 March 2021 MIZORAM DATA HIGHLIGHTS THE SCHEDULED TRIBES Census of India 2001 PDF censusindia gov in Retrieved 6 April 2020 mad mad Census of India Socio cultural aspects Table ST 14 Census of India 2001 Socio cultural Aspects Government of India Ministry of Home Affairs Not available online Available only on CD Impact of Religious Journal on the Hmar Tribe in Manipur Hmar Struggles for Autonomy in Mizoram India Ritimo in French Retrieved 17 May 2018 103 HPC D militants to surrender today Nagaland Post www nagalandpost com Retrieved 13 April 2018 permanent dead link External linksVIRTHLI Ushering Change News amp Info House of the Hmars INPUI COM News amp Information House of the Hmar Tribe Hmarram com Hmar Online Museum HMARHLA COM Hmar Lyrics Hmasawnna Thar A Hmar Daily Jacob L Pulamte Hmar Arasi Official website of the Hmar Students Association Bangalore Branch Sinlung Hmar Resources Online The Hmar Repository Mumbai Tuisunsuo Weekly News Hmar Clans Hmar Dances Hmar Books amp Authors Indian Catholic Christian leaders gather warring ethnic groups for peace The case for a Hmar Autonomous District Council in Mizoram Hmar Struggle for autonomy Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hmar people amp oldid 1182846168, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
